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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>A STUDY OF MARITIME MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICE REQUIREMENTS, FREQUENCY PLANNING, MODULATION AND INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS. VOLUME V. JOINT SHARING OF AERONAUTICAL AND MARITIME SATELLITE SYSTEMS COST/PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF BAND 8 VS BAND 9</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1554</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A review is presented of the present aeronautical operating environment, procedures, facilities and communications relating to both over-ocean air traffic control and airline company management operations. Postulations are made about changes to this aeronautical environment likely to result from inauguration of satellite services.  An aeronautical satellite operations plan is presented.  Similar data is summarized from PB-196 030 for the maritime environment; and, a comparison is made of the areas of service commonality and those for which the two services might benefit from a jointly shared system.  Also presented is a technical and economic comparison of Band 8 vs Band 9 satellite systems.  Link power budgets are normalized for comparable service performance variations are developed as a function of link propagation reliability.  Satellite and user cost estimates are presented parametrically for comparable Band 8 and Band 9 services-first for approximately equal space segment costs with user costs as the variable and secondly for comparable user costs with the space segment as the variable.  A section is also developed on user equipment performance and complexity as a function of transmission frequency indicating optimum operating portions of the spectrum.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1554</guid>
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      <title>MARISAT-A COST BENEFIT PERSPECTIVE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154058</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study contains an examination of the performance, availability, and reliability, compared with conventional means of maritime communications; a cost comparison; and new operational benefits.  The study, with its supporting statistics and tables, provides a good basis for review of the benefits of equipping vessels with MARISAT mobile satellite communications terminals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154058</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIP DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the results of a study of shipboard data communications to determine the requirements for ship-to-shore data communications, to determine the availability of ship-to-shore data communications systems, to compare these systems in terms of costs and benefits, and to make recommendations for future implementation of these systems.  The resulting analysis of costs and benefits of each communications mode established the maritime satellite (MARISAT) high data rate service as clearly superior to any other mode at all volume levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Mar 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144957</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIPBORNE SATELLITE TERMINALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/147637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current and projected traffic pattern along with the views presented by some 16 shipping companies covering 350 ships were analyzed in order to seek guidance as to the best possible equipment match to future market trends.  Traffic patterns, extension of service, relative preference of services and cost of service are dealt with.  Despite the pressures towards a lower quality terminal in order to stimulate the utilization of the satellite services (Lower Cost), there is little evidence to suggest that this will have any effect.  Order from NSFI as No. 18582.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/147637</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TECHNOLOGY OF JOINT MARITIME AND AERONAUTICAL SATELLITES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/86231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The scope of this paper is to examine the technical aspects of a joint maritime and aeronautical satellite system.  In separate studies the authors have examined the economic results of such a combination and the results have been reported elsewhere.  Although communication is the principal service, some further consideration has been given to the idea of supplying navigation and surveillance simultaneously.  It is concluded that the aggregate of technology advances predicted for the mid 80s will reduce the cost of providing a maritime or aeronautical satellite communications system.  The use of the Shuttle will permit the design of lower cost and more reliable spacecraft.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/86231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CIVIL MARINE APPLICATIONS OF THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/80666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When considering what to write about civil marine applications of the Global Positioning System (GPS), the first thought was to review all of the diverse marine navigation requirements and show to what extent GPS could be used for each.  The problem with this concept is that GPS will be nearly a universal navigation aid.  Except for applications requiring underwater operation or sub-meter measurement precision, GPS will be able to do practically everything else!   Therefore, a different approach has been taken.  First, GPS is defined for the marine operator.  The intent is to show its inherent capabilities, partly by contract with some of today's navigation systems.  Following this is an attempt to express the natural desire of marine users for the system to be implemented and operated in a way to serve them best.  It is suggested that civil users should be represented by a civil government agency during system development and as a point of contact for liasion after GPS becomes operational.  The need for civil access to the best possible accuracy performance also is stressed.  Factors affecting the price of GPS civil user equipment are considered, followed by a discusion of whether proposed signal structure changes intended to reduce the cost of civil equipment should be considered at this time.  Overall, the paper celebrates the potential offered by GPS and urges that the system evolve so as to maximize benefits to a wide variety of civil users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Jan 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/80666</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NAVIGATION PLANNING--NEED FOR A NEW DIRECTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/71343</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report deals with the proliferation of navigation systems and their mounting costs to the Government and users.  Of the 13 systems the General Accounting Office reviewed, only 4 and parts of a 5th system were thought to be needed in the future because the military NAVSTAR satellite development has the potential for meeting the navigation needs of nearly all users.  Substantial savings may be possible by deferring the spending for systems which NAVSTAR could replace.  It is noted that a Government-wide navigation plan is needed to reduce the proliferation and overlap of navigation systems.  Also, a strong management focus is needed to plan and direct Government-wide navigation matters.  The Congress should question future requests for expenditures on navigation systems which may not be needed in later years and allow funds only when they can be cost/benefit justified or on the specific basis of safety or combat readiness.  The Congress also may have to decide whether a civil or military agency should eventually manage the NAVSTAR navigation satellite system.  GAO recommends that the President assign to a single manager the responsibility and authority to direct the development and implementation of a Government-wide navigation plan.  