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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>The Effect of Aircraft Generated Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) on Future Avionics Systems - A Compendium</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736765</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are various commercial standards and specifications which are aimed at making aircraft compatible with a hostile electromagnetic environment. However, most of these standards and specifications were developed for analog circuitry; before the advent of high-speed flight critical digital systems. These standards must now be reengineered to accommodate the new technology of composites and sensitive integrated micro-electronic architectures. Modern aircraft are experiencing many cases of flights into or near heavy electromagnetic fields from various sources such as lightning, switching of heavy aircraft electrical loads, or radio transmissions during their life span. This electromagnetic interference (EMI) environment has caused and is causing hazardous incidents to aircraft by impairing the normal operation of some flight-critical and flight-essential equipment. Special precautions must also be taken to protect this sensitive digital avionics during maintenance operations. For this reason these standards and specifications must be revised and new design, manufacturing, and testing methods introduced. These presentations contain ongoing and planned research, hardening techniques, and testing criteria for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) that will ensure protection for commercial aircraft against all but the most severe electromagnetic phenomena. The presentations also recommend verification techniques for such protection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 12:15:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736765</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Aircraft Generated Electromagnetic Interference on Future Electronic Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A Federal Aviation Administration research project is presented to identify some of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) considerations associated with aircraft that incorporate advanced composite structures and high integrity digital avionics systems. This report suggests methodologies and resource requirements necessary to pinpoint equipment susceptibility, discusses the philosophy of system hardening in order to minimize the effect of the threat, and recommends test methods and criteria. The project is divided into the following elements: 1) aircraft generated electromagnetic interference (EMI) environment - the instrumentation and measurement of several aircraft of various types to establish a database of typical EMI signatures; 2) experimental test plan to evaluate the performance of a series of recommended EMC testing procedures and criteria on a typical digital flight control system; and 3) a set of interim design guidelines showing the various hardening techniques and tradeoffs available in EMC control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Aug 2026 11:34:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736578</guid>
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      <title>Attention-Bilstm for Timely Detection and Adaptive Classification of Emi and Iemi in 5g-Railways Wireless Communications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2734894</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High reliability and low latency are essential to railway wireless communications, which transmit train control and dispatch commands to ensure operational safety. However, as railway systems become increasingly electrified and more complex, the exposure to electromagnetic interference (EMI) also grows, potentially causing service disruptions and compromising safety. Intentional EMI (IEMI), which is deliberately and often maliciously generated, further increases the vulnerability of these critical communication networks. Real-time detection and classification of EMI and IEMI therefore become increasingly important. This paper presents composite models that reflect realistic railway scenarios and proposes an adaptive classification approach for EMI and IEMI using a deep learning algorithm based on bidirectional long-short-term memory (BiLSTM) networks and attention mechanisms. By employing time-series feature extraction to analyze both time and frequency information at fine resolution, the proposed method demonstrates a classification accuracy of 94.98%. Simulation results outperform existing techniques with a 3% improvement in accuracy, showcasing its adaptability across four typical railway scenarios at train speeds of up to 500 km/h. Moreover, online monitoring phase performs real-time detection in just 7.43 ms, meeting the stringent latency requirements for railway systems. Validation using real-world data further confirms the practical applicability of the proposed methods under actual operating conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 16:48:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2734894</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This aircraft electromagnetic compatibility document is for those individuals associated with the engineering design and test of commercial aircraft. The document illustrates aircraft architecture, electromagnetic interference environments, electromagnetic compatibility protection techniques, program specifications, tasks, and verification and validation procedures. The environments of 400-Hz power, electrical transients, and radio frequency fields are portrayed and related to thresholds of avionics electronics. Five layers of protection for avionics are defined. Recognition is given to some present-day electromagnetic compatibility weaknesses and issues which serve to re-emphasize the importance of EMC