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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Short Binary Sequence-Based Fast Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurement for Lithium-Ion Batteries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wideband signals effectively shorten the measurement time for acquiring electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the measurement accuracy and measurable frequency range are limited due to an insufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Given this issue, this article proposes a short binary sequence-based fast EIS measurement approach. First, a short inverse repeat binary sequence (SIRBS) is specially designed to enhance the SNR, especially in the low-frequency region. Then, a wideband impedance extraction algorithm based on the Airy wavelet transform is proposed to address the high-frequency measurement distortion and frequency resolution decrease caused by the SIRBS. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified on an EIS measurement system based on a bidirectional buck-boost converter. Under a response voltage amplitude of less than 10 mV, the proposed measurement approach requires only one disturbance period (10 s) to obtain the EIS in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz–2 kHz. The experimental results indicate that under different state-of-charge (SOC), temperatures, and aging states, the maximum normalized root mean square error (RMSE) and the normalized maximum absolute error (NMAE) are mainly maintained below 0.38% and 0.97%, respectively. Moreover, the superiority of the proposed approach is further demonstrated by comparative analyses with existing techniques.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2025 15:51:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511490</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Complex Electromagnetic Issues Associated with the Use of Electric Vehicles in Urban Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1929730</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The electromagnetic field (EMF) in electric vehicles (EVs) affects not only drivers, but also passengers (using EVs daily) and electronic devices inside. This article summarizes the measurement methods applicable in studies of complex EMF in EVs focused on the evaluation of characteristics of such exposure to EVs users and drivers, together with the results of investigations into the static magnetic field (SMF), the extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF) and radiofrequency (RF) EMF related to the use of the EVs in urban transportation. The investigated EMF components comply separately with limits provided by international labor law and guidelines regarding the evaluation of human short-term exposure; however other issues need attention—electromagnetic immunity of electronic devices and long-term human exposure. The strongest EMF was found in the vicinity of direct current (DC) charging installations—SMF up to 0.2 mT and ELF magnetic field up to 100 µT—and inside the EVs—up to 30 µT close to its internal electrical equipment. Exposure to RF EMF inside the EVs (up to a few V/m) was found and recognized to be emitted from outdoor radiocommunications systems, together with emissions from sources used inside vehicles, such as passenger mobile communication handsets and antennas of Wi-Fi routers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Mar 2022 09:26:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1929730</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison between model based and non-model based sensorless methods of brushed DC motor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867880</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a comparison between sensorless techniques for estimating speed of brushed DC motor. These techniques can be classified into two groups: model based methods, non-model based methods. The model based methods use a dynamic model of DC motor, where a sliding mode observer, pseudo-sliding mode observer and observer with PI controller are presented. The non-model based methods use a ripple component of DC motor current, where the motor speed is estimated by applying a novel approach. This approach uses a discrete bandpass filter with a floating bandwidth to extract information about the motor speed from the measured motor current. The results obtained from the experimental verification indicate that the novel approach estimates the motor speed correctly in a wide range of speeds.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Aug 2021 11:16:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867880</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation Method for the Physical Parameter Evolutions of Highway Subgrade Soil using Electrical Measurements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1659016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As an important component that bears the upper load, subgrade soil is affected by vehicle load and the natural environment (e.g., dry–wet and freeze–thaw cycles), which deteriorate its performance accordingly. Under repeated and long-term loads, the moisture in subgrade soil migrates, which changes its moisture content. This affects its corresponding mechanical properties, thereby causing large deformations and stability problems. To evaluate the evolution of the physical parameters of subgrade soil (moisture content and compaction degree), electrical measurements were conducted in this study. In addition, to determine the relationship between the electrical and physical parameters of subgrade soil, an electrical measuring device for laboratory soil was developed based on the Wenner four-electrode configuration. Linear and nonlinear fittings were applied to determine the relationships between the electrical parameters, water content, and compaction degree of homogeneous soil. According to the results, the resistivity, water content, and