Until such a plan is developed and accepted, GAO recommends that the Secretaries of Defense and Transportation defer unnecessary spending for the unneeded navigation systems as long as NAVSTAR remains their potential replacement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Sep 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/71343</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MARITIME SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS--A MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/71254</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes the results of a study of the "long-run" costs and benefits of maritime satellite communications.  A portion of a continuing program of the U.S. Maritime Administration to improve the effectiveness of marine communications, the study reviews the efforts of participating U.S. flag shipping companies in using this new technology to solve some pressing problems of fleet management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 19 Aug 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/71254</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN INEXPENSIVE SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION SATELLITE TERMINAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/70954</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Describes in plain language the assembly of an inexpensive ($700 to $1000) Shipboard terminal.  The terminal was assembled from "off the shelf" radio components and provides high quality voice and digital data transmissions.  A compass with electrical output, connected to the rotor, keeps the antenna trained toward the satellite regardless of ship direction.  The antenna pattern is so wide, no rotor is needed to account for other ship motion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/70954</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ECONOMICS OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION FOR SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/72666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The basic differences between the Loran-c, Omega and Satnav systems are illustrated, and their advantages or disadvantages are noted.  Areas of coverage, ease of operation and costs are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/72666</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SATELLITE NAVIGATION-AN ECONOMICAL CHOICE FOR MARITIME VESSELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/58649</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Now available as a reprint.  It discusses how satellite navigation equipment can pay for itself in a wide variety of applications.  (No further information available in article).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/58649</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMCO ACTIVITY IN MARITIME SATELLITES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/10304</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the author briefly reviews the history and organizational structure of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO).  The IMCO work in the area of maritime satellites is described, particularly as it relates to the activity presently being pursued within the Panel of Experts on Maritime Satellites.  The operational requirements, technical characteristics, cost/benefit analyses and possible organizational arrangements of a maritime satellite system are discussed as they have been developed to date.  Finally, a short description of the Communications Satellite Corporation's (COMSAT) plan to provide maritime satellite service is provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Nov 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/10304</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIPBOARD COMMUNICATIONS EXPERIMENTS VIA SATELLITE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/10302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The most singularly important aspect of the Maritime Administration's "Experimental Maritime Satellite Navigation/Communication System" program is an assessment of the operational benefits to be derived by the shipping companies.  This paper will concentrate on "user" oriented experiments, which will attempt to measure or project the potential benefits to the maritime industry in terms of improved ship transportation operations and economic gains. The types of operational experiments being conducted include:  Business, operation, such as payrolls and inventories; Weather data experiments; Simulated emergency experiments; and operational experiments--cargo loading, ship stability, rescheduling and/or rerouting.  Three of the user experiments being performed will be described in some detail, and include:  Individual company procedures for participating and evaluating the experiment; problem areas or results which may have been obtained to date; and potential benefits to be derived by the shipping companies on an operational basis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Nov 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/10302</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MARITIME SATELLITES--A PROGRESS REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/10303</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the allocation, in 1971, of dedicated L band frequencies for a maritime satellite service, a broad range of activities has been developed by AIMS in the maritime satellite field.  This paper summarizes these AIMS activities in the past, reviews the present activities, and forecasts the continuing work still to be accomplished. A discussion of the specific user requirements, as generated by AIMS members, is made, together with a review of the potential influence these requirements may have on the final system.  Finally, the paper emphasized the need for the early launch of the maritime satellite service, both for communication and navigation, the necessity for detailed resolvement of the necessary operational and technical parameters, and concludes with a short discussion of the specific assistance that the maritime user, in general, can provide to get the satellite system launched as quickly as possible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Nov 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/10303</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN EXPERIMENTAL MARITIME COORDINATION SYSTEM FOR MARINE COMMUNICATIONS AND NAVIGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/4781</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An experimental Maritime Coordination Center (MCC) for implementing a satellite-aided Maritime Communications and Navigation System is defined.  The findings of a study conducted for the U.S. Maritime Administration clearly demonstrate the technical feasibility and economic viability of a Maritime Coordination Center.  This center will play a significant role in improving the competitive position of the United States merchant fleet in world trade during the 1970's.  Data communications tests conducted established the practicality of two-way communications over a fixed shore station/synchronous satellite/shipboard terminal link employing simple, economical and reliable equipment.  The results of an economic analysis study show that a Maritime Coordination Center, and the communications and data services it offers, provide the ship owner/operator a substantial increase in his return on assets.  In addition, these services would enhance the effectiveness of emergency operations, operating safety, and pollution abatement.  To this end, the requirements for an experimental Maritime Coordination Center were defined.  This experimental facility, to be located at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York, will provide a test bed for developing the management procedures, operation techniques, and refined system characteristics for eventually implementing a world-wide maritime communications/navigation system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Sep 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/4781</guid>
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