verification of equipment and parts, and their ultimate EMC validation on the aircraft. Proven standards of grounding, bonding, shielding, wiring, and packaging are laid out to help provide a foundation for a comprehensive approach to successful future aircraft design and an understanding of cost-effective EMC in an aircraft setting. The bibliography contains excellent in-depth articles on specific aspects of electromagnetic compatibility for those who desire further study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 11:16:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752377</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling of electric power systems in electric vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid electrification of heavy-duty vehicles has introduced traction voltage systems (TVS) with electrical scale and complexity not previously seen in on-road applications. Multiple power electronic subsystems interact through long cables and frequency-dependent impedances, making conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) a system-level phenomenon. Differential-mode (DM) and common-mode (CM) disturbances generated by converter switching propagate through intentional and parasitic impedances up to approximately 200 kHz for DM behaviour and 3 MHz for CM behaviour. This thesis combines measurements on commercial battery-electric vehicles with physically based modelling and system-level simulation. A dedicated 96-channel, 60 MS/s measurement system is developed to capture CM and DM quantities across the distributed TVS with ability to record up to one hour of full resolution data. The results show that CM behaviour is governed by the ratio between symmetric CM capacitances and asymmetric parasitic capacitances, referred to as the X-factor. Both the CMDC voltage and the resulting CM current paths depend on capacitance placement, cable and junction-box impedances and non-ideal semiconductor behaviour. A library of validated subsystem models is developed and calibrated with measurements, including converters, batteries, cables, filters and interconnection components. State-space reduction and eigenvalue analysis preserve the required bandwidth while enabling computationally feasible vehicle-level simulations. The simulations reproduce the measured CM and DM behaviour, quantify the influence of distributed impedances and measurement artefacts such as Break-Out Boxes and demonstrate how phase-shifted switching suppresses CM disturbances. The combined results provide system-level guidelines for EMI-aware design, including CM capacitance placement, use of damped DM filters and strategies that reduce sensitivity to subsystem interaction. The thesis establishes a system-level framework for analysing, modelling and mitigating conducted EMI in commercial battery-electric vehicles and demonstrates how measurement, modelling and simulation must be integrated to understand and control behaviour in electrically large traction voltage systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:36:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752062</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Simulation and verification of wireless technologies 2 (SIVERT2)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752019</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SImulation and VErification of wiReless Technologies 2 (SIVERT2) commenced in April 2022 and was finalised in September 2025. The project is a continuation of the work in FFI SIVERT. The project management has been handled by three persons from Volvo Cars: Christian Lötbäck, Anton Skårbratt and Ida Hagström. All project partners in the original application have been involved in the project until the end, the project partners are Volvo Cars, Scania, Lunds University, RISE, RanLOS and Tietoevry. The project has comprehensively validated vehicle connectivity, spanning Vehicle-to-Network (V2N) 4G and 5G networks, alongside Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I). The project has addressed three different stages of verification; simulations, full vehicle verification on a radio frequency (RF) level and End-to-End (E2E) verification. The main vision behind these three stages is to continue exploring the “shift left” philosophy developed in SIVERT1, where verification of vehicle connectivity is done as early as possible in the vehicle development projects. In SIVERT1 an extensive simulation framework was developed for V2V communication, covering signal propagation and communication stack etc. to enable a full system simulation of V2V communication. In SIVERT2 this framework was extended to also cover V2N communication, thus enabling early-stage validation of 4G and 5G communication systems. Important features for the V2N communication were added, such as multiple distributed antennas, as well as the possibility to add electromagnetic interference. Significant work has been done to incorporate the channel model, the communication stack and MIMO antenna patterns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752019</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Supraharmonics in shipboard power systems: research gaps, challenges, and future directions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701366</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Supraharmonics (2–150 kHz) have become a significant concern in maritime electrical systems as ships adopt power–electronic propulsion, hybrid AC/DC distribution, and renewable energy sources. Although supraharmonic phenomena and marine power quality have been studied separately, there is limited ship–specific research focussing on supraharmonics in shipboard or marine power systems. This gap persists despite unique challenges such as isolated microgrid operation, high penetration of converters and harsh maritime conditions. To address this deficiency, this review synthesises insights from existing supraharmonic research