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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Static–Dynamic Coupling Optimization Design of Battery Enclosure under Multigradient Loading Based on a High-Fidelity Digital Twin Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although digital twin high-fidelity models have demonstrated accuracy and effectiveness in battery system condition monitoring, performance prediction, and other fields, they have not yet been deeply integrated into the static–dynamic coupled structural optimization of battery enclosures. Taking the digital twin as a breakthrough engine, this study first conducts risk assessment on the enclosure under multigradient loading conditions based on a high-fidelity digital twin model iteratively corrected by the multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm (maximum relative error not exceeding 8%). Then, it optimizes the topography of the upper cover with the goal of maximizing the bending and torsional modal frequencies, applies opposing compressive forces along the X- and Y-axes to the bottom plate, and reversely derives the optimal arrangement of reinforcing beams based on the distribution characteristics of reinforcing ribs output from the optimization. Finally, to fully tap the design potential, multiobjective optimization on the newly designed enclosure is conducted in combination with the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm. The results showed that after optimization, the total mass of the battery enclosure was reduced by 10.88%, its crush resistance under a 100-kN load was improved by 24.5%, the first-order bending mode was increased by 12.3%, and the second-order torsional mode was increased by 13.9%, providing a more targeted and practical technical path for the design of battery enclosures for electric vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 09:14:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701119</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Lightweight Design Method for Internal Pavement Crack Recognition Models Using Ground Penetrating Radar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691065</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transverse cracks are among the most prevalent forms of damage in Semi-rigid asphalt pavements, traditionally the crack identified through manual methods that are time-consuming and suffer from poor consistency. To improve the efficiency of crack disease identification, this study employs a self-developed high-speed and high-precision 3D ground-penetrating radar to characterize internal crack defects. The You Only Look Once-v8n algorithm is enhanced through lightweight design, optimizing its backbone network and loss function while incorporating an attention mechanism to strengthen crack feature extraction, detection accuracy, and training stability. Practical engineering evaluations demonstrate that the algorithm reduces manual identification time by 50%, with over 60% of results achieving high expert validation rates. The missed detection counts for visible cracks are comparable to manual methods. This algorithm enables automated identification of internal cracks in pavement rehabilitation projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2026 16:39:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691065</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design Optimization and Performance Analysis of Synchronous Reluctance Machine With Hybrid Rotor Cores</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this article, the synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) based on a hybrid material rotor core (hybrid core) is proposed, whose innovative rotor structure is designed using a combination of nongrain-oriented (NGO) silicon steel sheets and grain-oriented (GO) silicon steel sheets. The high permeability characteristics of GO along the rolling direction (RD) optimize the magnetic circuit distribution and significantly improve the electromagnetic performance of the SynRM. Meanwhile, the equivalent magnetic network (EMN) model is improved for accurately predicting the performance of SynRM with a hybrid core, which combines the computational efficiency of the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) with the accuracy advantage of the reluctance network (RN) model to achieve an optimal balance between computational speed and accuracy. In particular, a new air gap modeling method is proposed to further enhance the efficiency and convenience of dynamic analysis. On the other hand, the initial structure of the SynRM is determined based on the EMN modeling method, and the performance of SynRM with an NGO rotor core (NGO core) and a hybrid core is further analyzed and optimized by the finite element method. Moreover, the radial basis function neural network-assisted optimization method based on the optimization space reduction strategy at the Pareto frontier is improved to reduce the number of samples and improve the accuracy of the agent model. The results show that the torque output capability, efficiency, and power factor of the SynRM with a hybrid core are significantly improved compared to the SynRM with an NGO core. Finally, the prototype is fabricated and tested to verify the accuracy of the proposed EMN model and the validity of the hybrid rotor core design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 11:57:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665541</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhanced Bidirectional CLLC Resonant Converter With Improved Efficiency and Wide Voltage Range: Analytical Design, Simulation, Comparison, and