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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Influence mechanism of vibration frequency on plastic and elastic deformation of coarse-grained soils: An investigation via particle rearrangements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636665</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vibration frequency (f) impacts the compaction deformation of embankment constructed by coarse-grained soils, dictating the rearrangement of particle positions and orientations. The mechanism underlying particle rearrangements to plastic and elastic deformation remains poorly understood. Particle clustering and orientation distributions were studied via the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to reveal deformation mechanisms influenced by f. A DEM model with realistic particle shapes and a wide gradation was developed and validated. Novel indicators were introduced to quantify particle rearrangements based on the clustering and orientation distribution. The impacts of particle motion (e.g., permanent or oscillatory translation and rotation) and the synergistic effect among different rearrangements on deformation were analyzed at varying f values. The results show that variations in particle motion and the synergistic effect of position and orientation rearrangement are key to how f governs deformation. The dominance of particle motion forms in deformation varies with f and the compaction stage. As f increases, the translation of larger particles increasingly contributes to plastic deformation due to the particle cluster. Meanwhile, the shift from horizontal to inclined skeleton reconstruction weakens particle interlocking and enhances oscillatory rotation in the upper and middle layers, resulting in greater elastic deformation. Under vibration loads, plastic and elastic deformations interact through the synergistic rearrangement of particle position and orientation, which depends on f values. At higher frequencies (f ≥ 25 Hz), larger particles oscillate intensely, forming dynamic channels that facilitate smaller particles to fill pores. In turn, the clusters of smaller particles drive reorientation of larger particles, optimizing the spatial arrangement of particles and enhancing densification efficiency. A new framework for understanding how f affects plastic and elastic deformation has been proposed, offering new insights into the compaction mechanism of coarse-grained soils.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 09:16:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636665</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An experimental analysis of dynamic deformation and settlement resistance in a novel prestressed railway subgrade</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578300</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The dynamic deformation characteristics of track-subgrade systems under moving train loads provide valuable insights for vibration and serviceability assessment of the track-subgrade. This study developed three 1:5 scale track-subgrade models incorporating the novel prestressed subgrade structure and conducted two series of dynamic tests to examine how the heavy-haul train axle loads and prestress levels affected the track-subgrade dynamic deformation. The primary frequency of the subgrade dynamic displacement was observed closely aligned with the input loading frequency of 2?Hz, indicating the validity of the test setup. The track-subgrade dynamic displacement decreased with increasing distance from the loading source, of which the elastic deformation near the subgrade shoulder attenuated by approximately 79% compared to that at the sleeper end. The elastic deformation at the monitoring points approximately linearly increased with the axle load at rates ranging from 0.0018 to 0.0029?mm/t. Conversely, increasing prestress reduced the track-subgrade elastic deformation with average rates of 22.8?and 1.63?µm/100 kPa at the sleeper end and subgrade shoulder, respectively. Furthermore, application of prestress enhanced the track stiffness, with the equivalent track stiffness rising by 16.3% and 17.7% when the prestress increased from 0 to 50 kPa and from 50 to 100 kPa, respectively. The study also showed that the prestressed reinforcement structures could significantly mitigate the cumulative track-subgrade settlement over 60%, comparing the prestressed subgrade with 50 kPa prestress to the unreinforced subgrade, which highlighted the superior deformation resistance of prestressed subgrades under the train loads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578300</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A novel analytical model for the failure envelope of composite pipes under axisymmetric loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Composite pipes are crucial for continuously transporting deep-sea oil, gas, and mineral resources. Composite materials have been applied to the design of flexible pipes to cope with weight and extreme loading challenges. However, under the influence of many nonlinear factors, the failure behaviour of composite flexible pipes is complex. This paper proposes a novel failure envelope analytical and numerical models for composite pipes based on through-thickness failure criteria. The failure characteristics of each layer, the material's nonlinearity, and the fibers' local deformation are fully considered. The numerical model also considers the detailed geometric characteristics of the composite pipe. Select corresponding failure criteria for different material characteristics to construct the failure envelope of composite pipes. An 8-inch composite pipe was used as a case study to verify the accuracy of the analytical model. The failure behaviour of composite pipes under axisymmetric loading is discussed. The composite pipes' stress field and failure envelope under axisymmetric loading are analyzed. In addition, the factors affecting the maximum loading of composite pipes are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modified Analytical Solutions for Purely Elastic Stress and Approximation of the Plastic Zone in Deep-Buried Circular