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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for Effects of Electronic Peak Load Pricing on Public Transport Demand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1442183</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the public transport system of the city of Münster, Germany smart card technology for ticketing has been introduced. Subsequently flexible electronic fares in public transport have been established in order to conduct peak load pricing. The pricing scheme for the new annual season ticket named FlexAbo consists of a low basic fare per month, an incremental fare per day with trips during the defined peak time limited by a maximum monthly fare. This maximum fare corresponds to the monthly fare of the previous annual season ticket. The FlexAbo neither allows its holder to transfer their ticket to another person nor to take another person along. Before launching the FlexAbo a large scale stated choice survey among annual season ticket holders was conducted in order to forecast its impacts on their travel behaviour. Within the experimental choice context the incremental fare and the maximum fare per month varied according to an orthogonal design. Further, it was assumed the FlexAbo would replace the hitherto used tickets. The interviewees were asked whether they would still ride during peak times, delay peak-trips to off-peak times, go by car instead, ride by bicycle or even walk. The shares of shifted peak-trips were forecasted applying a discrete choice model. The results of shifted peak-trips are presented as well as their associated bootstrap confidence intervals. Percentile and bias corrected confidence intervals are compared. Additionally, all results are provided in dependency of different sample sizes. It is shown that even for small shifted shares notable differences between the two techniques for constructing confidence intervals only occur in combination with small sample sizes. Further, the width of the confidence intervals substantially decreases with sample size.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2017 15:07:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1442183</guid>
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      <title>Security Feature for Active-DSRC Based On-Board-Unit (OBU)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1216292</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many large cities in the world are afflicted by chronic traffic congestion, and have received huge economic loss. In some cities, Electronic Fee Collection (EFC) system is introduced as one of the solution to reduce congestion. However security policy of toll operators is not established in most cases, so the authors propose security measures which protects disclosure of sensitive information, such as an on-board unit (OBU) ID and a vehicle license plate number and so on. After conducting a risk and threat analysis in accordance with an ISO15408: security criterion for evaluation, the secure communication protocol between Integrated Circuit (IC) Card and RSU through OBU has been developed. Furthermore transparent data transfer method from IC Card to RSU is developed and this method also gives secure data transfer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2012 09:14:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1216292</guid>
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      <title>Revenue, Finance, and Economics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1117289</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This issue contains 12 papers on the topic of revenue, finance, and economics.  Specific topics discussed include the following:  funding options for federal surface transportation; mileage based charges; replacing the federal fuel tax with per mile user charges; the vehicle mileage fee at federal and state levels; cost of collecting vehicle miles traveled fees; urban network privatization; the politics of freeway congestion pricing; the long-term impact of the FasTrak program; reactions to value pricing; a congestion pricing case study; measuring toll burdens; and agglomeration benefits and transportation projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Sep 2011 07:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1117289</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Implementation of Countrywide EFC Schemes in Europe - Lessons Learned: Do’s And Don’ts Derived From a Number of Projects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/902805</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper considers the experiences gained from a number of large scale (or) nationwide electronic fee collection programs in Europe.   The author calls these programs "schemes" and notes that a variety of them have been announced, planned, discarded, re-planned, tendered, re-tendered, procured, implemented successfully or rather unsuccessfully, on time or with (sometimes significant) delays, and with complete or just rudimental functionality.  The author outlines the lessons learned, gleaning practical recommendations from his practical experience in a number of projects as an EFC Senior Consultant.  Topics include the political and legal aspects, procurement, project time scheduling, and the necessary questions to be raised and answered in order to enable a successful introduction of an electronic fee collection scheme.  The author outlines and describes a three layer process that covers legislation, government decrees, and terms and conditions of use.  Readers are referred to an accompanying presentation available at www.PrimeConsulting.at.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Oct 2009 08:51:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/902805</guid>
