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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Willingness to pay and trading behaviour of mobility credits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tradeable Mobility Credits (TMC) are a novel demand management policy. Travel can be priced based on externalities and travellers are allocated TMC, which are consumed when travelling, with the price depending on trip characteristics. Travellers can buy/sell TMC in exchange for money. In this study, we analyse (1) how travel behaviour would be affected by a TMC-scheme, (2) TMC trading behaviour and (3) their interaction. We carry out an online stated preference survey, and apply a latent class choice model (LCCM) to analyse travel behaviour, whereas credit trading is analysed by means of a multiple linear regression. A key finding throughout the research is that TMC tend to be perceived non-linearly, with a logarithmic transformation often outperforming linear specifications. This means each additional credit carries less value. The LCCM reveals three out of four groups (88 % of respondents) consider their current balance when making travel choices. Two groups (∼50 %) are predominantly unimodal, travelling almost exclusively by bicycle or public transport. Others base their decision primarily on travel time and cost. In trading, the exchange rate and balance have a substantial influence, offering evidence for loss aversion. The number of travel instances remaining, and the experience of having performed a trade in the past also affect trading behaviour, whereas socio-demographic characteristics are found to have a limited impact. Our result show a TMC policy can achieve substantial behavioural adaptations, reaching the desired outcomes. The limited awareness of such policies, concerns about equitable TMC allocation and additional hassle associated with trading remain challenges to be addressed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668532</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A reusable public transport electronic ticket system with fast validation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625373</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an electronic ticket system for public transport which provides reusability in the sense that, after the validation of a ticket, a traveler is enabled to perform a journey which can include a limited number of transfers before an expiration time. The proposal has been designed following a privacy-by-design approach. Travelers are only required to identify themselves if requested to prove possession of a valid ticket by an officer. Otherwise, they can travel without being required to disclose their identity (anonymity). Also, the diverse interactions of a traveler with the system cannot be related to them (unlinkability). The security and privacy requirements are achieved by making use of advanced cryptographic techniques. The system has been simulated and proven to provide running times which make it appropriate for a real deployment. When compared to an existing proposal designed for an equivalent scenario, the reduction in the time required for ticket validation is especially remarkable. In effect, all the use cases with real-time constraints (“Ticket validation”, “Get-in”, and “Get-out”) can be run in less than one second.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:57:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625373</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The factors that influence the use of NFC mobile payment for public transport in Malaysia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624099</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study assesses the intention to use near-field communication (NFC) mobile payments on public transportation in Klang Valley, Malaysia. This study is to determine the public's awareness and attitude towards the intention to use NFC mobile payment on public transportation in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The methods of data collection are mainly through online questionnaires that have been distributed to the public that is currently living in Kuala Lumpur, of which a total of 333 respondents have been successfully collected. Once the data has been collected, SPSS software is utilised for the data analysis. The results showed that awareness and attitude significantly had relationships towards the intention to use NFC mobile payment on public transportation in Kuala Lumpur.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:12:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624099</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Launching An Acceptance Development Fund: A Vehicle for Expanding Usage of Digital Payments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652168</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper provides guidance on establishing an Acceptance Development Fund (ADF) to accelerate the penetration and growth of digital merchant payments. An ADF is a vehicle for funding investments and coordinating policies and incentives to address the need to grow electronic payments acceptance. An ADF seeks to address market failures related to the externalities related to two-sided markets (e.g., consumers will use digital payments only if enough merchants accept, and merchants will only invest in acceptance if enough consumers use), collective action problems (e.g., each payment service provider (PSP) underinvests in acceptance infrastructure because the benefits spillover to competitors), incentive misalignments (e.g., high merchant discount rates and burdensome onboarding discourage small merchants) and distributional/market exclusion issues (acceptance is concentrated in large urban areas, leaving rural locations under cash dominance). Many countries across the globe have made significant investments in their electronic payment systems with corresponding advances, yet challenges remain to access and usage. In this paper we argue that an ADF can enhance those two key dimensions to accelerate adoption of digital payments, improving economic welfare and resilience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jan 2026 08:51:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652168</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Equity