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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen der zukuenftigen Anwendung von ZfP-Verfahren an Bruecken- und Tunnelbauwerken </title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1508290</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Im Zusammenhang mit der Beurteilung des Brueckenbestands, aber auch im Zuge der Qualitaetssicherung im Neubau gewinnen zerstoerungsfreie Pruefverfahren zunehmend an Bedeutung. Eine Fragestellung, der bei Brueckenbauwerken aus Stahlbeton und Spannbeton sowie Tunnelbauwerken regelmaessig nachzugehen ist, ist die der Betondeckung. Die Betondeckung hat sowohl Einfluss auf die Dauerhaftigkeit als auch auf die Verbundwirkung zwischen Bewehrung und Beton als auch auf den Brandschutz. Im Rahmen dieses Forschungsvorhabens soll die Eignung des Radarverfahrens hinsichtlich der Pruefaufgabe Betondeckungsmessung evaluiert werden – primaer an Bestandsbauwerken, aber auch bei der Qualitaetssicherung im Neubau. Das Radarverfahren, das bereits als schnelles Verfahren zur Spanngliedortung sowie zur Lagebestimmung von Bewehrungsstaeben etabliert ist, soll hierzu mit etablierten Verfahren verglichen werden. Im Ergebnis sind Anwendungshinweise fuer die qualitaetsgesicherte Verfahrensanwendung zu formulieren. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Non-destructive testing methods are becoming increasingly important in conjunction with assessments of existing bridges and in the course of quality assurance for new builds.  One question that needs to be examined regularly in the case of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete bridge structures and of tunnels concerns the concrete cover.  The concrete cover has an influence on durability, on the bond between reinforcement and concrete and on fire protection.  This research project will evaluate the suitability of the radar technique with respect to the test task of measuring the concrete cover – primarily on existing structures, but also for the quality assurance on new builds.  Here the radar technique, which is already established as a fast method for locating tendons and for determining the position of rebars, will be compared to the established method.  This will ultimately make it possible to formulate application advice for quality-assured application of the procedure.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 May 2018 03:15:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1508290</guid>
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      <title>CAPACIDAD DE RESISTENCIA DE LAS PILAS DE HORMIGON ARMADO REFORZADAS CON FIBRA DE CARBONO FRENTE A LOS TEMBLORES DE TIERRA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1004873</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Los metodos empleados para reparar pilas de hormigon armado son las del revestimiento, en hormigon armado o en estructuras de acero.  En esta ponencia se ha puesto a punto un nuevo metodo de refuerzo de pilas para reemplazar a los metodos existentes y consiste en colocar placas de fibra de carbono sobre la superficie de las pilas o en enrollar hilos de fibra de carbono alrededor de estas ultimas.  Han sido efectuados una serie de pruebas y de ensayos sobre este nuevo metodo, a fin de garantizar su eficacia y establecer un procedimiento tipo para su comprension y para su construccion.  Estas experiencias incluyen: pruebas de envejecimiento (exposici¢n) de la fibra de carbono, comprobacion de los elementos y pruebas de cargas horizontales ciclicas sobre este tipo de pila.  Los resultados revelaron que: no hay efecto de envejecimiento, incluso si la fibra es expuesta al aire libre; la resistencia maxima del hormigon aumenta cuando es reforzada por la fibra de carbono, y la tenacidad y deformaci¢n maxima asi como la flexibilidad de la pila aumentan cuando se la repara con fibra de carbono.  Todo esto demuestra que el nuevo metodo de reparacion de pilas de hormigon armado es eficaz. Titulo en frances: "Capacite de resistence aux tremblements de terre des piles en beton arme renovees avec de la fibre de carbone".  Ver ficha general IRRD 401.001.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Nov 2010 02:16:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1004873</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Concrete Shrinkage Effect on Columns Strengthened with Concrete Jackets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/935106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Placing reinforced concrete (RC) jackets around RC columns is a common strengthening technique, particularly in seismic regions. The influence of concrete shrinkage on columns strengthened with a RC jacket has not been investigated yet. This paper presents an analytical procedure to calculate the stresses induced by shrinkage of the new concrete. A variable modulus of elasticity with time and relaxation due to creep are taken into consideration in the procedure. Finite element analysis method is used to perform parametric numerical simulations. From the results, it is found that jacket concrete shrinkage reduces the strength of composite columns. This strength reduction increases as the shrinkage strain values increase. For example, a value as low as 0,6 of monolithic behaviour was found for a normalised axial load of 0,4 and a concrete free shrinkage strain of 1600 microstrains. It is concluded that the effect of concrete shrinkage must be considered when strengthening RC columns, as it induces slip at the interface between the old and the new concrete and tensile stresses in the jacket concrete. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2010 11:11:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/935106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flexural response of piles under liquefied soil conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/839012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper pertains to the development of a generalized procedure to analyze and predict the flexural behavior of axially and laterally loaded pile foundations under liquefied soil conditions. Pseudo-static analysis has been carried out taking into consideration the combined effect of axial load and lateral load. Based on the available literature effect of degradation on the modulus of subgrade reaction due to soil liquefaction has been incorporated in the analysis. The developed program was calibrated and validated by comparing the predicted behavior of the pile with theoretical and experimental results reported in literature. The predicted behavior has been found to be in excellent to very good agreement with the theoretical and observed values in the field, respectively. The present study highlights the importance of considering the axial load from the superstructure along with the inertia forces from the superstructure and the kinematic forces from the liquefied soil in the design of pile foundations in liquefiable areas. The significance of densification of the soil in the liquefiable areas and presence of an adequate top non-liquefied soil cover causing appreciable reduction in deflection and bending moment experienced by the piles has been highlighted. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2007 10:13:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/839012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cover to reinforcement - getting it right</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/806008</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes how to achieve the specified cover to reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures. The problem of failing to achieve the specified cover is widespread and in the UK alone is reliably estimated to cost £550M each year. Achieving the specified cover is important for the structural, durability and fire performance of structures. It highlights the problem, and describes the development and application of BS 7973 to provide the solution. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Apr 2007 12:23:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/806008</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Variation in cover to reinforcement: Local and international trends</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/782003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concrete cover to reinforcement is a critical parameter for durability. Despite a common perception that cover is a relatively simple subject, the terminology for cover suggests the converse. A brief review of covermeter devices, their operating principles and their appropriate use is presented. In particular, the lack of guidance in taking reliable cover surveys is identified and a suitable survey method is suggested. The variability of cover is further defined. Analyses of both international and local cover survey data are used to quantify the relationship of the relative variability, measured using the coefficient of variation, with the mean cover. The absolute variability, measured using the standard deviation, is presented for the trend. An investigation has shown that the relative variability of cover increases significantly at low covers, and decreases at increased covers. Compared to international construction practice, South African construction exhibited higher absolute variability regarding the achievement of cover, as measured using the standard deviation. In building construction the achievement of specified cover is qualitatively shown to be more variable than that achieved on bridge construction projects in South Africa. Recommended tolerance margins for South African construction practice are proposed at 10mm, 15mm and 20mm for precision, normal in-situ and heavy civil works respectively. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 May 2006 08:34:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/782003</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SPALLING RISKS, DURABILITY AND LIFE-CYCLE COSTS FOR RC STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Serviceability limit states (cracking, spalling) are more appropriate when optimising durability requirements or inspection, maintenance and repair/replacement strategies. A structural deterioration life-cycle reliability model was used to calculate probabilities of cracking and spalling for typical reinforced concrete bridge decks. A life-cycle cost analysis was then used to optimise cover, water-cement ratio and replacement strategy, for a typical RC bridge deck subject to chloride contamination from de-icing salts. This illustrative example considered various discount rates and service lives, and found for instance, that reducing the cover from that currently specified for design results in a significant increase in life-cycle costs for highly aggressive environments. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A TECHNOLOGICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING REBAR CORROSION PRODUCED BY COVERCRETE CARBONATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/683162</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper a simple technological model is developed for the service life prediction of reinforced concrete structures built in the local environment with rural and urban characteristics. The model contemplates the steel corrosion produced by covercrete carbonation. It was developed starting from the report of structures in service. The obtained prcdiction model correlates the parameters that characterise the covercrete with useful service life. The structures evaluated (bridges, buildings and ducts) are placed in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, whose environment is representative of an area of 570000 sq.km. The structures have an age that varies between 15 and 60 years. Many of these have rebar corrosion induced by covercrete carbonation. The behaviour of structures in service is analysed in relation to different parameters linked with the quality of covercrete, such as effective porosity, density, coefficient of capillary absorption and carbonation depth. Simultaneously, concrete mixes were prepared in the laboratory and the covercrete parameters were determined. These mixes cover a wide range of water/cement ratios and compression strength, including those corresponding to the structures in service evaluated. These values were applied to the prediction model and the results obtained are compared with the effective performance of the evaluated structures. It is observed that the detected parameters match the behaviour in service and the history of the structure. Therefore, they are useful for durability design.  For the covering abstract see ITRD E119166.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/683162</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOME SUGGESTIONS ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR CONCRETE PROTECTIVE CONVER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/722120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on the analysis of measured thickness of concrete protective cover, the concept of effective protective cover thickness is proposed to consider the error in construction. The method for reliability design of protective cover thickness has been developed. Examples are given for the analysis of concrete component exposed outdoors or in wet environment. In demand of structural durability, some suggestions on design of concrete protective cover and on construction technology are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/722120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE COVER - WHY IT IS NEEDED, AND HOW TO ACHIEVE IT IN PRACTICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/468553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Service life design is a practical way of ensuring durable concre structures. All important deterioration depends on aggressive substances, including water, penetrating through the surface and accumulating in the outer concrete layer and penetrating further the bulk of the concrete. The quality