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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Potential and benefits of electronic charts to Maritime Administrations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electronic charts have come more and more into use for marine navigation. If complying with the relevant international standards they are an accepted substitute to the mandatory carriage of paper nautical charts. However, the potential of such official, high-quality electronic chart data goes far beyond the use for navigation. In order to show its potential, the basic concepts and features of official electronic charts as a marine geographic information data base are explained and the relation of Hydrographic Offices responsible for their production, to Maritime Administrations is described. The data standard to be followed for electronic charts opens the use of the data for a wide range of possible applications. If efficiently organised, Maritime Administrations can be provided with a powerful, versatile database establishing a single geographic reference data base for e.g. Vessel Traffic Services, for Search and Rescue as well as for various applications in Coastal Zone Management including coastal protection and marine environmental protection. Ultimately, digital marine geographic information will become part of the evolving global spatial data infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 2016 09:03:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411630</guid>
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      <title>HUMAN FACTORS CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF ELECTRONIC FLIGHT BAGS (EFBS). VERSION 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/680305</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) are coming into the flight deck, bringing along with them a wide range of human factors considerations. In order to understand and assess the full impact of an EFB, designers and evaluators require an understanding of how the device will function and be used by crews, how the device will interact with other flight deck equipment, and how training and operating procedures will be affected. The purpose of this report is to identify and prioritize guidance on these topics so that designers and evaluators can make informed choices. Much of the guidance in this document is general and applies to any EFB system, regardless of the applications that are supported. Application-specific guidance is also provided for electronic documents, electronic checklists, flight performance calculations, and electronic charts. In addition, information on the rapidly changing and growing market of EFB products is provided in Appendix A, and a summary of high priority guidance for equipment evaluations is included in Appendix B. This document supersedes the earlier Version 1 report (DOTVNTSC- FAA-00-22), which is referenced in the Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular on EFBs, AC 120-76A.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/680305</guid>
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      <title>NEW UPDATE METHOD FOR NOAA RASTER CHARTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/670404</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes a new National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration/Maptech service designed for correcting their raster electronic charts via the Internet. The Notice to Mariners Chart Updating Service allows users to update electronic charts based on changes published in various Coast Guard, National Imagery and Mapping Agency, and Canadian Notices to Mariners. The Chart Updating Service also allows users to update paper charts more quickly than in the past.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Nov 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/670404</guid>
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      <title>ECDIS - A MARINER'S VIEWPOINT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Canadian shipping companies are taking a leading role in testing and utilizing ECDIS systems onboard their vessels.  The author, a former master, whose company operates 21 bulk carriers on the Great Lakes, evaluates the use of ECDIS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480231</guid>
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      <title>SAFETY BENEFITS OF ELECTRONIC CHARTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/479522</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electronic charts (EC) are computer-based systems that are expected to replace traditional paper charts as the basis of navigation in the future.  Integrated Navigation systems (INS), also called integrated bridge systems, are vessel control stations that integrate and (partially) automate all navigation functions and tools (position fixing, route monitoring, radar, autopilot, engine and rudder controls, etc) in a single location, allowing a small number of operators to perform all tasks necessary and effectively.  In designing or updating a ship's navigation systems, it is possible to choose from a continuum of options from simple stand-alone EC devices to completely integrated "cockpit-style", one-person INS stations.  The effectiveness of these systems in preventing navigation accidents depends on both system design and training of operators.  Little hard data on the effectiveness of specific systems have been published to date.  This paper considers a generic technology of the kind, referred to as EC/INS, and its potential to help reduce losses from maritime casualties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/479522</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAFETY BENEFITS OF ELECTRONIC CHARTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/467732</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electronic charts (EC) are computer-based systems that are expected to replace traditional paper charts as the basis of navigation in the future.  Integrated Navigation systems (INS), also called integrated bridge systems, are vessel control stations that integrate and (partially) automate all navigation functions and tools (position fixing, route monitoring, radar, autopilot, engine and rudder controls, etc) in a single location, allowing a small number of operators to perform all tasks necessary and effectively.  In designing or updating a ship's navigation systems, it is possible to choose from a continuum of options from simple stand-alone EC devices to completely integrated "cockpit-style", one-person INS stations.  The effectiveness of these systems in preventing navigation accidents depends on both system design and training of operators.  Little hard data on the effectiveness of specific systems have been published to date.  This paper considers a generic technology of the kind, referred to as EC/INS, and its potential to help reduce losses from maritime casualties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/467732</guid>