Roadways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521840</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traditional deep-buried tunnel excavation theories often overlook the self-weight of surrounding rock within the calculation zone, leading to increased design errors and potential safety risks. This study proposes an analytical theoretical model for tunnel excavation under non-hydrostatic stress conditions that considers the self-weight of surrounding rock. A pure elastic stress solution and an approximate solution of the plastic zone are derived using elastoplastic mechanics. The results demonstrated a high correlation between the derived solutions and numerical simulation results. Sensitivity analysis and the method of controlling variables revealed key influencing factors of the pure elastic stress solution and approximate plastic zone solution. The findings of this research significantly enhance the accuracy of analytical tunnel excavation theories and provide crucial theoretical support for stability analyses of surrounding rock in related engineering applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Apr 2025 11:24:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521840</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Elastoplastic dynamic large-deformation analysis using automatic regulation node-based smoothed finite element method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499066</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, a smoothed finite element method (S-FEM) for elastic-plastic dynamic large deformation analysis based on auto-regulating nodes is proposed to calculate the metal forming problems of linear triangular and tetrahedral elements. The proposed method can overcome the common problems of grid deformation and low computational efficiency in existing methods. It combines the advantages of the node-based smoothed finite element method (NS-FEM) and the stable node-based smoothed finite element method (SNS-FEM) The method only requires the selection of the numerical integration methods, and continuously updates the iterations during the time step by setting suitable indexes for realising the computational analysis process. The method eliminates the singular modes caused by NS-FEM in solving dynamic large deformation problems, and offers better computational stability and efficiency, which are demonstrated by several numerical examples.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Mar 2025 10:12:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499066</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characteristic Analysis of Power Plant Eigenmodes Deteriorating the Sound Quality of Engine Combustion Noise</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2463806</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the characteristics of the power plant eigenmodes that deteriorate the sound quality of engine combustion noise are analyzed by experimental modal analysis. The results showed that the power plant eigenmodes amplifying the half- and odd-order components of engine combustion noise are caused by elastic deformation of the engine, especially deformation of the main bearing caps. Moreover, when the elastic deformation of the engine is coupled with the deformation of the mounting bracket, which is the evaluation point for the order-based frequency response function, the half- and odd-order components of combustion noise are further amplified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Dec 2024 16:58:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2463806</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical analysis of FPSO mooring dynamic tension and its fatigue damage under a simplified coupled method considering structural elastic deformation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2454288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the design stage of the offshore engineering field, when the size of the floating body increases, an floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) will experience considerable elastic deformation due to wave excitation. This study establishes a coupled dynamic response analysis method for a FPSO and mooring systems based on the three-dimensional time-domain hydroelasticity method and the theory of flexible slender rods. The modal superposition method is employed to calculate the vertical displacement of line fairleads caused by hull elastic deformation. For an FPSO with a 420-m depth layout in the South China Sea, the dynamic tension and fatigue damage of mooring lines are investigated by the rain flow counting method and linear cumulative damage theory. It is found that the low-frequency peak of tension power spectral density on weather-side line 1 is significantly larger compared to the wave-frequency peak. The ratio of tension increment to the pretension caused by FPSO elasticity for leeside line 8 is substantially greater than that for line 1. The line 1 tension increment is the largest when the wave direction in 90°, then intermedium at 60° and smallest at 0°. Furthermore, the fatigue damage increment of line 1 due to floater deformation is more remarkable than line 8, with an increase over 33.1% at some environment load conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:43:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2454288</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shifting Mechanisms and Variation of Frictional Coefficients for CVT Using Metal Pushing V-Belts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1786767</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to reveal the shifting mechanisms for CVT using a metal pushing V-belt, three shifting rates were introduced. The belt motion in the pulley groove was also characterized using mean coefficients of friction as parameters, which identify the slippage condition of the belt in the pulley groove. The experimental results showed that one of shifting rates, dR/ds was almost constant in the narrowing pulley regardless of both rotational speed and transmitted torque. Here, R is the belt pitch radius in the pulley and s is the length measured along the belt pitch line. This fact indicates that the shifting is primarily governed by elastic deformation of blocks of the belt. Power transmitting states were also evaluated using a different type of lubricating oil whose nominal coefficient of friction was higher than that for the conventional AT oil. The observed mean coefficients of friction vary due to oil although the basic response of the CVT unchanged.