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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Experimental verification of engine oil sorption</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article discusses the topic of sorption materials on a theoretical and practical level. The introductory chapter is devoted to the theoretical analysis of the issue. The remaining chapters deal with specific sorbent materials and the results obtained in their testing. Testing was aimed on engine oil because almost in every car crash we can see engine oil leak.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665853</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effect of Alkali Lignin on Adhesion and UV Aging Resistance of Recycled Asphalt Binder by Waste Engine Oil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2631625</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A substantial quantity of reclaimed asphalt pavement mixture (RAP) is generated during the regeneration of asphalt binder pavement. The old asphalt binder (OAS) in RAP can be effectively reused after regeneration processing, while the utilization of waste engine oil can restore certain physical properties of OAS such as penetration and ductility. Recycled asphalt binder (RAB) by waste engine oil exhibits significant deficiencies in adhesion and antiaging properties. In this work, alkali lignin is introduced into RAB through physical blending. RAB containing 3wt% of alkali lignin (RAB-3L) improves ultraviolet (UV) aging resistance and adhesion property of RAB. Specifically, atomic force microscopy tests demonstrate that, after 12 days of UV aging, the adhesion of virgin asphalt binder decreases by approximately 47.8%, whereas the adhesion of RAB-3L only decreases by 33.7%. Fourier infrared spectroscopy reveals that, after 12 days of UV aging, the carbonyl index and sulfoxide index of RAB-3L increase by only 33.3% and 17.8%, respectively. Results from molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the adhesion works of RAB-3L with SiO₂ and CaCO₃ are approximately 19.47% and 23.16% higher than those of RAB, respectively. In general, alkali lignin shows promising potential for enhancing the adhesion and antiaging properties of RAB.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 16:15:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2631625</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Machine Learning Based Indirect Engine Oil Deterioration Monitoring System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maximizing vehicle uptime and reducing maintenance costs are critical objectives in modern automotive systems, making efficient resource utilization a top priority. One of the key factors is engine oil life or degradation, which directly affects the engine performance, longevity, and overall vehicle efficiency/fuel economy. Most vehicles tracks engine oil life solely on a fixed mileage interval while few uses dedicated sensor, which is costly and requires service and maintenance.As the engine oil degrades, it reduces Oil Total Acid Number (TAN) increases while Oil Total Base Number (TBN) decreases. It is recommended that maximum usable life of the engine oil is up to the crossover point between oil TAN and TBN (as the engine oil degrades). Vehicle driving pattern governs the occurrence of crossover points with respect to vehicle mileage. Based on this fundamental concept, an XG-Boost machine-learning algorithm is trained using vehicle Controller Area Network (CAN) channels and varying oil TAN and TBN parameters, derived from the vehicle-level measurement data available for the entire life cycle of engine oil in operating condition. The developed model based on CAN channels like engine rpm, engine torque, gear position, engine power, coolant temperature and odometer readings accurately predicts engine oil TAN and TBN parameter. The cross over point of TAN & TBN is accurately forecasted as seen in correlation results. An interactive user interface is designed and developed to display the deterioration in terms of remaining useful life of the oil to customers in vehicle driving condition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663377</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Piston Clearance on Volume of Oil Film at Piston-Cylinder Interface</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630474</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is crucial for precise estimation of piston skirt friction loss to understand the impact of piston design parameters on the oil supply mechanism. This study aims to clarify the influence of piston clearance in oil volume of oil film on a piston skirt. The oil volume was evaluated by induced fluorescence method. This study revealed that thick oil film adhered to the upper part of the piston skirt and that larger piston clearance increased the amount of oil adhering to the skirt.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 09:19:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630474</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Water Evaporation Characteristics from Emulsified Oil in a Hydrogen Engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydrogen engines produce more water than conventional fossil fuel engines. It was shown in the author's previous report that oil emulsification occurred during vehicle operations in winter and water content in oil had a good agreement with oil temperature exceeding the water dew point. This paper will discuss the results of unit tests conducted to investigate the time and temperature required for water to evaporate from emulsified oil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 08:43:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630460</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Injection rate of cylinder lubrication oil in large two-stroke marine diesel engines using a common rail lubrication system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article investigates a common rail cylinder lubrication system for large two-stroke marine diesel engines using electronically controlled injectors. The system is studied using the Bosch rate of injection measurement technique. The common rail injector has a buildup of mass flow of approximately 1 ms as the injector opens until the nozzle is choked from cavitation. Using a highly viscous fluid, the Bosch rate of injection method is able to predict the