compaction degree share an exponential relationship and the polarizability, water content, and compaction degree share a logarithmic relationship. To evaluate the applicability of the electrical measurement method for the evolution of the physical parameters of highway subgrade soil, an in-situ model test was conducted to measure the distribution of moisture content through a high-density electrical method. A control device for the moisture content in the subgrade was designed, and three moisture content states were prepared. According to the resistivity profile inverted using the high-density resistivity method, the resistivity distribution has many scatter points owing to the inhomogeneity of the subgrade soil materials. The resistivity distribution of homogeneous soil can be obtained by removing the high resistivity caused by coarse granular materials and the low resistivity caused by the moisture between the macropores and using the normal distribution model. Consequently, combined with laboratory experiments, the water content distribution of subgrade soil can be obtained. These results are in agreement with the moisture content test results. Thus, the electrical measurement method can be applied to evaluate the evolution of the physical parameters of highway subgrade soil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Nov 2019 09:32:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1659016</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Challenges in High Current Measurements Using Magnetic Flux Concentrator and Hall Effect Current Sensor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1578741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate and safe current measurement in electric and hybrid electric vehicles impose several challenges in conventional shunt-based measurement technique due to presence of high voltages coupled with very high currents. In this paper, we have proposed a low cost and practical contactless current sensing method based upon Hall effect using magnetic flux concentrators and Hall effect sensor for DC current sensing. We aimed at developing a low power sensor having high sensitivity, and flexibility to accommodate in small size for DC currents ranging from ±100 amperes. In this paper, we have modelled the vital properties of the magnetic flux concentrator such as core dimension, air gap, core material and hysteresis. We achieved simulation results showing performance of sensor with respect to varying core material, air-gap, dimensions and temperature. Four different core materials with two geometries were created for benchmarking against simulations results. The modelling was performed in finite element method (FEM) and ANSYS Maxwell 3D Design (Magneto-static) software. The simulation and experimental results were compared for influence of above parameters for accurate and optimum sensor design.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2019 09:41:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1578741</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adopting of Sensors with Amorphous Resistive Layers in Electrical Measuring of Speed of Fluid in Ships</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1415835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New resistive elements, formed upon electro insulated plate of vacuum thick ceramics by magnetron sputtering or screenprinting of amorphous resistive layers are studied. The elements possess a relay-type strong negative temperature dependence of resistivity. The new elements are adopted as sensors in standard bridge circuits for measuring of speed of fluids. Prototypes of sensors with various compositions of amorphous metal layers are analyzed and compared. The new elements show better sensitivity compared to a standard sensors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2016 10:03:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1415835</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Protective Tin Coatings on Copper and Aluminum Low Voltage Busbars of Electrical Distrbution Board of Ships</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1415833</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study an opportunity for investigation and application of protective monolayers of TiN obtained in reactive arc method in N2 atmosphere is examined. The coatings are deposited on copper and aluminium low voltage busbars of electrical distribution boards. The aim is to reduce the contact-potential difference between the busbars, made of different metals, i.e. copper and aluminium and, thereby, to reduce the power losses. The article also presents the results of studies of corrosion resistance, in particular the resistance to salt sea mist of the coated busbars. The possibility of using these busbars at sea has been experimentally proven.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2016 10:02:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1415833</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preliminary Study on Geo-Electricity Early Warning of Yellow River Ice-Slush</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352084</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Taking study on ice slush of Jinan section in Yellow river for example, the ice periods were tested and analyzed by geo-electricity testing. Two important conclusions were summarized as follows: Firstly, the high-frequency of electrical sounding curve was apparent quantitative relationship with the ice water flow. The relations between apparent resistivity and high-frequency section, the amount of ice in riverway were direct proportions. Hence, the quantity of the ice slush-flow in riverway could be reflected by differences of high-frequency and low-frequency curve. Secondly, whether there were ice-slush in river or not, the curvatures of high-frequency and low-frequency sections were similar to the same contour. The results studied here indicated that the decomposition of high-frequency and low-frequency curves by electrical sounding could be used as the recognition indexes of forecasting yellow river ice-slush.