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      <title>EXPERIMENT HERALDS NEW CHAPTER IN SHIP NAVIGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/467430</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The chemical tanker DUTCH SPIRIT is the first ship to rely on electronic charts as its main navigation system and has received approval from the Directorate General of Shipping and Maritime Business (DGSM) in the Netherlands, who believe it meets International Maritime Organization rules.  Among the conditions set by the DGSM is that the vessel has two fully independent electronic navigation systems, they use only electronic charts from authorised sources and that they carry sufficient paper charts as back up to enable them to reach a pilot system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/467430</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STILL WAITING AFTER ALL THESE YEARS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/466962</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Before the November 1995 meeting of the IMO, manufacturers had developed their ECDIS equipment to comply with the existing performance requirements.  They are confident that equipment in service can be amended to comply with any subsequent changes in the requirements.  This will allow them to gain type approval when available.  This article reviews some of the equipment currently on the market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/466962</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ECDIS AND ARPA - A MARRIAGE OF CONVENIENCE?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/466965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the use of electronic chart systems as both passage planning and voyage monitoring tools, with special emphasis on the possibilities and pitfalls surrounding the superposition of radar target images on the chart display. Comparisons are made with the traditional use of radar, by discussing well accepted problem situations, and taking into consideration the various possible display modes.  The study indicates that a single 'navigation console' could provide the visual model for routine navigation, as well as providing an appropriate and unambiguous display for the assessment of collision avoidance actions.  However, a careful choice of display mode is required to achieve the level of usability and reliability associated with current best radar practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/466965</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ECDIS AND RASTER - PERMANENT PARTNERS?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/456434</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While ecdis standards approach IMO ratification, raster charts are filling the gap and look set to stay.  The advantages and disadvantages of rasterscan charts and vectorised charts are outlined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/456434</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ELECTRONIC CHART AND TACTICAL RADAR DISPLAYS FOR OPV OPERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/456438</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper looks at the roles of the OPV and in particular the trade off between cost/complexity and quantities of vessels.  It then considers new technology which can reduce costs considerably while retaining high capability in two areas, namely, tactical radar displays and electronic charts.  Finally it discusses the relative merits of Admiralty Raster Chart Service (ARCS) and Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/456438</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTELLIGENT SHIP NAVIGATION SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/456228</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors have been gathering information about intelligent ship navigation systems to be included in an electronic book called the Intelligent Ship Navigation Systems Database.  More than 120 intelligent ship navigation systems have been identified and included in the database.  The database describes the capabilities and characteristics of each system, outlining the positioning methods used, the hardware involved, the target market, the system features, and full references.  In this paper, the authors review and describe the basic types of intelligent navigation systems in the database and illustrate the diversity among. them.  The use of different digital charting technologies is addressed.  Trends in the rapidly growing field of marine navigation are identified, and standards issues are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/456228</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE FUTURE OF BRIDGE NAVIGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/455972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article describes how the electronic chart is revolutionising bridge navigation and discusses problems of both a technical and a regulatory nature which still need resolving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/455972</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELECTRONIC CHARTS - THE CANADIAN VIEW NO. 7</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/431504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/431504</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELECTRONIC CHARTING AND THE PERSONAL COMPUTER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/438607</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sophisticated applications of computers such as precise navigation and surveying using accurate chart graphics have until recently been available only to vessels with enough space and money to install the proprietary hardware required. Recently PC hardware and software innovations have brought advanced technology within reach of even the most budget-constrained. It is now possible for modestly priced PCs, including lap-tops, to support electronic charting and surveying applications using exact reproductions of paper charts, distributed on floppy discs. In addition to cost savings, advantages to this approach include the ability to use existing PC hardware with new electronic charts based on actual NOAA or user-appropriate paper charts, modify software to address unique requirements, and use a variety of electronic protocols to interface to other devices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/438607</guid>
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