injected amount with an error of 5% or lower for nearly the entire tested delivery range of 2–21 mg. Lubrication of cylinder liners and piston rings is a crucial parameter in operating a two-stoke marine diesel engine efficiently. Both over and under lubrication is harmful for the engine, so the ability to accurately dose the cylinder oil is very important. A mass flow build up time of 1 ms promises high accuracy of dosage even down to 2.5 mg per injection. This paves the way for injecting the oil where and when it is needed, which in turn will improve engine performance and lower harmful emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Feb 2026 10:07:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628235</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A numerical simulation study of fluid-solid-thermal bidirectional coupling in an aviation kerosene engine piston and piston cooling gallery based on experiments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628234</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As engines progressively move toward higher reinforcement, piston reliability faces significant challenges. In this context, the piston cooling gallery (PCG) has gradually become a key technology for highly reinforced pistons. To more accurately simulate piston temperature and gain a deeper understanding of the interaction between the PCG and the piston, a fluid-solid-thermal bidirectional coupling model was established based on thermal boundary conditions derived from three-dimensional combustion (3DC). Temperature measurement experiments were conducted using a self-developed micro temperature measurement device, and the fluid-solid-thermal bidirectional coupling model was validated based on these temperature measurement experiments and oscillating flow experiments. The study investigated the effects of different oil injection parameters on the oscillating flow of oil in the PCG, the average heat transfer coefficient (AHTC) of the wall, piston temperature, and the thermal-mechanical coupling (TMC) stress and deformation of the piston. The findings indicate that when the oil injection pressure is increased from 500 to 1700 kPa, the AHTC of the top wall, bottom wall, inner wall, and outer wall increases by 21.11%, 24.02%, 38.34%, and 34.54%, respectively, while the maximum piston temperature decreases by 7.12°C. As the oil temperature decreases from 121°C to 55°C, the AHTC of the top wall, bottom wall, inner wall, and outer wall increases by 37.71%, 48.67%, 34.76%, and 49.07%, respectively, leading to a reduction in the maximum piston temperature by 12.23°C. The TMC stress and deformation of the piston vary under different oil injection schemes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Feb 2026 10:07:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628234</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An integrated computational fluid dynamics and chemical kinetics modeling for predicting oil degradation in maritime diesel engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647138</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This manuscript presents an integrated approach combining chemical kinetics modeling with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to investigate oil degradation during the operation of a maritime diesel engine MTU 10V 2000 M72. Using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2, a detailed 2D simulation was performed to model key engine components, including the main journal bearings, connecting rod journal bearings, piston, and oil pan. Three key parameters were analyzed: heat of combustion, crankshaft rotational speed, and oil flow rate. Results demonstrate that while heat of combustion has a moderate impact on oil lifespan, rotational speed significantly affects degradation due to its influence on temperature and flow conditions. The oil flow rate resulted as the most critical factor, with higher flow rates effectively reducing oil temperature and extending its lifespan by minimizing exposure to elevated temperatures. This study highlights the complex interplay between heat generation, flow dynamics, and chemical degradation, providing insights for improved lubricant performance, predictive maintenance strategies, and enhanced engine reliability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:19:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647138</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crack healing efficiency of waste-modified conductive asphalt mixture: Rheological, mechanical, and induced heating-healing features</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2620351</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The disposal of waste toner (WT) from photocopying machines presents significant environmental challenges. This study explores the potential of using WT as an asphalt binder modifier, offering an environmentally friendly solution that addresses waste management concerns while enhancing the performance of asphalt mixtures. The proposed approach not only improves rheological and mechanical properties but also increases electrical conductivity and reduces costs, enabling innovative applications such as crack healing through electromagnetic radiation. In this work the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures modified with varying proportions of WT (5 % and 10 % by binder weight) and waste engine oil (WEO) (1–5 % by binder weight) were investigated. Optimal additive ratios were identified through analyses of performance grading, zero-shear viscosity, microwave heating efficiency, and mechanical performance. Modified mixtures underwent cyclic breaking-healing cycles using indirect tensile strength (ITS) and semi-circular bending (SCB) tests under intermediate and low-temperature conditions to assess healing efficiency. To comprehensively evaluate performance, the gray relational analysis (GRA) technique was employed to rank the mixtures based on their mechanical behavior, microwave heating efficiency, and crack-healing capacity. Results demonstrated that the combined use of WT and WEO synergistically enhances rheological and mechanical properties, improves flow characteristics, and significantly increases crack-healing potential. While WT enhances binder stiffness, potentially limiting heat generation during microwave exposure, the addition of WEO restores flexibility and increases sensitivity to electromagnetic