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2015 08:36:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352084</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic and Electrical 3D Imaging to Aid in Landslide Remediation Design, East Fork Landslide, Wolf Creek Pass, Colorado</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1275320</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Three dimensional (3D) geophysical investigations were performed on an active landslide in southwestern Colorado, south of Highway 160 on the west side of Wolf Creek Pass. The landslide impacted a major natural gas line and forced the closure of an important forest access road. Two geophysical methods, seismic and electrical, were selected to optimize subsurface volumetric evaluation and supplement conventional geotechnical field investigations. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of wide-area surface geophysical surveys using new 3D technologies to better characterize the landslide mass and improve remediation designs. The purpose and project objectives were met with this study. Results indicate the 3D seismic survey delineated soft materials within the landslide mass and the landslide slip plane depth, as it correlated with borehole results. 3D electrical resistivity results, when compared to areas outside the most recent movement of the landslide and borehole results, showed anomalies of lower resistance that correlate well with areas of higher water content. In addition, 3D-induced polarization results indicate materials within the landslide mass have high chargeability, which appears to correlate with higher clay content.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2013 07:52:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1275320</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electrical Impedance Testing of Wood Components</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/920017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an electrical measurement technique in which spectral and model analyses are used. In the test, electrodes are used to induce changing electric field into the material and the responses are evaluated. Numerous successful applications include wood moisture gradient test, corrosion test, coating test and electrical impedance tomography. In wooden structure evaluation, detection of high moisture content and biodegradation are highly important. It has been shown that EIS can be used for the analyses and thus it is among the powerful future techniques for in situ analyses because the technique is relatively low cost and it is possible to develop compact instruments for field measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jun 2010 07:22:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/920017</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of the Domestic Applicability of the Density Measuring Technique Based on Dielectricity for Earthworks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/879151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper on methods to investigate earthwork (subgrade) density is part of the research carried out by the Institute for Transport Studies, Hungary, in 2007.  The author notes that the present technique of radiometer subgrade density measurement used in Hungary is not likely to be used in the near future, due to its needs for elaborate storage, transport and operation, stricter rules, and concerns about radiation emission.  The author then reports on a study undertaken to investigate the applicability of a subgrade soil density measuring device that has been widely used in the United States.  This newer measuring method determines the changes in dielectric constant and electrical conductivity, then calculates the parameters of soil quality using some characteristics of the soil, including moisture content ranges.  The device used has to be calibrated for the actual soil before starting the measurement.  The author reports on the reliability and repeatability of the test measurements, as investigated in both laboratory and field uses.  The author concludes that the measuring device investigated can be appropriate for the density measurement of subgrades; however, it does not seem to be appropriate for every soil type.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2009 07:39:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/879151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Strain and Damage on Strain-Sensing Ability of Carbon Fiber Cement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/783333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The strain-sensing ability of carbon fiber cement, as based on piezoresistivity, remains in the presence of damage, although the gauge factor (fractional change in resistance per unit strain) is affected by strain and damage. The longitudinal gauge factor is diminished by compressive strain by up to 70% and by damage by up to 25%. The magnitude of the transverse gauge factor is diminished by strain by up to 60% and by up to 25% by minor damage not accompanied by irreversible strain, but it is increased by up to 120% by major damage accompanied by irreversible strain. The gauge factor, whether longitudinal or transverse, is reduced in magnitude as the specimen size increases (by 13 to 51  mm).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Jul 2006 08:11:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/783333</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measurement of Electrical Properties of Rocks over 10 KHz to 1.1 GHz</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/776989</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In highway construction, rocks, asphalt, concrete and other materials are used. Electrical properties of these materials are related to pavement performance. Understanding electrical properties of rocks are essential in predicting pavements performance.   