of the 'covercrete' and thickness of cover become decisive for the durability of the whol structure. In all its simplicity this represents the main message from modern durability technology. The 100 year design service li of the US$4 billion Great Belt Link in Denmark exemplifies such a design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Dec 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/468553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COVER TO REINFORCEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668320</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reviews CIRIA's new guide aimed at reducing cover non-conformities on site, thus reducing premature deterioration of concrete structures. The guide is now available to project funders, and will become an open publication in 2001. Providing adequate concrete cover is essential to ensuring a concrete structure's durability, and needs to be emphasised throughout design and construction by. For example, measures should be taken to reduce expected life-cycle costs, more reference should be made to good practice guidance, and there should be improved feedback between designers, detailers, and constructors. It protects reinforcement from fire and chemical and physical attack, facilitates composite structural action of the reinforcement and surrounding concrete, and acts as an architectural finish or applied finish base. The article outlines the guide and its principal recommendations. It considers in turn the following aspects of design and specification: design codes, specification, structural and serviceability design, detailing, scheduling, durability plan, and contract documentation. It then covers the following aspects of construction: procurement, bending, setting out, steel fixing, formwork, spacers and chairs, supervision and checking, concreting and curing, and covermeter measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668320</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FULL SCALE LIVE LOAD TESTS ON A CORRUGATED STEEL CULVERT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/505231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a part of a research project concerning the behaviour of large diameter corrugated steel culverts under shallow soil cover, full scale tests on a 6.0 m span pipe arch profile have been performed. The tests have included studies in the service limit state as well as failure load tests.  The loading tests have shown that the height of cover significantly influences steel strains, culvert deflections and soil pressures.  The influence of moving vehicles almost equals that of static loading but it should be noted that the tests were conducted at low speed.  Failure load tests were performed at cover depth of 0.75 m (12.5 % of the culvert span).  Although some influence on the bearing capacity of simulated defects of the culvert could be noted the degree of compaction dominated the behaviour of steel culverts and therefore the load bearing capacity.  Measured failure loads were quite high and shows that design methods in current bridge codes are conservative for culverts with shallow cover influenced by live loads.  (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD E101472.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Aug 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/505231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF RELIABILITY THEORY TO THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE COVER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/485648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[If the chloride concentration at the surface of a concrete structure is known, the chloride concentration around reinforcements at year t can be estimated and the initiation time of reinforcement corrosion obtained from the concentration and some associated critical value. The accumulating corrosion products then causes the volume of reinforcement to expand, leading to cracking of the concrete surface. Provided that the structure reaches its critical state when surface cracks appear,  the time tL is obtained from when the cracks appear. Taking the parameters associated with deterioration to be random variables, the occurrence probability of deterioration is evaluated. Then the optimum concrete cover thickness is obtained based on the concept of least expected cost.  (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 May 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/485648</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTRODUCTION TO EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES (INCLUDING SEISMIC ACTIONS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/473647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this book is to introduce built environment students and graduates to the application of Eurocode 2 (EC2) Part 1 to the design of conventional reinforced concrete buildings.  EC2 is concerned with the design of concrete structures, and Part 1 (DD ENV 1992-1-1) covers general rules and rules for buildings.  A procedure is recommended for applying EC2, in conjunction with the UK National Application Document (NAD), to design conventional reinforced concrete buildings.  At the initial design stage, it is imperative that proper attention is paid to the constituents of the mix, including the composition of the cement, and its cover, compaction and curing.  A linear elastic analysis method is presented for analysing the loads of slabs, beams and frames.  Section analyses, with worked examples, are given for slabs and beams, beam-column joints, columns and walls.  The fundamental principles of earthquake engineering are given in sufficient detail to enable an architect, engineer, or other professional to design reinforced concrete buildings effectively in seismic areas.  The last chapter presents as an example the design of a six-storey office building for two special cases.  A disk with all the software presented in the text, is available from the authors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/473647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HOW CAN WE GET THE COVER WE NEED?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/578038</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An investigation into the specification and achievement of cover to reinforcement on 25 construction sites is reported.  It was found that the specified cover was not achieved at a significant number of locations on each site. The reasons for this were found to include a complex of factors such as poor workmanship, unbuildable designs and detailing, poor communication, and lack of coordination. In turn, such factors were traced to contractual terms and conditions and a harsh economic climate which do not foster collaboration.  The implications of these findings are discussed.  (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Nov 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/578038</guid>
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