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Oct 2024 16:21:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1786767</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wheel wear prediction for high-speed trains by considering wheel-rail elastic deformation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2434957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wheel-rail geometric parameters are crucial for determining wheel wear in high-speed trains. Under the action of a wheel-rail load, both the wheel and rail suffer elastic deformation, which affects the wheel-rail contact relationship and further influences the wheel profile and its evolution. In this study, a field test was conducted on a high-speed train operating at 250 km/h, and the worn wheel profiles and wear curves were continuously measured for one reprofiling cycle. Subsequently, a vehicle dynamics model is built using a wheel wear prediction model based on the integrated USFD wear algorithm. In this model, the finite element model of the wheel-rail contact is considered. The wheel-rail geometric parameters are obtained by determining their elastic deformation through the finite element method, which considers the effect of three parameters: the track gauge, back-to-back space of the wheelset, and rail cant. After considering the wheel-rail elastic deformation, the track gauge decreases from 1435 to 1434.5 mm, the back-to-back space varies from 1353 to 1352.3 mm, and the rail cant changes from 1:40 to approximately 1:37. Finally, the simulation and experimental results are compared, revealing that the wheel-rail elastic deformation has a significant impact on the wheel wear after the vehicle travels 150,000 km. The wear depth and wheel-rail equivalent conicity after considering the elastic deformation are closer to the measured results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Oct 2024 09:15:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2434957</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The random dynamic performances of EMUs with polygonal damages</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2373787</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Polygonalization is a typical non-uniform wear phenomenon that affects the performance and comfort of the vehicle/track system. Therefore, the vehicle system performance could be strictly troubled by polygonal damage close to the wheel circumference at the wheel/rail contact. A 3D vehicle/track and EMU type train consisting of 8 coupled vehicles model has been established. The coupled model car body and bogie frame are considered rigid and integrated with the flexible wheelset, rail, and slab track to investigate the elastic deformation caused by the impact load induced by the wheel polygonalization. The flexible track can be incorporated into the multi-body vehicle model using the movable reference frame formulation. Uncertainty parameters are presented, such as passenger weight, wind force, coefficient friction, and suspension variation. The proposed research is validated based on the existing research work and shows excellent agreement. The simulation result deliberated the vertical wheel-rail force, wheelset acceleration, rail acceleration, rail displacement, and slab track acceleration. The results of this study show that as the wheel polygonal damage amplitude increase, the value of wheel/rail normal forces and the dynamic vibrational response of the wheelset axle increase. Additionally, polygonal wear-induced impact stresses may cause the wheelset axle to resonate. When wheel polygonal damage amplitude and uncertainty parameters are corporate into the system dynamics, the maximum magnitude of the wheelset, rail, and slab track acceleration increases. Besides, the train failure degree is comparable to the polygonised wheel harmonic order, defect parameters, and amplitude of out-of-roundness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Jun 2024 13:17:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2373787</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical and Experimental Analysis to Develop a SB6/H3 High Containment Level Concrete Median Barrier</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2292623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the number of heavy vehicles on the road continues to increase, collisions involving heavy vehicles and concrete median barriers (CMB) occur more frequently than in the past. Consequently, there is a growing need for research into more stringent design standards and improvements to the current CMB and their performance under harsh conditions. High-performance CMB is required to in order to withstand such conditions. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations and full-scale field tests to develop a high-performance CMB. To facilitate the development of the high-performance CMB, the concept of a deformable CMB was applied to the rigid CMB. A new apparatus called the shock absorber composed of dowel bars surrounded by empty space were introduced to make the rigid CMB deformable. In order to prevent local failure at the top of the barrier from a sudden high increase in impact energy, the deformable CMB was strengthened by adding reinforcements and widening the top based on the results of numerical simulations. The full-scale field tests were conducted on the proposed deformable CMB and took into account three appraisal areas: (1) structural adequacy, (2) occupant risk, and (3) vehicle trajectory after collision. The results of these tests showed that the deformable CMB contained and redirected the vehicle without allowing it to penetrate or override the deformable CMB. No detached elements, fragmentation, or other debris from the barrier were present. Therefore, the proposed high-performance CMB fulfilled all of the requirements of the crash test guideline.