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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>FMVSS Considerations for Vehicles With Automated Driving Systems: Volume 4</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The portion of the research project included in this report focuses on 23 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS). It provides research findings, including the performance requirements and test procedures, in terms of options regarding technical translations, based on potential regulatory barriers identified for compliance verification of innovative new vehicle designs that may appear in vehicles equipped with Automated Driving Systems that lack manually operated driving controls. This report continues to use the foundational work from the Volume 1 report (Blanco et al., 2020) and Volume 2 report (Chaka et al., 2021) and builds on the findings from the Volume 3 report (Chaka et al., 2025). The current report focuses on the braking and electronic stability control (ESC) test methods for FMVSS Nos. 135 and 126; the heavy braking and ESC requirements associated with FMVSS Nos. 105, 121, and 136; the technical translations of FMVSS Nos. 122, 122a, 123, 131, 223, 224, 403, 404, and C.F.R. Part 571 Subpart A; and potential unconventional seating barriers associated with FMVSS Nos. 201, 202a, 207, 209, 210, 214, 216a, 219, and 226.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:03:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657016</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Potential field reconstruction-based path planning system for autonomous vehicle with enhancing stability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611425</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, the critical role of path planning and path tracking in autonomous vehicles (AV) has led to a growing focus on these areas. Generally speaking, the path planning layer plans the collision-free path, and then the path tracking layer ensures the stability of AV. However, in emergency scenario, the path planned by conventional method is difficult to guarantee the stability of AV. In this study, a potential field reconstruction-based path planning system (PFR-BPPS) is proposed to address the aforementioned issue. The PFR-BPPS consists of two main components: a potential field reconstruction module and an adaptive fusion module. To ensure simultaneous obstacle avoidance and stability for AV, the potential field reconstruction module reconstructs both the potential velocity field and the potential stability field. For adaptive integration of these two fields, the adaptive fusion module employs fuzzy inference rules for effective fusion. The simulation is carried out on the Matlab-Carsim co-simulation platform. The results demonstrate that the path planned by PFR-BPPS exhibits outstanding performance in improving velocity adaptability and maintaining path stability in emergency situations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 17:40:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611425</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Electronic Stability Control: FMVSS No. 126, an Update</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613676</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report evaluates the effectiveness of electronic stability control (ESC) in mitigating single-vehicle, first-event rollover crashes. NHTSA mandated ESC standard equipment in certain light vehicles manufactured on or after September 1, 2011, by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No.126, Electronic stability control systems. The study used National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) General Estimate System (GES) data from 2013 to 2015 to compare outcomes for similar vehicles with and without ESC. This research estimated a logistic regression model that found that a vehicle with ESC is 51.6 percent less likely on average to be in a single-vehicle, first-event rollover crash than a vehicle without ESC if all other variables remain fixed. Considering effectiveness, we saw an overall first-event, single-vehicle rollover crash relative risk reduction of 47.7 percent on the grouping of vehicles with ESC and vehicles without ESC, accounting for the effect of passenger vehicle body type and travel speed. The reduction is statistically significant at alpha level 0.05. These conclusions align with prior evaluations of ESC that found a reduction in first-event rollover crashes due to the technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 2025 14:24:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613676</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle and Wheels Stability Defined Using Driving Envelope Protection Algorithm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425287</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper introduces Model Predictive Control for Driving Envelope Protection (MPC for DEP), a novel strategy aimed at enhancing vehicle stability derived from wheel limits, like locking, wheelspin, and skidding. Inspired by aerospace practices, MPC for DEP first defines stable maneuver boundaries based on vehicle controllability, ensuring the driver can control the vehicle’s dynamics being inside the driving envelope. Utilizing model predictive control, this approach keeps the vehicle within predefined combined wheel slip limits, suitable for various vehicle configurations. This formulation is independent of friction properties. The paper presents a comprehensive control framework that integrates braking, acceleration, and steering actions while mirroring the driver’s commands and confines to the driving envelope. Extensive experiments conducted using IPG CarMaker validate the controller’s performance in scenarios such as sine with dwell, slippery surface acceleration, and braking while cornering with and without friction split pad. Results showcase the controller’s robustness across diverse driving conditions, promising improved vehicle stability and safety. This work simplifies control architectures and sets the stage for safer and more stable vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Dec 2024 11:59:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425287</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Path tracking and stability control of 4WID electric vehicles based on variable prediction horizon MPC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397884</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents a coordinated strategy for path-tracking based on variable prediction horizon model predictive control (VPH MPC) and stability control. First, the model predictive control (MPC) with different prediction horizons is utilised for the path-tracking controller. The effect of prediction horizons on path-tracking error and vehicle stability is analysed. On the above basis, an adaptive path-tracking controller is proposed, where the desired acceleration is restricted and the prediction horizon is regulated based on the vehicle stability. Then, a direct yaw moment control (DYC) method is integrated with the path-tracking controller to further improve the lateral stability and path-tracking capability. The coordinated control strategy is first validated through simulation and then the path-tracking controller with different prediction horizons is tested on a real vehicle. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the path-tracking capability and stability can be improved significantly under extreme conditions. The real-vehicle experiments validate the effect of various prediction horizons on path-tracking capability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Aug 2024 15:11:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397884</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Standalone Hill Drive Away Assist</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a patented, standalone, intelligent Hill Drive Away Assist (HDAA) system, comprising of an electro-mechanical unit, to overcome the hurdles faced by the driver while starting the vehicle on a gradient. This system can be added as an additional feature in vehicles which have Manual or Automatic Transmission and are equipped with or without ABS (Antilock Braking System). The developed system is available as Hill Start Assist (HSA) feature in vehicles with Electronic Stability Control (ESC). This HSA functionality is achieved through Drive Away Release (DAR) feature in vehicles equipped with Electric Park Brake (EPB). In ABS only vehicles, this feature cannot be achieved with the existing hardware and software. This HDAA can be implemented as a stand-alone system in vehicles without ESC / EPB, thereby reducing the cost of the vehicle while providing the Hill Start feature. The HDAA is a driver friendly system, which aids the driver while trying to start a vehicle while on a gradient. This development is aimed at providing an assisting feature with the inputs from a g-sensor and other signals available in a vehicle. An algorithm is developed to identify the conditions in which the driver may require assistance to start the vehicle on a gradient. When the vehicle is moving on a gradient, un-coordinated behaviour of the brake, the clutch and the throttle will result in unintended rolling of the vehicle. To avoid this roll, the developed mechanism, added to the brake system, aids the driver by holding the brake pressure for a certain duration, while the driver shifts the foot from brake pedal to accelerator pedal in order to move the vehicle. Considering that ESC is yet to be mandated in Indian sub-continent, this system finds purpose across all vehicle categories.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2024 15:28:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289478</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Pressure Pulsation 1D Model for Brake System using “2 pressures/2 systems” Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Brake operating noise are caused by brake pipe vibration due to pressure pulsation of the ESC modulator pump, and pressure pulsation is amplified by standing waves in the brake pipe. The ESC modulator pump characteristics, which are difficult to calculate from the ESC modulator specifications, were experimentally identified using the “2 pressures/2 systems” method. Using the ESC modulator pump characteristics identified by this method, the authors developed the 1D model that can predict the standing waves in the brake pipes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Mar 2024 17:05:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preventing and mitigating truck crashes: results from 100 in-depth no-blame truck crash investigations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348536</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Trucks play an important role in the Australian economy but also make a substantial contribution to the lives lost on Australian roads. The aim of the present study was to undertake a substantial sample (n=100) of in-depth no-blame crash investigations of crashes involving trucks to identify the factors that contribute to their occurrence, and the interventions that show the most potential to prevent such crashes or mitigate the resulting injuries. Truck crashes were investigated within 200 km of Adelaide, South Australia, and mostly occurred in the city and inner regional areas. The sample was biased towards more severe crashes. While human factors were the most common contributor to truck crashes, road and vehicle-based interventions were found to have the greatest potential to prevent and mitigate truck crashes. Road-based interventions aimed at preventing and mitigating crashes at intersections were found to be particularly important for truck crashes. These interventions include roundabouts, the installation of traffic lights (with fully controlled right turns), grade separating intersections, preventing right turns, vertical deflection, and improving the geometry of the intersection. The truck technologies found to have the most potential for crash prevention and mitigation were electronic stability control (ESC) and autonomous emergency braking (AEB). The reduction of speed limits and the installation of centre barriers were also found to be important interventions to mitigate injuries from crashes involving trucks. The maximum benefit can be achieved from these interventions if a system-wide approach is taken to their introduction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2024 13:51:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348536</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A novel H8 observer for sensor fault diagnosis of vehicle electronic stability control system with disturbance and input delay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper mainly focuses on the sensor fault diagnosis method based on H8 observer in vehicle electronic stability control (ESC) system with disturbance and input delay. Firstly, the four-wheel steering vehicle model is established. Secondly, the system state and sensor fault are reconstructed into new system variables by a special matrix transformation method, based on which a new H8 observer is developed to estimate system state and sensor fault signals. Then, based on Lyapunov method and linear matrix inequality (LMI) theory, the conditions for asymptotic stability and H8 performance of the estimation error system are proved. Finally, Carsim and Matlab/Simulink co-simulation are used to show the effectiveness of the method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Feb 2024 15:04:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Longitudinal Tire Force Acting as Lateral Force on Vehicle