radiation. Mixtures containing 3 % and 5 % WEO in WT5 and WT10-modified binders showed superior healing rates and mechanical recovery, achieving optimal performance. These findings highlight the promising potential of WT as conductive additives in developing crack-healing efficiency asphalt mixtures. The study offers a sustainable framework for incorporating industrial waste into infrastructure materials, paving the way for innovative, eco-friendly, and cost-effective road maintenance technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jan 2026 09:52:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2620351</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Analysis of Hydrocarbon Injection Strategies and In-Cylinder Injection Impact on Oil Properties in Diesel Engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624026</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The engine has played a pivotal role in controlling regulated pollutants at the in-cylinder combustion level through strategies such as Direct Injection, Common Rail Systems, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation up to Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-III. With the advent of more stringent emission norms, specifically Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-IV and V, the importance of Exhaust After-Treatment Systems (EATS) in managing emissions outside the engine has significantly increased. The inclusion of Particulate Number (PN) limits in Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-V necessitates the use of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), which trap soot particles that must be periodically removed through a process known as regeneration. Regeneration requires elevated exhaust temperatures, typically achieved via exothermic reactions in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), facilitated by diesel fuel addition through external injection or in-cylinder injection strategies. This study investigates both external and in-cylinder injection mechanisms, proposing an optimal system tailored to the intended vehicle application. During regeneration, late post-injections, especially those with retarded timing and increased fuel quantities, can lead to fuel dilution in engine oil, adversely affecting the oil properties and oil drain intervals. Experimental investigations were conducted on an engine test bench to evaluate the impact of post-injection parameters on fuel burn fraction, regeneration temperatures, and engine oil characteristics. Optimal parameter values were derived to balance regeneration efficiency and oil integrity. Additionally, real-world vehicle trials across different terrains and duty cycles were performed using the optimized post-injection parameters to assess the oil dilution effects on key oil properties such as kinematic viscosity, Total Base Number (TBN), and Total Acid Number (TAN). The results demonstrate that with optimized post-injection parameters, engine oil degradation remains within acceptable limits, supporting the target oil drain interval. Although wear element traces (e.g., Fe, Cu, Al) showed an increase, their concentrations remained within the oil specification thresholds.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2025 08:57:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624026</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental footprint of diesel engine corrosion under biodiesel-dimethyl carbonate-diesel samples by the engine oil monitoring procedure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618218</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research is the linking of engine corrosion - monitored through oil analysis - to environmental impacts using the LCA technique, which provides new insights into the indirect consequences of biodiesel fuels and oxygenate additives. Biodiesel was produced through the transesterification process of waste cooking oil. Four levels of DMC (0, 2, 4, and 6 %) were mixed with biodiesel fuel, and after mixing with biodiesel, fuels containing B2 (2 % biodiesel and 98 % diesel) were prepared in different treatments. The engine was a single-cylinder, naturally aspirated, direct injection diesel engine with a constant speed (1500 rpm). LCA was conducted through ISO 14,040–14,041 standards using the IMPACT2002+ method for life cycle inventory analysis. The results of oil analysis showed that the addition of biodiesel and DMC had a significant effect on the content of abrasive metals in engine oil. The addition of 2 % DMC in biodiesel reduced aluminum and iron compared to the control fuel sample. On the other hand, higher percentages of DMC and biodiesel increased the content of copper and chromium, resulting in increased corrosion. According to the environmental assessment results, adding biodiesel (2 %) and DMC (2–4 %) reduced the average environmental endpoint impact of engine corrosion by about 10–13 %. However, adding about 6 % DMC increased the environmental impact by about 16 %. This trend indicates the need to monitor and optimize biodiesel fuel additives. The impact on resource quality has the largest share. This is while the least impact is related to climate change. Future studies could focus on advanced and intelligent monitoring of corrosion byproducts and adapting engine design to achieve mechanical durability and environmental sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:34:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618218</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing Custom Engine Test and Solutions for Handling Water in Lubricants for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608408</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂–ICEs) are being evaluated as a potential pathway for lowering the CO₂ emissions intensity of the transportation and the power generation sectors as well as off-road applications such as agriculture and construction industry. H₂–ICEs offer several advantages to the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs); such as retaining the existing engine architecture and hardware, whilst achieving a lower emissions intensity than diesel engines. Some of the key challenges for the H₂–ICEs operation are managing excessive amounts of water build-up in the oil under certain operating conditions and pre-ignition which have significant impact on the engine life and durability. In the current study, the authors