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2023 11:25:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2292623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A comparative experimental study of geocell and geogrid-reinforced highway base layers under repeated loads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2270003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents experimental results of laboratory model tests of geosynthetic reinforced highway base layers subjected to repeated loads. The potential benefit of geocell and geogrid, when used in the base layer as a reinforcement material, was examined and assessed by performance indicators including total, permanent (plastic), and elastic (resilient) deformation, traffic benefit ratio (𝘛𝘉𝘙), rut depth reduction (𝘙𝘋𝘙), percentage of elastic deformation, and resilient modulus (𝘔ʀ). In the light of the results of this study, geocell and geogrid-reinforced bases outperform the unreinforced base in terms of elastic and permanent deformations. Further experimental results reveal that although the thickness of the base layer was decreased to a rate of 33%, geocell and geogrid enable a considerable reduction in the rut depth at an approximate rate of 21% and 13%, respectively. Moreover, when the thickness of the base layer remains constant, about 48% to 43% reduction in the rut depth was provided by geocell and geogrid reinforcement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2023 09:12:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2270003</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Structural analysis method of a pontoon-separated floating bridge connected by elastic hinges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2026412</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An analytical method that can be generally applied to structural analysis of a pontoon-separated floating bridge connected by elastic hinges is proposed based on elastic foundation beam theory and Euler beam theory. This method can solve the displacement, rotation angle, bending moment and shearing force of a pontoon-separated floating bridge under vertical static loads. Validation of the method is established through comparing with the numerical results of AQWA software and FEM. Simultaneously, the main response characteristics of a pontoon-separated floating bridge and a floating pier are further investigated. The results reveal that the rotation stiffness of elastic hinges has a significant influence on the responses of the pontoon-separated floating bridge. Besides, the elastic deformation of the floating bridge can be ignored when the rotation stiffness of hinge is relatively small, while it needs to be considered seriously when the rotation stiffness of hinges reaches a certain value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2022 10:59:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2026412</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Symmetrical Wires Breaking in Unbonded Prestressed Steel Strand Considering Bending Deformation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2047703</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To more accurately describe the mechanical behavior of prestressed steel strands with symmetrical wires breaking in unbonded post-tensioned concrete beam, this paper establishes the equilibrium equation after the bending deformation of the broken wire, taking into consideration bending deformation of the broken wires and the friction between wires and duct. The results derived from this equation fit well with the experimental data. The increase of friction between the center and outer wire and the friction between the broken wire and duct can reduce the recovery length and the strain ratio of the unbroken wire within the recovery length. The increase of axial force before wires breaking will increase the recovery length and the strain ratio of the unbroken wire within the recovery length. The rise in the number of broken wires can reduce the strain the broken wire fully recovers to and recovery length and increase the strain ratio of unbroken wires within the recovery length. In addition, the authors find that the stress of the unbroken wires near the breaking end becomes greater after symmetrical wires breaking, which is harmful to the structural safety. If there is corrosion in the unbroken wires near the breaking ends, these wires are likely to break immediately following the symmetrically broken wires.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2022 16:19:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2047703</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on water entry problems of gas-structure-liquid coupling based on SPH method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1984922</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study on the dynamic response of deformable structure when it enters into the water is crucial for the stability and safety evaluation of structure. As a Lagrangian particle method, SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) has unique advantages in dealing with the free surface, multi-phase flow, and large deformation. So, this paper attempts to establish a unified SPH algorithm to study the coupling of deformable structure and multi-phase flow problem. Firstly, the strategies to eliminate the tensile instability in the gas phase, are put forward to ensure calculational stability. Moreover, the Riemann model between different materials is established to get a robust gas-structure-liquid contact algorithm, and the corresponding contact algorithm is presented. Finally, the water entry of an elastic wedge is simulated, and the elastic features of the water entry are revealed. The strategies to eliminate the tensile instability and the Riemann contact algorithm also demonstrate constructive effects. By comparing the results of the two-phase/three-phase water entry models, the effect of air on the dynamic response of the elastic wedge is analyzed. Moreover, the effects of the parameters such as elastic modulus, deadrise angle and air's dissipation are discussed to provide a reference for structural design in engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2022 13:33:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1984922</guid>
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