Prototyping</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665506</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents a novel topology for a bidirectional dc–dc converter based on a CLLC resonant circuit. The proposed design offers significant advancements in three key areas: a wide voltage gain range, improved efficiency, and reduced switching stress. It builds upon the well-established bidirectional CLLC converter by incorporating a third winding on the transformer’s secondary side. This modification is complemented by the addition of a full-bridge with two series capacitors. This innovative integration not only enhances switch performance and mitigates stress but also preserves the advantageous characteristics of the conventional CLLC converter. Notably, it enables exceptional voltage gain adaptability across a broad spectrum of switching frequencies. This article delves into a thorough analysis of the proposed converter’s operational principles for both forward and reverse power flow directions. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the converter’s unique structural features, and its voltage gain behavior. In addition, this article explores the parameter design process, offering valuable insights for optimizing the converter’s performance. Finally, experimental results obtained from a 1 kW prototype validate the effectiveness of the proposed design, showcasing its superior efficiency and wide voltage gain range.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2026 09:13:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665506</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Double-Feedback Design Using an Estimation Network for Servo Resonance Suppression</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659195</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mechanical resonance remains a critical bottleneck in high-performance dual-inertia servo systems, where its destabilizing effects are amplified by external torque disturbances, ultimately compromising control precision and dynamic response. To achieve more competitive resonance suppression, this article proposes a novel mechanical resonance suppression scheme based on an estimation network employing five extended sliding-mode observers (ESMOs). The proposed scheme constructs a dual-feedback structure, where the differential speed feedback and the shaft torque feedback can effectively suppress mechanical resonance through zero-pole placement, while the additional load torque compensation term mitigates the impact of load torque variations on system resonance. Since the double-feedback structure relies on accurate mechanical parameters, the estimation network is designed to provide the mechanical parameters and consists of five ESMOs to estimate the load speed, the motor inertia, the load inertia, the stiffness coefficient, and the load torque in parallel. Interestingly, the equivalent-changing rate and the inline gain of the estimated value designed in each ESMO provide the possibility for the convergence of the estimation network. Finally, compared with existing methods, simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 11:28:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659195</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A SPH method to assess the dynamic behavior for multiconnected floating photovoltaic units consisting of non-uniform supporting frames in waves</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) systems are pivotal in the global shift towards renewable energy and are a critical pathway to achieving carbon neutrality goals. The relatively new FPV systems are mainly composed of the upper PV module and the lower floating supporting frames, the two have a great volume and mass difference. The traditional numerical calculation of large floating structures is generally regarded as a whole, that is, a homogeneous structure. Thus, a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is proposed for articulating the FPV units through spherical hinges, integrating the non-uniform photovoltaic panels and supporting frames into a whole system for simulation and computational analysis. This study meticulously investigated the motion response of the FPV system, the tension distribution in the mooring lines, and the effects of wave-induced loads. It was observed that the mass of the upper and lower components relative to the motion of the FPV system increase with higher relative densities. Moreover, the incorporation of spherical hinges between FPV units effectively reduces the direct force exerted by wave-induced loads. Spectral density analysis has identified a primary peak at 0.5Hz and a secondary peak at double that frequency within the FPV units' response. Therefore, during the actual installation process, it is crucial to avoid resonance phenomena that may arise from wave loads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Theoretical and experimental investigation of a two-stage X-structure vibration isolation system with inerter coupling for marine equipment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a growing concern about the use of the inerter to reduce low-frequency vibration and noise in ship and ocean engineering. The isolation performance of a traditional inerter-spring-damping vibration isolator outperforms that of a spring-damping isolator in the low-frequency range; however, it levels off at a constant value in the high-frequency range, and the resonant peak becomes large. This study proposes a novel vibration isolation system by horizontally integrating the inerter-spring-damping system into an X-structure and combining it with a two-stage vibration isolation mechanism. With the dynamic