and maritime power quality studies to examine supraharmonics in shipboard environments. It investigates the origins, propagation, and impacts of supraharmonics in ships; evaluates the applicability of current international regulations; and surveys mitigation techniques that can be adapted to space–and weight–constrained vessels. The review shows that existing electromagnetic–compatibility regulations lack explicit criteria for supraharmonic emissions, measurement, and compliance. By highlighting this regulatory gap and assessing potential filtering and monitoring strategies, the paper underscores the need for ship–specific supraharmonic standards and tailored mitigation solutions to minimise interference, enhance equipment reliability, and ensure safe marine operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 09:14:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701366</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of North Finding System with Low-Cost Mems Gyro Sensor and 3-Axis Small Turntable under Non-Horizontal and Magnetically Disturbed Environments for Uuvs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720260</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study developed a north-finding system using low-cost sensors and a small 3-axis turntable, even in non-horizontal and magnetically disturbed environments. First, the accuracy of the developed turntable was examined based on image-based analysis. Second, the turntable was rotated to estimate an ellipsoid from the resulting point cloud, enabling use non-horizontal environment. Finally, two experiments were conducted. The first experiment is to identify the four directions. To enhance the precision of the results, it is necessary to increase the amount of experimental data. In order to the time required, this study adopted a method of increasing the amount of data through simulation by sampling without replacement. The second experiment is to detect the due north under the condition that the due north is unknown. As a result, the proposed method achieved an accuracy of ±10° in approximately 27 min, and ±0.59° in approximately 3.29 h, demonstrating enable to use these environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720260</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Compendium of Lightning Effects on Future Aircraft Electronic Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711596</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This publication is a composite of presentations given at the NASA-Langley Research Center/FAA Technical Center "Lightning Effects on Future Aircraft Systems Workshop" held on November 4-6, 1981, at the NASA-Langley Research Center Facility. The presentations encompassed the full spectrum of lightning research from lightning phenomenology, lightning modeling, electromagnetic issues associated with composite materials, to the lightning/aircraft electromagnetic interaction analysis. Also included are a total of five presentations assessing the Digital System upset phenomenon.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 27 Jun 2026 15:40:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711596</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Circuit–Field Cosimulation for Predicting Internal Transient EMI and Optimizing EMC in Electric Locomotives During Neutral Section Passage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transient electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) occurred within electric locomotives during the neutral sections passing process can cause abnormal functioning of internal electronics systems, posing significant risks to safe and stable operation of locomotives. This article establishes a circuit-field cosimulation model to predict and analyze the transient electromagnetic environment inside locomotives during neutral sections transitions, achieved by performing transient simulations of circuit topologies encompassing traction power supply system and electric locomotive high-voltage system and providing transient interference source excitation for full-wave electromagnetic environment simulation within locomotives through circuit simulation. The accuracy of the proposed model has been validated through practical measurements, enabling the quantification of transient EMI levels and their frequency-domain characteristics during this process. Furthermore, the influence factors on in-cabin transient EMI levels have been systematically investigated, revealing breaker’s switching phase angle and arc reignition characteristics are the key parameters determination the interference level, providing critical insights for optimizing electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design in electric locomotives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2026 09:13:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665514</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design and Verification of Switching Frequency Dual Chaos Modulator for EMI Reduction in Super-High-Speed Electric Air Compressor Controllers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665484</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs with high switching frequency characteristics have been applied to super-high-speed electric motors (SHSEAC) controllers to meet the control requirements of SHSEAC. However, the high-speed switching of SiC MOSFETs induces high-frequency oscillations, resulting in severe electromagnetic interference (EMI). The spread spectrum technique is widely used to suppress EMI, which uses mapping to generate chaotic sequences and modulate them. However, the existing mapping models, whose generated sequences have poor stability and randomness, and traditional space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) have poor immunity to interference. To address the above problems, this article first constructs a logistic-tent composite mapping model and then proposes a