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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>CLOSURE ON ELECTRO-OSMOTIC STABILIZATION OF WEST BRANCH DAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DISCUSSIONS BY CASAGRANDE AND FUQUAY ADDED VALUABLE INFORMATION CONCERNING ELECTRO-OSMOTIC STABILIZATION AND THE SAMPLING AND TESTING OF THE FOUNDATION. AS SUGGESTED BY CASAGRANDE, A STUDY WAS MADE TO DETERMINE THE VARIANTS IN THE ATTERBERG LIMITS AND MOISTURE CONTENTS BETWEEN THE ANODES AND CATHODES. HOWEVER, THERE WERE INSUFFICIENT DATA TO DETERMINE THE VARIANTS BETWEEN ELECTRODES. AS DISCUSSED BY FUQUAY, SAMPLING OF THE FOUNDATION THROUGH THE FILL AND AT DEPTHS UP TO 130 FEET PROVED TO BE VERY DIFFICULT, SLOW, AND EXPENSIVE. MEASUREMENTS OF PORE PRESSURES, SETTLEMENTS, AND MOVEMENTS HAVE CONTINUED SINCE THE EMBANKMENT WAS COMPLETED. THE EXTENSION OF PIEZOMETER 3-DC WHICH IS TYPICAL OF PIEZOMETERS ALONG THE CREST IS PRESENTED IN A FIGURE, AS WELL AS THE PLOT OF THE PIEZOMETRIC LEVELS IN PIEZOMETER 45-AC. THESE DATA INDICATE, AS SUGGESTED BY FUQUAY, THAT A 4-YEAR TO 5-YEAR DELAY WOULD HAVE BEEN REQUIRED BEFORE RAISING THE EMBANKMENT HAD NOT THE REDUCTION IN PORE PRESSURES BEEN ARTIFICIALLY ACCELERATED. A REVIEW OF THE DATA OBTAINED SINCE THE CLOSURE SECTION WAS COMPLETE INDICATES THAT THE MOVEMENTS ARE MUCH LESS THAN ANTICIPATED AND THAT THE PIEZOMETRIC LEVELS HAVE HAD ONLY A NORMAL INCREASE FROM THE RAISING OF THE RESERVOIR POOL. THE PORE PRESSURES WERE GREATLY REDUCED AND THE FOUNDATION STRENGHTS WERE APPRECIABLY INCREASED, THUS ENABLING THE EMBANKMENT TO BE COMPLETED IN TIME TO RAISE THE RESERVOIR POOL ON THE ORIGINAL SCHEDULE. REFERENCES: ELECTRO-OSMOTIC STABILIZATION OF WEST BRANCH DAM, C. A. FETZER, JOURNAL OF THE SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS DIVISION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, PROCEEDINGS PAPER 5309, JULY 1967.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:44:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122577</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CLOSURE ON FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS IN SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE DISCUSSERS HAVE PROVIDED USEFUL OBSERVATIONS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA IN REGARD TO ELECTRO-OSMOTIC STABILI- ZATION  OF SOILS. BALLY AND ANTONESCU ARE CORRECT IN NOTING THAT PROLONGED ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TREATMENT IN THE FIELD WILL PRODUCE A NON-HOMOGENEOUS SOIL BETWEEN THE ANODE AND CATHODE. THE AUTHORS DID NOT OBSERVE A THRESHOLD CURRENT FOR ELECTRO-OSMOTIC FLOW. THEIR SUGGESTION ABOUT THE INCREASED EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRO/OSMOSIS IN THE MORE PERMEABLE SOILS AS OPPOSED TO VERY LOW PERMEABILITY CLAYS IS WELL TAKEN. THIS VIEW IS SUPPORTED BY NOTING THAT THE ENERGY EXPENDED PER GALLON OF WATER MOVED IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TRANSPORT COEFFICIENT AND THIS COEFFICIENT IS GREATEST FOR SOILS WITH RELATIVELY LOW CLAY CONTENT. THE ANALYSIS BY LONG IS DEEMED INTERESTING, BUT HIS CONCLUSION THAT THE DECREASE IN ELECTRO-OSMOSIS CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY THE EFFECT OF INCREASING ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION APPEARS TO BE BASED ON A MISCALCULATION OF THE RECIPROCAL DOUBLE LAYER THICKNESS. IT IS NOT THE COUNTER-ION CONCENTRATION ALONE WHICH IS IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING ELECTRO-OSMOTIC WATER TRANSPORT, BUT RATHER THE RATIO OF COUNTER-IONS TO CO-IONS. CASAGRANDE AND ESRIG QUESTION WHETHER THE ELECTRO/OSMOTIC TRANSPORT PER UNIT CHARGE COEFFICIENT IS IN FACT A MEASURE OF THE FEASIBILITY OF ELECTRO-OSMOTIC DEWATERING AT A GIVEN SITE. THE WRITERS HAVE STUDIED CASE HISTORIES AND GATHERED FIELD DATA FROM FOUR SITES WHERE LARGE-SCALE ELECTRO-OSMOSIS WAS ATTEMPTED. RELEVANT DATA FROM EACH OF THESE SITIES ARE SUMMARIZED AND COMPARED IN THE FOLLOWING TABLES. PRESENTED: MINERALOGIC AND GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTION OF SOILS FROM ELECTRO-OSMOSIS FIELD SITES, INDEX AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS FROM ELECTRO-OSMOSIS FIELD SITES, AND ELECTROKINETIC PROPERTIES OF SOILS FROM ELECTRO-OSMOSIS FIELD SITES. THE FIRST TABLE SHOWS THAT THE SOILS FROM ALL FOUR SITES ARE REMARABLY SIMILAR IN COMPOSITION AND ORIGIN. THE SECOND TABLE SHOWS THAT THE NATURAL WATER CONTENT WAS ABOUT THE SAME IN EACH CASE, AND THE ATTERBERG LIMITS COMPARABLE TO ONE ANOTHER. ELECTRO-OSMOTIC PERMEABILITIES WERE VERY SIMILAR FOR SOILS FROM ALL FOUR SITES AS SHOWN IN THE THIRD TABLE. THIS TABLE SHOWS THAT THE ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TRANSPORT PER UNIT CHARGE COEFFICIENT IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR, NOT NECESSARILY THE ONLY ONE, CONTROLLING THE FEASIBILITY AND CHANCE OF SUCCESS OF AN ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TREATMENT. REFERENCES: FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF ELECTO-OSMOSIS IN SOILS, D.H. GRAY, J.K. MITCHELL, ASCE PROC. PAPER 5581, NOVEMBER, 1967.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128176</guid>