modeling, the transmissibility of the proposed vibration isolation system is derived through the frequency response function method. The acceleration, velocity inertance, and resonant frequency are theoretically analyzed by considering the influence of various structural parameters. Additionally, the effects of system parameters, including the number of layer, assembly angle, inerter ratio, and intermediate mass, on the isolation performance can improve in the low-frequency range and decline in the high-frequency range with a certain slope, and the resonant peak can be reduced, compared with the other nine types of scissor-like and vertical coupling structures. The multi-stage integrated structure can cumulatively expand the effective isolation frequency range while generating additional resonant and anti-resonance peaks. The isolation performance of the single-stage vibration system is validated using experimental prototypes and compared with the analytical method, demonstrating the correctness of the proposed theoretical model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Li-Ion Battery Swelling Force: Multiphysics Coupling Modeling and In-Situ Quantification for Safety Enhancement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633050</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lithium-ion batteries typically exist in modular configurations, where individual cells are subjected to mechanical constraints upon assembled into groups. During charging, volume expansion of lithium-ion batteries induces substantial internal pressure within the battery pack, a phenomenon whose pressure evolution may compromise battery performance and even safety. To effectively manage the mechanical pressure on batteries, precise identification and quantification of the swelling force generated by expansion effects are critical. This study develops a detailed three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal-mechanical coupled model, incorporating the actual layered structure of batteries. The model enables not only the visualization of stress distribution and deformation patterns across battery layers, but also the quantitative characterization of macroscopic swelling force dynamics. Its accuracy and reliability are rigorously validated against experimental data. Based on the model, reveal that the turning point of swelling force coincides with the moment when the lithiation rate at position P3 increases significantly compared with other positions. Moreover, due to the difference in Young’s modulus between cathode and anode active materials, the cathode exhibits maximum stress but minimal strain at the end of charging, whereas the anode shows the opposite trend. This work offers guidance for both battery structural optimization and module assembly design, thereby contributing to improved safety of lithium-ion batteries during operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:35:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633050</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driving toward sustainability: Experiences of electric vehicle users with car adaptations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is an urgent need for a global shift toward more sustainable living. Electric vehicles contribute to this goal; however, the transition is challenging, particularly due to high purchase costs, which can be a particular hindrance for people with disabilities. Only a few individuals currently drive electric vehicles with necessary adaptations, and the insights and experiences of these early adopters can offer valuable knowledge. The aim of this study is to explore the motives and initial experiences of Swedish persons who drive electric vehicles with car adaptations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among nine people living with physical impairments who drove an electric car with adaptations. The data were analyzed using content analysis. The motives for shifting from fossil-fuel vehicles to electric vehicles included long-term economic benefits, environmental aspects, practical advantages, and interest in new technologies and cars. Interviewees generally found it easy to adapt to their new electric vehicles, although some needed to establish new routines for charging during long-distance trips. Participants highlighted functional advantages—such as remote heating, and spacious interiors—as particularly beneficial for their needs. Home charging was perceived as a major enabler of independent mobility, while limited accessibility at public charging stations and insufficient financial support posed challenges. Despite these barriers, the perceived benefits of electric vehicle ownership predominated. These findings highlight the need for inclusive infrastructure and revised policy frameworks to ensure that individuals with physical impairments can fully participate in the transition to fossil-free mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:35:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis and Design of a Dual-Coupled LCC-S Compensated IPT System Considering Air Gap Variation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In inductive power transfer (IPT) systems, variations in the air gap can affect the self-inductance and mutual inductance of the loosely coupled transformer (LCT). As the resonant frequency is primarily determined by the self-inductance and the compensation capacitance, any variation in self-inductance can cause the resonant frequency to deviate from its designed value, resulting in reduced output gain and efficiency. To address this issue, a dual-coupled LCC-S compensated IPT system with a three-coil LCT is proposed. The key idea is to