developed a custom test cycle using a 7.4-litre 6-cylinder turbo-charged hydrogen engine designed for combined heat and power applications. The test cycle was created with the purpose of accumulating significant amounts of water (hydration phase) in the oil, allowing the oil-water mixture to remain in the engine for an extended period to initiate and propagate corrosion, and a high load phase to expel most of the water from the oil. During the hydration phase, oil water content exceeded 10%, while in the dehydration phase, the water was completely evaporated out of the lubricant. The engine test successfully validated the bench test findings, identified key engine operating parameters influencing water accumulation in the engine oil, and differentiated two oils based on improved emulsion characteristics and higher corrosion resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 2025 11:39:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608408</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Used Motor Oil Regeneration Efficiency of Type X Fly Ash–Based Zeolite Alone and Combined with Other Adsorbents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604483</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research article assesses the used motor oil’s (UMO) regeneration efficiency of a synthetic type X zeolite (siliceous fly ash–based) alone and combined with other adsorbents (composite adsorbents), namely activated carbon, bentonite, and acid-activated bentonite from Goshica’s (Kosovo) region. The UMO treated with the regenerating mixes has run about 20,000 km. Parameters including density, kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and sulfur content were measured in the untreated and treated UMO and compared to those of the reference oil with additives of type SAE 5W-30. All regeneration mixes showed good regeneration efficiency, restoring the UMO’s parameters to almost the original ones of the reference oil with additives (SAE 5W-30). Only the zeolite alone could significantly reduce the sulfur content (removal efficiency 60%). This method deserves further investigation and with some improvements, it can be established as a reliable regeneration method for some UMO.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:25:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604483</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of recycled asphalt binder with eco-friendly additives: Activation energy and bonding properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607324</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the challenges of developing eco-friendly and sustainable asphalt binders, this study explores the use of three primary waste materials from the automobile and pavement industries: crumb rubber (CR), waste engine oil (WEO), and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). While previous studies have explored the use of individual or dual rejuvenators, limited research has examined multiple additives for rejuvenating 100 % RAP binders. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the effect of sequentially adding CR, WEO, and SBS on the aging, cracking, rheological, and bonding properties of laboratory-produced RAP binders. Kinetic modeling (via Arrhenius equations) was employed to quantify aging activation energy (Eaa), cracking activation energy (Eac), and viscous flow activation energy (Ev). Four rejuvenated binders were prepared using different contents of additives (6 % CR, 7.5 % and 10 % WEO, and 2 % and 3 % SBS), and their performance was compared to virgin and RAP binders. Results indicate that adding 10 % WEO, 6 % CR, and 3 % SBS improves fatigue resistance, as evidenced by higher cracking activation energy and improved adhesive bond strength. The blend with 7.5 % WEO, 6 % CR, and 3 % SBS demonstrated superior high-temperature performance in multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) tests. Notably, the blend with 10 % WEO, 6 % CR, and 2 % SBS exhibited the lowest viscosity among the rejuvenated binders, enhancing workability and flow characteristics. These findings demonstrate the potential of multi-additive blends to improve the durability and sustainability of RAP binders, offering a promising solution for extending pavement service life.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:23:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607324</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Viscoelastic and aging performance of waste engine oil rejuvenated recycled bitumen with and without nanoclay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604925</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the effects of the waste engine oil (WEO) on the viscoelastic properties of unmodified and organo-modified nanoclay (OMNC) modified bitumen blends containing simulated recycled asphalt pavement (sRAP) and virgin bitumen. The effect of OMNC on the long-term aging performance of the bitumen is also studied. A predetermined percentage of WEO was added to the bitumen blends, which contain 50 % virgin and 50 % sRAP bitumen. Engineering and viscoelastic properties of the prepared blends were tested. Penetration test and high-temperature performance grade retention rate (PGRR) results show that aging rate decreases as OMNC percentage increases. It was observed that mixing WEO to blends reduces their viscosity, which approaches the level of virgin bitumen. High-temperature performance grade (PG) tests results show that addition of 6.6 % of WEO to unmodified sRAP blend decrease its high PG from 94 to 76 °C while adding 4.9 % WEO to the OMNC-modified sRAP blend decreases its high PG from 88 to 76 °C. The results of multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests show that the addition of WEO to sRAP blends can lead to an enhancement in recovery percentage (%R) and a decrease in non-recoverable compliance (Jnr) values. Further, WEO also reduces the complex modulus (G*) and increases the phase angle (δ) at a wide range of frequencies. Overall, adding 6.6 % and 4.9 % WEO to unmodified and OMNC-modified sRAP blends, respectively, offsets the effect of aged binders, suggesting it can act as a rejuvenator while providing elasticity and flexibility to long-term aged binders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2025 09:30:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604925</guid>
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