in Transportation Payments: A Study for the California Department of Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study identifies equity challenges in current transportation payment systems, specifically for transit, parking, and vehicle tolls. The methodology included comprehensive literature reviews, an inventory of 49 global transit systems, seven case studies, and expert interviews to assess payment accessibility, technical rules, interoperability, and user privacy. The study found that current systems disproportionately burden low-income, unbanked, and disabled users through high complexity and lack of cash-equivalent options. To mitigate this, the report recommends designing and deploying a California Mobility Card (CMC). The CMC would be a reloadable, prepaid transportation card operating on an existing, widespread payment network, offering cash-equivalent anonymity, seamless cross-system travel, and automatic access to discounts like fare capping.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 09:52:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635949</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to bridge the older adults' digital divide in using digital travel services? A comparative analysis between ride-hailing and train E-ticket services in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606838</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The integration of intelligent systems in travel services presents a dual-edged sword for older adults, enhancing mobility and safety while potentially excluding those with limited digital literacy. Ride-hailing and train e-ticket services represent two pivotal digital transportation solutions catering to older adults' short-distance urban and long-distance intercity travel needs. In this paper, we use two cross-sectional datasets to comprehensively examine and compare the digital divide of older adults using ride-hailing and train e-ticket services by dividing the complete service into multiple operating steps. The Concentration index values are 0.0978 and 0.1367 for the ride-hailing and train e-ticket services, suggesting a more severe digital divide in using train e-tickets. Furthermore, propensity score match results reveal that the more pronounced digital divide observed in train e-ticket than in ride-hailing services stems from significant operational challenges encountered in destination input (steps 3–4), seat information verification (step 6), and online payment (step 8). We also identify the influence of demographic characteristics on the digital divide of travel service usage among older adults, especially for different digital divide groups. Our finding provides targeted recommendations for operational procedures for different travel services, enabling software companies to develop user-friendly interfaces that bridge the digital divide among digital travel services for older Chinese adults.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 2025 11:43:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606838</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>How to Measure the Impact of Electronic Ticketing Systems in Local Public Transport? An Italian Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571372</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In mobility, adopting Electronic Fare Management (EFM) has been a driving force in improving efficiency and user experience in public transport services. In Italy, the Lombardy Region has actively supported the implementation of interoperable electronic ticketing systems, aiming to create a smooth, convenient, and intuitive travel experience across the various means of public transportation. This work aims to develop an analytical methodology to systematically evaluate the benefits of EFM systems. The proposed method examines critical issues such as efficiency, convenience, and user satisfaction. It provides a solid foundation for monitoring system performance by using a holistic approach to determining the overall efficacy of EFM systems. The methodology is based on 6 KPIs: i) Validations, ii) Rejected Validations, iii) Ticket inspections, iv) Sale of travel passes, v) Quality of service, and vi) Alarms. To bridge the gap between theory and practice, the developed methodology is then applied to a case study involving the ticketing system of Autoguidovie S.p.A, an Italian local public transport company operating mainly in the Lombardia Region but also in Piemonte and Veneto Region. Regarding 2021, Autoguidovie’s fleet is about 777 buses and 31 million bus*km per year. The practical implementation of the methodology allows technical issues to be detected and addressed, facilitating an effective implementation of the electronic ticketing system. Using the methodology in this context thus provides valuable perspectives on its applicability and efficiency in practical reality. In practice, this work contributes to the theoretical understanding of EFM systems. It demonstrates the practical utility of the developed methodology through its application to the case study of Autoguidovie in Italy. The findings have important implications for academia and industry, providing a strong foundation for analyzing and optimizing the adoption and operation of EFM systems in urban and suburban transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2025 17:16:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571372</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Smart Parking Systems: A Comprehensive Review Of Digitalization Of Parking Services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529919</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Smart parking systems (SPS) address issues that plague traditional parking methods by offering data on real-time parking availability, optimizing the use of space, and facilitating convenient payment solutions. Despite the timeliness and importance of the systems, however, the literature fails to adequately identify areas within SPS that can be vastly improved by innovation. This study addresses the research gap by identifying the key limitations of 124 comprehensively reviewed academic papers and offering innovative solutions. For sensor technology, the challenge of environmental