utilize the additional degree of freedom provided by the coupling between the compensation coil and the secondary coil to adjust the system’s resonant frequency. By introducing a compensation coupling factor and determining its optimal value through a cost function, the frequency for zero phase angle (ZPA) input can be converged into a minimal range across the predetermined air gap range. Based on this, by selecting an appropriate operating frequency near the resonant frequency range, zero-voltage switching (ZVS) can be achieved, leading to a reduction in reactive current and switching loss. Subsequently, the parametric design process of the LCT with an optimal compensation coupling factor is elaborated. A 4.5-kW prototype was built and the experimental results have verified the theoretical analysis. The system operates at 85.5 kHz with a maximum input impedance angle of 12.2° across the air gap range of 40–120 mm, while the self-inductance varies by 17.5% and mutual inductance by 245%. The peak efficiency of the system is 95.2%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 13:19:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604070</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction of Compressor Torque due to Swash Angle Change by Using Multi Body Simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2623855</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Compressor is one of rotating component in AC system and function of the compressor is to increase the pressure of refrigerant and circulate the refrigerant across the system. Swash plate compressor is generally used in automotive AC application due to its light weight and compact size. Torque required to operate the compressor is very important and Compressor torque for specific capacity need to be evaluated based on simulation result. For this, simulation tools are effectively used. Modeling and simulation are the key enablers to improve the design and development process. They are extensively used throughout the development cycle. MBD based simulation is more commonly used which gives better understanding of the movement of kinematic part. Reaction forces from the result will help in providing information for the CAE analysis. Many parameters like reaction forces, torque and power varying with shaft angle of rotation is predicted using MBD and result is analyzed. Rigid and Flexible body MBD analyses are generally used for the evaluation of model behavior as it evaluates structural integrity as well as the kinematic behavior of the component. MBD tools like Altair Motion view and Motion Solve are effectively used for the modeling and solving the analysis. Suction and discharge pressure on the compressor induces stresses on the moving parts especially on piston and swash plate which is evaluated using Flexible body analysis. This will give better understanding on the durability of the compressor under dynamic conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 15:37:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2623855</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to design an fMRI-compatible driving simulator: A systematic review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625339</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This systematic review provides key considerations for designing a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-compatible driving simulator. This study included original articles that utilized simulators with a wheel, pedal, or joystick under an fMRI scanner, searched across databases like Scopus, PubMed, and Embase up to November 2024. The risk of bias in individual studies was apprized using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) risk of bias tool for quasi-experimental studies. A total of 22 articles were included, with the United States leading in publications. The studies involved 476 participants, 56% of whom were male, with a mean age of 26.6 years and median 3 years of driving experience. Seventeen studies used pedals, with 11 incorporating both gas and brake pedals. The simulated environment mainly consisted of a 2-lane road with green shoulders on both sides and distractions included white and yellow lines, lights, pedestrians, and moving vehicles. Four studies used a joystick in their driving simulator. Almost all the articles mentioned the imaging settings in detail. The article discusses key features of fMRI-compatible driving simulators and suggests that future research should consider pedal differences, road and weather conditions, and the impact of hand dominance on driving performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 15:37:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625339</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seat belt tension in child restraint system (CRS) installations with and without belt tensioning and lock-off features</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Child restraint systems (CRS) are installed too loosely in 44–58% of vehicles, which increases injury risk. Some CRS include seat belt tensioning and lock-off features—typically a built-in clasp that clamps over the seat belt to produce tension with a mechanical advantage and/or lock the belt into place within the CRS shell. The objectives of this study are to define (1) how much belt tension can be produced across a variety of CRS designs with belt tensioning and lock-off features, and (2) how these features affect consumer misuse and opinions. The outboard seat belt anchor of a second row minivan seat was replaced with a tension load cell. For Aim 1, a convenience sample of 29 CRS was installed in the instrumented vehicle seat by a