Dynamics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2255612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tire lateral forces play the most important role in determining vehicle motion performance. In this paper, the authors considered the generation mechanism of lateral force and applied a novel driving force control law that simulates lateral force. As a result, they were able to confirm a wide range of improvements in dynamic performance, such as steering responsiveness and disturbance stability of the vehicle, as well as contributing to eliminate unnecessary forces that cancel out each other between diagonal wheels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Oct 2023 09:37:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2255612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated control of electronic stability program and active suspension system using a priority-weighting mechanism</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2259837</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a novel vehicle dynamic controller for coordinating the Electronic Stability Program (ESP) and active suspension system (ASS) to improve the directional performance and roll stability of the vehicle. The controller consists of two levels. The upper level is responsible for monitoring system status, determining control objectives, and distributing the active forces. Also, a priority-weighting mechanism is proposed for model predictive control to generate an adaptive multi-objective cost function. Then, the distribution of active forces is obtained by solving a centralized optimization problem. In the lower level, the dynamics of the suspension actuators are taken into consideration in the control of suspension forces for the ASS, and the desired braking forces are achieved through braking torque control for the ESP. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified through numerical simulation by using a nonlinear full vehicle model. The simulation results show that the proposed dynamic controller can significantly improve the yaw and roll performance of the vehicle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:06:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2259837</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle yaw stability control with a two-layered learning MPC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2101022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a novel framework to address the model-vehicle mismatch (MVM) challenge of yaw stability control, which introduces the Gaussian Process-based Model Predictive Control into the classical two-layer structure. In the upper layer, the supervisor controller calculates the compensation torque required for vehicle turning. Gaussian Process regression is employed to compensate model mismatch and unmodelled dynamics. The chance constraints on sideslip angle are converted into double half-space constraints by the normal distribution quantile function. In the lower layer, the subordinate controller utilises the nonlinear slip rate model to distribute torque to the wheels in the form of braking torque. A new assignment rule of braking torque weight is proposed according to the yaw torque analysis. The stability of the two-layered learning MPC is ensured through proof and simulation. In the Simulink and Carsim co-simulation environment, the superiority of the proposed method is verified in the task of rapid double-lane change. Compared with the traditional MPC-based yaw stability controller, the proposed method has increased the stability tracking index and energy consumption index by around 13% and 8%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2101022</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electro-Mechanical Active Roll Control: A New Solution for Active Suspensions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1806710</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the approach followed by Politecnico di Torino Vehicle Dynamics Research team to design an electro-mechanical Active Roll Control (ARC) system. The first part of the paper describes the targets of the system, which has to improve both comfort and handling. Different solutions for the implementation of the electro-mechanical actuation were evaluated. A prototype of the electro-mechanical Active Roll Control was built and experimentally tested in the Vehicle Dynamics Laboratory of the Department of Mechanics of Politecnico di Torino, by adopting a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) test bench. The experimental results show the benefits of the system, both in a stand alone configuration and integrated with an Electronic Stability Control (ESC) system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2023 15:41:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1806710</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Principles and Applications of DYC in Transient State (Third Report)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2040134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The characteristics of a 4WD vehicle in a high-speed straight driving range were analyzed against a 2WD vehicle. A characteristic of 4WD vehicles is that they have differential gears on the front and rear wheels, so the two differential gears increase yaw damping. As a result, the gain during steering is reduced, the phase delay is reduced, and the effect of suppressing disturbances such as crosswinds is increased. These are probably the reasons why 4WD vehicles are said to have a better feeling of going straight at high speeds than 2WD vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2022 10:56:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2040134</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Virtual Current Control Loop for STMicroelectronics Coil Driver L9374-L9375 Kit in ABS-ESC Control Units</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1818137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this work, the authors propose an innovative coil driver kit for new generation ABS/ESC control unit. It is composed by STMicroelectronics L9374-L9375 coil drivers and a VCCL (Virtual Current Control Loop) implemented on the micro-controller of the control unit that allows the L9374-L9375 to work as having 6 current regulated channels. This SW library, implementing the virtual current control loop, has been tested in different working conditions of the coil drivers. Basically, the results show a satisfactory behavior of the virtual current control loop in all the test conditions taken into account. It comes out an accuracy of the virtual current control loop that is similar the nominal accuracy of the 2 current regulated channels of the L9374.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2022 10:22:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1818137</guid>
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