dual chaotic (DC) modulation algorithm based on amplitude and frequency. Finally, a switching frequency DC-SVPWM modulator is designed. And its EMI suppression effect is compared with different modulators. The results show that the amplitude of the EMI voltage power spectrum of the logistic-tent chaotic sequence is reduced by 20.8 dB compared to the logistic chaotic sequence. The DC-SVPWM modulator reduces the EMI voltage power spectrum of the fixed-frequency SVPWM modulator by the maximum of 29.72 dB, so that the designed DC-SVPWM is able to reduce EMI effectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2026 13:10:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665484</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Influence of Environmental Noise Power on the Probability of Receiving GMDSS Alarm Signals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article briefly presents the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), which provides global emergency communication capabilities for maritime navigation through the use of satellite technologies (INMARSAT) and terrestrial VHF, MF, and HF frequency bands. In GMDSS-defined sea areas A3 and A4, particularly under conditions of severe satellite channel attenuation (greater than 100 dB), HF communication remains crucial. However, its effectiveness strongly depends on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which may be significantly degraded by electromagnetic interference. The dominant noise source in the MF/HF range is man-made noise (MMN). ITU-R Recommendations and ITU-R Reports define standardized methodologies for noise measurement, including spectral analysis. Before installing a GMDSS station, and periodically during its operation, the interference environment must be assessed to ensure reliable reception of both voice and Digital Selective Calling alerts. The article presents a procedure for verifying changes in noise levels at the GMDSS antenna site.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:57:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624159</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Electromagnetic Interference Identification of Track Circuit Equipment Based on CNN Transformer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643404</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a track circuit interference identification model, which combines convolutional neural network (CNN) and transformer architecture to identify common types of electromagnetic interference in track circuit equipment. The model maps the time-frequency characteristics of the input monitoring signal into high-dimensional features through the deep learning model, and classifies the interference modes. Subsequently, a variety of common interference signals are generated for experimental verification, and the proposed model performs well on the test data. Ablation experiments show that the combination of convolutional neural network and attention mechanism can effectively improve the classification performance of interference.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jan 2026 09:10:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643404</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cars and Trucks as Blockers and Reflectors in Vehicular ISAC Systems: Theory, Measurements, and Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601440</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wireless propagation models form the basis for designing and evaluating both vehicular communications systems and vehicular wireless sensing systems as well as integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) systems. Of particular importance is the reflection from, and blockage by, moving objects such as other cars and trucks. This article discusses the ways in which the reflection and blockage characteristics can be measured, how to characterize them, and what values are typical in the different frequency ranges. We find that at high frequencies, reflections from vehicles tend to be more directional, while blockage by vehicles is more pronounced. All these characteristics influence applications in mono- and bistatic vehicular radars as well as the reliability of vehicular communications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601440</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electrical properties of conductive electric roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598596</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Given the global climate crisis, the electrification of road transport has accelerated in recent decades as a strategy to mitigate global greenhouse gas emissions, with the share of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) increasing exponentially. While BEVs provide substantial environmental advantages during their operational phase compared to combustion-powered vehicles, they require an extensive charging infrastructure due to their limited range. Conductive electric roads have emerged as a promising solution, enabling BEVs to charge while in motion, thereby extending their range and reducing the required battery size when deployed on a large scale. This thesis examines the electrical properties of conductive electric roads, specifically assessing the electrical sliding contact that facilitates energy transfer between the electric road and the vehicle, as well as evaluating the system's power capabilities, losses, and efficiency in relation to varying traffic characteristics. It also addresses challenges related to conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) within the system and its power grid connection, along with electrical safety concerns related to touch events involving human contact with the vehicles operating on the electric road and the electric road itself.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598596</guid>
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