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      <title>Community Strategy and Framework for Deployment of Road Transport Telematics in Europe and Proposals for Initial Actions. Communication from the Commission to the Council and European Parliament Brussels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/871185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road Transport Telematics (RTT) can benefit individuals, transport service providers, fleet managers, road operators, policy makers and the environment. It can also create market opportunities for European industry and service providers. The potential of RTT has been recognised by the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee: The aim of this communication is to provide a framework for action at European Union, national, regional and local levels. It sets out specific initial actions covering the period 1997 to 1999 in five priority areas: RDS-TMC-based Traffic Information Services; Traffic Data Exchange/Information Management; Electronic Fee Collection: Human/Machine Interface; and System Architecture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Sep 2008 11:47:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/871185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Demonstration of Interoperable Electronic Fee Collection Systems in the European Motorways – The Case Study of Greece</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/842986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This contribution to the "WCTR'04”, will explain the main features of the European Project PISTA, “Pilot of Interoperable System for Tolling Applications”, focusing upon the case of the 3 major Greek Transport Service Providers. This Demonstration Project consists of carrying out a series of pilot tests of interoperable Electronic Fee Collection (IOEFC) Systems, throughout a corridor belonging to several European motorway networks (Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Denmark and Sweden). The IOEFC system technology as defined in PISTA is based on Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), which is still considered as the “state of the art” technology that can be implemented with enough security and financial feasibility. The project, belonging to the broad area of Transport Telematics, also incorporates the study of a number of relevant aspects related to Electronic Fee Collection such as cross-border enforcement, taxation and management procedures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Jan 2008 08:14:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/842986</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Open Roads for a Faster Future: Turning Road Rage into Road Raves at the Illinois Tollway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/793061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how the Illinois Tollway is undertaking the country’s largest system-wide conversion to a barrier-free, electronic toll collection system. This conversion to Open Road Tolling (ORT) is part of a larger $5.3 billion, 10-year Congestion-Relief Program (CRP). This paper describes the process undertaken to launch the CRP, and focuses on the development and accelerated deployment of Open Road Tolling at 20 mainline plazas in just two years. It describes the challenges involved in implementing the fast-track schedule, and explains the key factors that have contributed to a successful first year.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Nov 2006 16:21:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/793061</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Activities at the European Union Level</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/786509</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reports on the activities of the European Commission’s development of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) applications.  Currently, the major uses of ITS include: electronic fee collection; traveler information services; transport network monitoring and operation; freight and fleet management; and accident and emergency handling.  The paper continues to discuss the European Commission’s actions, the European directive to move to an interoperable electronic fee collection, the goal of a sustainable urban transport system, an electronic safety initiative, and the need for consolidation between ITS systems and services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2006 07:58:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/786509</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Common EFC-Service in The Scandinavian Countries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767644</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the implementation of regional interoperability for electronic fee collection (EFC) in the Scandinavian countries. An agreement to achieve interoperability was signed by road authorities and toll road operators in the beginning of 2004. The project includes 4 phases: (i) Feasibility study, (ii) Planning and implementation, (iii) Pilot operation and (iv) Commercial operation and evaluation.  When the service is implemented in 2006, it will include more than 1.5 million users and approximately 25 toll road operators in three countries. Later, ferry and parking companies will be included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2006 09:56:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767644</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFC INTEROPERABILITY IN AUSTRALIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/701352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Australia was an early adopter of CEN dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) outside Europe. A few years ago, Australia declared that CEN DSRC would also be an Australian national standard. The users and authorities selected CEN standards with the stated goal to achieve: Interoperability; Non-proprietary technology; Flexibility in their intelligent transportation systems/electronic toll collection (ITS/ETC) system applications; and Real competition from manufacturers. To supplement these standards, Australia has written its own ETC interoperability standard. The target of the national Standard is to specify and provide the electronic tolling and parking industry with a national set of standards for electronic fee collection systems in order to establish interoperability across all tollways and vehicle to roadside applications in Australia. The first implementation of this is on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. This paper gives the impressions from the interoperability process as well as the lessons learned from the viewpoint of one of the manufacturers involved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 May 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/701352</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NEW EUROPEAN NATIONWIDE EFC SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/701354</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The need for funding of road construction and the necessity of limiting traffic during rush hours has led to the development of new Electronic Fee Collection systems based on the European Dedicated Short Range Communication standard. In Norway, the authorities are focusing on a secure interoperable fee collection scheme based on central accounts, while in The Netherlands the authorities have kept focus on the utilization of electronic purse cards to be used as the mean of payment in non-stop fee collection systems. In the Switzerland, the authorities implemented a fee collection system based on the distance driven by heavy vehicles. These three national programs are commonly known as AutoPASS (Norway), LSVA (Leistungsabhngige Schwerverkehrsabgabe - Distance based fee for heavy vehicles) and Rekening Rijden (The Netherlands).  