researcher. Before engaging the lock-off, the tension in the belt was pulled by hand to pre-locked tensions of either 2, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 N. After engaging the lock-off, the locked tension in the belt was recorded. Then weighted plates were placed in the CRS to represent typical occupant masses and the locked belt tensions were recorded again. For Aim 2, 30 adult participants installed a subset of four CRS into the instrumented vehicle seat. Three CRS included a lock-off (two rear-facing only (RFO) infant bases and one forward-facing convertible) and one CRS did not include a lock-off (RFO infant base). Belt tensions and installation errors were compared across CRS and participant feedback was collected via survey. Seven lock-off designs did not create additional belt tension while the others produced tensions that were three to 10 times greater than the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 213 testing range of 53.5–67.0 N. Adding occupant mass to the installations reduced the locked belt tensions by approximately 21, 40, and 61 N for the masses of the CRABI 12 mo, HIII 3yo, and HIII 6yo, respectively. For the participant installations, CRS with belt tensioning lock-offs had significantly higher tension levels (66.5 ± 25.1 and 66.2 ± 35.9 N) compared to a lock-off design which simply locked the belt in place (32.8 ± 24.8 N) and the CRS without a lock-off (18.6 ± 15.1 N) (p <0.05). Before engaging the lock-off, participants pulled on the belt with averages of 9.4 and 29.7 N of tension for each of the two RFO CRS but very little tension (∼ 0 N) for the forward-facing CRS. Errors of incorrect belt path and incorrect lock-off use were noted for several participants. CRS belt lock-offs, especially those that produce additional tension, help consumers achieve tight installations. However, manufacturers’ instructions should be sure to address common misuse scenarios which may be introduced by lock-offs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 2025 17:09:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design and Analysis of Flux Reversal Machine Considering Slotting Effect in Permanent Magnet Excitation for Electric Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591428</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article proposes a new design method for a flux reversal machine (FRM) for optimizing the back-electromotive force (back EMF), which takes the slotting effect in permanent magnet (SEPM) excitation into consideration. The discussed slotting effect can be obtained by shifting the centerline positions of PMs along the circumferential direction while keeping the width and the axisymmetric distribution of PMs the same. The PM centerline combination can represent the width of the slot between PMs and the positions of PMs, which is critical to magnetomotive force (MMF) distribution for back EMF optimization. The combination of PM centerline positions is the only key parameter for the back EMF optimization. It takes the advantages of a simple design process and minor structure changes for back EMF improvement. The analytical models of MMFs excited by two pairs of PMs (TPMs) and one pair of PMs (OPMs) on one stator tooth are established. The proposed SEFRMs and the conventional FRMs are designed and investigated, the electromagnetic performances are calculated and compared by finite element analysis (FEA). The results show that the proposed TPM-SEFRM with high-quality back EMF is suitable for electric vehicles (EVs). Finally, the prototype of TPM-SEFRM is manufactured and experimentally evaluated to verify the correctness of the proposed design method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Oct 2025 16:53:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591428</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seasickness Simulator to Assess Anti-Motion Sickness Devices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are various motion sickness (MS) simulators in the laboratory, but the conditions under which they induce MS symptoms are different from real-life conditions. This study aimed to design a seasickness simulator, close to ecological conditions, easy to set up, at a modest cost, and capable of rapidly inducing MS symptoms, to evaluate the effect of anti-motion sickness devices. The hypothesis was that this simulator would induce MS, reflecting the susceptibility of subjects in real-life conditions, meaning the more susceptible individuals were to MS in real conditions, the more severe and rapid their symptoms would be in the simulator. A total of 65 subjects with varying degrees of MS susceptibility (MS Susceptibility Questionnaire Short form) were exposed to a seasickness simulator for a maximum of 10 min. Measurements of subjective symptoms (Visual Analog Scale and time to onset of first symptoms) and physiological variables (heart rate and temperature) were taken.  Subjects covered the full range of MS susceptibility (from 0-100%). The average time in the simulator before the first symptoms of MS was 7.41 min ± 2.56 min. The time to onset of the first symptoms, the intensity of the symptoms, and heart rate were significantly correlated with the degree of susceptibility of subjects in real-life conditions.  The simulator induced varying intensity of MS depending on the subjects' susceptibility. It thus replicates real-life conditions and can serve as a useful tool for facilitating the research of devices, techniques, and medications to combat MS.  .]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Oct 2025 10:29:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611120</guid>
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