effects and camera line-of-sight issues is tackled with a proposed integrated sensor framework, combining radar precision with camera coverage, all enhanced by AI for greater detection accuracy. Communication networks, currently hindered by scalability and node failure, could be improved with a mesh network architecture for better reliability. To address data management concerns, specifically data integrity and security, the integration of blockchain technology is suggested to protect against data breaches and boost user confidence. Lastly, to simplify complex SPS user interfaces, AI-driven adaptive interfaces are recommended to personalize the user experience and improve system engagement. The findings of this study will be instrumental for city planners, SPS developers, and parking authorities who are tasked with implementing efficient and reliable smart parking solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2025 16:10:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529919</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A review of smart parking systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317312</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conventional parking methods often result in inefficiencies, such as traffic congestion caused by drivers searching for available spots and inadequate revenue management for parking operators. Smart parking systems (SPS) aim to address these challenges by offering real-time information on parking availability, optimizing parking space utilization, and providing convenient payment options. This study seeks to comprehensively examine the academic research conducted on SPS to contribute to a deeper understanding of the current research landscape in this field. The research involved an extensive analysis of 124 published research papers, journals, and articles and revealed an intriguing trend: the proliferation of IoT-based SPS in urban settings is revolutionizing decision-making processes and elevating user experiences. Among the diverse range of SPS options, wireless sensor networks have emerged as a popular choice, as they not only eliminate the hassle of extensive wiring but also significantly reduce deployment expenses. Computer vision or image processing systems for vehicle detection require fewer sensors but come with substantial installation costs due to the necessity of a camera network. Conversely, SPSs based on vehicular ad hoc networks are experiencing slower adoption rates, mainly due to the high costs associated with installation and the requirement of on-board units in vehicles. The findings of this study will help researchers identify areas that require further investigation and city planners integrate smart parking systems into their overall smart city initiatives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2024 16:34:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317312</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>When Parking Transformed a City</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1675187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents a case study of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania’s parking initiatives, which have helped transform it into one of the most innovative cities in the country. The Pittsburgh Parking Authority has been named International Parking & Mobility Institute’s Parking Organization of the Year and was one of the first to be recognized as an Accredited Parking Organization. The article describes some of Pittsburgh’s innovations, including its pioneering implementation of a large-scale on-street pay-by-plate system, and the economic benefits of the system that have led to its adoption in other cities. The author highlights Pittsburgh’s strength in innovating with an eye on the future and developing services that maintain the standards associated with Accredited Parking Organization certification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Dec 2019 10:48:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1675187</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ORANGES Evaluation Test Plans: Test Plans for the US DOT Sponsored Evaluation of the ORANGES Electronic Payment Systems Field Operational Test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1597485</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document is one of a series of working papers that report on progress for the US DOT evaluation for Phase I of the Orlando Regional Alliance for Next Generation Electronic payment Systems (ORANGES) field operational test (FOT). Each working paper corresponds to a Phase I task. At the conclusion of Phase I, these documents will be updated and compiled to form a final report. Phase I documents include: Evaluation Strategy and Plan – issued November 6, 2001; Test Plans – this document; Statistical Analysis of “Before” Data; and Risk Assessment. The test plans reflect the current design and plans for ORANGES implementation, as of the date of this document. The design could still vary prior to or during implementation. The evaluation goals and measures have changed from those originally presented in the Evaluation Strategy and Plan document. The FOT partners believe the limited scale of anticipated deployment could limit noticeable changes in the evaluation measures. The evaluation team has addressed this issue in developing test plans (e.g., by focusing data collection on the specific equipment and riders to be involved in the limited scale deployment). This is nonetheless acknowledged as a legitimate issue for the context to interpreting the data analysis. This report describes each test plan developed for the US DOT evaluation. Each test plan identifies data collection details (i.e., why, what, how, where, when and by whom). The report also discusses how the collected data will be analyzed. The test plan details were discussed with staff at the participating agencies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2019 21:27:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1597485</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-Modal Electronic Payment Systems Best Practices and Convergence White Paper</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1537135</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The