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      <title>THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS ON METALLIC PILES IN CLAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The stress field around a metallic friction pile in clay can be modified quite drastically by applying a modest, direct current electrical potential across the system with the pile as one electrode.  The resistance to penetration of a cathodic pile shaft can be reduced by a factor of at least three and, conversely, that of an anodic pile doubled.  Once the pile has been installed, continued application of electro-osmosis appears to increase permanently its load capacity.  There is also some evidence, from small scale tests, that, even if the DC potential is disconnected after installing the pile, its load capacity is eventually greater than that of the untreated pile, irrespective of the initial polarity.  Although some of these phenomena have been demonstrated previously, at both small and large scale, they have received very little systematic study.  In order to obtain reliable experimental data, a series of small field-scale pile tests has been performed in which an elaborately instrumented steel pile was jacked into a clay soil under a variety of applied DC potentials.  Load cells measured the stresses acting on the pile while it penetrated the clay both with and without electro-osmosis.  The results are presented along with an interpretation of them based on recently published research into the basic mechanism of electro-osmotic (EO) soil consolidation.  In addition to investigating the effect of EO during pile driving, further tests were performed to examine its effect some time after installation.  These results are also discussed.(a) (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154634</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ELECTRO-OSMOTIC CONSOLIDATION OF CLAY. A LABORATORY STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/42845</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this investigation is to make clear what factors affect the utilization of electro-osmosis for the consolidation of clays. Factors investigated are, inter alia, electrode distance, overburden pressure, free groundwater level, varying current and the resistivity of the clay. A number of tests are analyzed and the results can be used to determine the consolidation process and the final settlement. Changes in the geotechnical properties of the clay due to electro-osmosis are described as well as measures to avoid harmful effects. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Oct 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/42845</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPLICATION OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS TO MARGINAL SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/129643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An experimental program is described which involves laboratory as well as field measurements on two types of marginal soil (varved clay and glacial till). The properties and electroosmotic behavior of stratified deposits was also studied using combinations of fritted glass disks having different pore sizes. Careful analysis of the hydraulic and electrical results on fritted glass disks has yielded a simple technique for measuring a pore size parameter. This pore size parameter correlates with the smallest cross-sectional area in an average flow path. This pore size appears promising as an indication of the susceptibility of a soil to frost heave. The mechanism of electroosmotic treatment is heave. The mechanism of electroosmotic treatment is explained and electroosmotic permeability, efficiency, and consolidation are discussed. Experiments on glacial till are described and curves of the particle size distribution and water contents are presented. A comparative study of the laboratory and field treatments is tabulated. Details are given of the experiments on varved clay which were designed to determine the accuracy of the theory with respect to the time rate of consolidation and the realaion between compression and voltage, and to measure the effect of electro-osomotic treatment on varved clay. The experimental procedures are detailed which were involved in the investigations on fritted glass disks. Conclusions drawn and recommendations made on the basis of those tests are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Oct 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/129643</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RISK DESIGN OF STIFFENED MATS ON CLAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE RISK DESIGN METHOD PROPOSED IS BASED ON A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A STIFFENED MAT OVERLYING A DEFORMING FOUNDATION CLAY AND MAKES USE OF MECHANICAL SOIL PROPERTIES WHICH CAN OF RISK CRITERIA IN THE DESIGN OF SMALL STIFFENED MATS ALLOWS THE ENGINEER TO INCORPORATE RATIONALLY INTO HIS DESIGN HIS OWN UNCERTAINTY OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES, CLIMATE AND OTHER DAMAGE-CAUSING VARIABLES, PROVIDES A WAY OF ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF SOILS DATA MEASURED WITH DIFFERENT DEGREES OF ACCURACY, AND PROVIDES AN ASSESSMENT OF THE UTILITY OF PURCHASING HIGHER PRICED BUT MORE PRECISE MEASURING EQUIPMENT. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jul 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128566</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESEARCH ON THE USE OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS IN THE STABILIZATION OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/126596</link>
      <description><![CDATA[PREVIOUS APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS HAVE BEEN TO INCREASE THE SHEAR STRENGTH AND STABILITY OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS TO FACILITATE EXCAVATION AND SLOPE CONSTRUCTION. THE PRESENT STUDY CONSIDERS COMBINING THIS TECHNIQUE WITH VERTICAL SAND DRAINS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE SOIL ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES WAS BUILT AND FULL SCALE LAB TEST RUN, USING A TWO FOOT LAYER OF SWAMP MUCK. CONSOLIDATION TESTS WERE CONDUCTED UNDER A SURCHARGE PRESSURE, USING THE FLOATING EMBANKMENT, VERTICAL SAND DRAIN, AND ELECTRO-DRAIN METHODS OF STABILIZATION. THE ELECTRO-DRAIN METHOD WAS FOUND TO INCREASE THE HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY OF THE SOIL.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 May 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/126596</guid>
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