Two automatic measurement systems were developed for measuring the electrical properties of rocks with different water and oil saturation levels. The systems cover a frequency band from 10 KHz to 1.1 GHz.   The operating software of these systems was developed based on LabVIEW for equipment control, sample measurement and data processing. Easy-to-use software interfaces were also provided. By implementing these automatic measurement systems, the procedure for sample measurement and data processing are simplified and much more efficient.   Dielectric property measurements on the samples of different materials with different structure and different moisture contents were performed to verify the measurement accuracy of the systems. The mortar samples with different moisture contents were measured; and the experimental data, which were not available in existing electrical property tables, are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 May 2006 07:31:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/776989</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Factors that Influence the Efficiency of Electrochemical Chloride Extraction During Corrosion Mitigation in Reinforced Concrete Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/775152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) is an electrochemical bridge restoration method for mitigating corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. ECE does this by moving chlorides away from the reinforcement and out of the concrete while simultaneously increasing the alkalinity of the electrolyte near the reinforcing steel. Despite its proven success, ECE is not used extensively in part because of an incomplete understanding of the following three issues: (1) the time required for ECE with varying water-to-cement ratios (w/c) and cover depths; (2) the cause of the decrease in current flow and, therefore, chloride removal rate during ECE; (3) the additional service life that can be expected following ECE when the treated member is subjected to chlorides. This study addressed the first two issues. Plain carbon steel reinforcing bars were embedded in portland cement concrete slabs of varying w/c and cover depths and then exposed to sodium chloride solutions. A fraction of the slabs contained sodium chloride as an admixture. All slabs were subjected to cyclical ponding with a saturated solution of sodium chloride. ECE was then used to remove the chlorides from the slabs while electrical measurements were made in the different layers between the reinforcing bar (cathode) and the titanium mat (anode) to follow the progress of the ECE process. The resistance of the outer concrete surface layer increased during ECE, inevitably restricting current flow, and the resistance of the underlying concrete either decreased or remained constant. During ECE, a white residue, or surface film, formed on the surface of the concrete. The residue contained calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, and other yet unidentified minor components when calcium hydroxide was used as the electrolyte. The surface film can be removed mechanically or, to some extent, inhibited chemically. There was no obvious relationship among cover depth, w/c, and chloride extraction efficiency, although cover depth did influence the current density. The investigators recommend that the Virginia Department of Transportation’s Structure & Bridge Division (1) require that contractors mechanically remove the latent surface layer of concrete prior to treatment using ECE and (2) discuss with corrosion consultants the potential for using a scale inhibitor during ECE to increase the efficiency of chloride removal. The benefits and costs assessment of treating a structure using ECE can not currently be determined, but research currently underway will provide the necessary information for the assessment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2006 06:53:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/775152</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INFLUENCE OF THE AGGREGATE ON THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/746861</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study seeks to prove the capability of electrical methods to monitor microstructure changes in concretes and to give an insight into microscopic features such as the properties of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ).  The electrical conductivity and compressive strength of several high-performance Portland concretes with different amounts of crushed aggregate and sand have been measured at early age in isothermal conditions (20 deg C). The total aggregate volume fraction varied from 0 (plain paste) to 0.75 and a constant weight ratio (1.2) between crushed aggregate and sand was used. The water-cement ratio was 0.37 and microsilica (in slurry form) and a superplasticizer in water solution were used.  The time taken before the electrical conductivity began to drop correlated very well with the induction period. The drop of conductivity was slightly delayed by the aggregate. The analysis of the electrical data, by means of different numerical and analytical models, allowed an estimate of the properties of the ITZ. In particular, an ITZ thickness of about 9 micrometers and an ITZ to bulk conductivity ratio of about 2.5 were found. The existence of a percolating pathway through the interfacial regions was found by both electrical measurement and modeling when the aggregate volume fractions exceeded 60%. A new relationship among electrical conductivity, compressive strength, and aggregate amount was derived.  The results also confirm electrical methods as a viable technique to monitor the properties of high-performance concretes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Dec 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/746861</guid>
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