This paper discusses all three programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 May 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/701354</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTEGRATED CHIP CARDS - THE FUTURE OF PAYMENT IN DSRC-BASED EFC-SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/665017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper focuses on the use of Integrated Chip Cards (ICC) in Electronic Fee Collection  (EFC) systems based on Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC). Currently most of the systems are using so-called monolithic types of On-Board-Equipment (OBE). However, this type of payment means should not be considered as user-friendly and up-to-date indeed. But, the use of Integrated Chip Cards provides a lot of advantages applying for the user of the card and for the service providers. Moreover these Smart cards create new opportunities for the DSRC-technology. Use of cards will promote new intelligent transportation systems- (ITS-)services based on DSRC-technology and lead to more acceptance of these services by the users. Technical requirements for the interfacing On-Board Equipment as well as for the used Chip Cards can be fulfilled today, even with acceptable costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/665017</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AIRPORT PARKING REVENUE CONTROL SYSTEM PROCUREMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/728554</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electronic fee collection at airport parking facilities comes in so many different forms and uses so many different technologies that parking operators need to make procurement decisions for entire systems, not just individual machines. There are two predominant types. The first uses TCP/IP connectivity over an Ethernet network that connects devices in the parking lanes to administrative processors and servers. The second links the lane devices serially to controllers which are in turn linked together. The first lets each transaction be carried over the network in its entirety and is more suitable for today's complex transactions, which can include data from an automatic license plate reader, credit card info and other info. Airports are starting to look at readers to cut down on lost-ticket issues and ticket swapping. But the readers require sophisticated computing power to address complications such as times when the license plate number does not match the one the machine reads. Credit card acceptance also requires sophisticated software designs to prevent abuse.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Dec 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/728554</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES TOLLING OF TRANSALPINE TRAFFIC: THE INTEROPERABILITY BETWEEN EXISTING AND PLANNED ELECTRONIC FEE COLLECTION (EFC) SYSTEMS IN AUSTRIA, ITALY AND SWITZERLAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/574665</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Within the Concerted Action for Research On Demand Management in Europe (Cardme) of the European Commission, a number of case studies are being conducted for investigating the potential benefits of interoperability of electronic fee collection (EFC) systems for border crossing traffic in Europe.  In summer 1995, Austria, Italy and Switzerland agreed to carry out a common case study.  At present, in Austria several motorway links are tolled manually and a large scale EFC field test is being conducted on the Tauern Pass.  In addition, Austria today has a manual system for accounting Ecopoints that are required for trucks from EU countries crossing the Austrian Alps.  The Austrian Government is planning to automate the Ecopoint accounting system as well as to introduce a heavy goods vehicle fee that will be collected by means of EFC on the entire motorway network.  Italy has a long standing tradition in motorway toll collection including integration of the toll operators.  Since 1982 the Italian integrated Payment System has been implemented allowing users to pay electronically with the same payment means on the entire motorway network.  Switzerland is planning to install an EFC system for the distance-related heavy vehicles tax levied from domestic and foreign trucks and buses for the use of the entire road network of the country.  The contractual, procedural and technical interoperability issues of the existing and planned EFC systems in the three countries are discussed in the paper. In particular, the problems of interoperability between network oriented systems applying DSRC technology (Italy and Austria) and area oriented systems applying GPS technology for boundary recognition (one of the solutions being considered in Switzerland) are examined.  The requirements for roadside and onboard equipment in various alternative scenarios are presented with particular consideration of the needs of heavy goods vehicles traffic crossing the Alps.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/574665</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CENTRICO: CENTRAL EUROPEAN REGION TRANSPORT TELEMATICS IMPLEMENTATION CO-ORDINATION PROJECT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/574652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the framework of the TEN-T budgetline the regions in central Europe have set up a co-ordination project for telematics implementation.  The main objective is to co-ordinate the work of regional, bilateral and multi-lateral implementation projects in the field of transport telematics in order to ensure the continuity and the quality of services offered to the authorities and to the users of the TERN in the Central European region.  In a first phase of the project an inception report was produced and detailed design was made of a Euro-region traffic information and network management system.  In a second phase the project will also work on conurbation regions and electronic fee collections.  Moreover, the project will extend from a co-ordination project to an implementation project.  The total budget for the period 1996 - 1999 is estimated at 159 million ECU.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/574652</guid>
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