United States transportation industry has changed dramatically in the methodologies to collect fares and fees over the past 10-15 years. In recent years, many innovations in transportation payment systems are being demonstrated and proposed in the I-95 Corridor and elsewhere. This white paper attempts to provide an objective description of emerging payment system alternatives and the best practices being used in transportation modalities today. Additionally, it will explore opportunities for further payment system innovations as well as convergence opportunities across modes of transportation. It is the authors’ intention that the paper will provide an opportunity to begin to formulate convergence strategies from these emerging approaches and electronic payment systems best practices that look ahead to the future. The focus of this study will be two-fold: 1. Examine advanced payment technologies currently in use or in trial stages in various transportation modes primarily in the United States, but also internationally to determine the industry best practices; and 2. Examine approaches to provide the traveling public with a more coordinated approach to payment systems for all modes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Sep 2018 19:27:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1537135</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Potential of ITS to Enhance Co-modality and Decarbonise Passenger Transport in Europe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1409416</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are expected to provide valuable contributions to a more integrated and sustainable passenger transport system in the future. In this paper the authors studied the potential role three ITS applications (personalised travel information, car sharing schemes and mobile payment devices) could have in enhancing co-modality and decarbonising EU passenger transport. Based on a thorough review of existing and planned schemes, the mobility impacts of these ITS applications were estimated for single 'model' countries. To estimate the EU-wide decarbonisation potential of the options, a scaling methodology was developed, taking country specific aspects affecting the effectiveness of these schemes into account. The results of our analyses showed that particularly personalised travel information and mobile payment devices could significantly contribute to decarbonising the EU passenger transport system (1 - 3% and 0.5 - 1%, respectively) although the estimated CO2 reduction figures are rather uncertain. Further research on this topic is for that reason highly recommended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2016 09:21:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1409416</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Toward a More Meterless Parking System: User Demographic Factors Influencing Adoption and Usage of Pay by Cell (PBC) Services in Washington, DC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1393401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The District Department of Transportation’s (DDOT) pay by cell (PBC) program for on-street parking has been very successful. Since its launch in July 2011, the program has attracted one million customers, accounting for approximately 10 million transactions and 55 percent of DC’s parking revenues. The operational and maintenance cost of the program is significantly lower than other means of paying for parking, such as coins and credit cards. The program also enjoys a high level of customer satisfaction. DC’s high adoption rates afford DDOT the opportunity to look at meterless parking. DC will be experimenting with removing meters from one side of the street as part of the parkDC: Chinatown/Penn Quarter project. However, for this concept to gain citywide acceptance, the pay by cell program needs to cater to the needs of all customers that park in the District. This paper analyzes the characteristics of customers that use the current pay by cell program; draws inferences about common traits of PBC users and their usage of the PBC system; and starts framing an understanding on the demographics of PBC non-users. Identifying the general demographics of non-users will enable DDOT to develop outreach strategies that encourage adoption of the PBC program by all parkers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Feb 2016 15:31:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1393401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Personalized Public Transportation: A Mobility Model and its Application to Melbourne</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1372845</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores a vision for urban and suburban transportation for cities such as Melbourne, Australia. Termed Personalized Public Transportation, it builds upon recent trends in vehicle sharing, electric vehicles, mobile payments and cloud computing. The goal is to build on the best of the worlds of private and public transportation. Private transportation offers ownership, comfort and convenience, but is higher cost, and subject to externalities (traffic jams, pollution, etc.). Public transportation is efficient, cheaper and has lower energy/carbon footprint, but usually has a last-mile problem (access) and low spatio-temporal coverage in suburbia. The authors envisage a future model of leasing public transportation via a service similar to cellphone services, where the user pays for convenience and sharing of a network. The authors describe the key design features inherent to this mobility model. The vehicular platform allows the entire fleet to be operated and managed via a cloud computing service in order to maximise convenience and minimise cost. A mathematical formulation to get a first order approximation of the benefits of Personalized Public Transportation shows that it is a promising approach for Melbourne, Australia - a 5% adoption can lead to a reduction in the overall cost of travel (relative to operating a private car) by over 4%, energy footprint by over 3%, and Carbon footprint by nearly 9%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2015 16:23:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1372845</guid>
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