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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Sustainable electromobility : a system approach to transformation of transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrification of transportation is generally analyzed from a technical aspect. Whereas the technical aspect is merely one of the main aspects of transforming the transportation system from fossil-based to electric. The other significant aspects, such as political, societal, and economic, are mostly neglected that can empower the transformation processes. This thesis aims to explore, analyze, and develop knowledge that leads to an understanding of identifying the key actors and their symbiotic relationships and dependencies in transforming the energy and transportation system from fossil-based to renewable and fossil fuel-powered vehicles to electric. The research was explorative and categorized into two studies. The Study – I focuses on the technological development that leads toward transforming from the old fossil-based analog electricity generation and distribution system to the new digitalized renewable system. This study further explores the impact of these disruptive technologies on the market and society, and the challenges hindering the implementation and adoption of the new energy system. Study – II focuses on developing new knowledge and understanding by integrating technological, political, societal, and economic aspects into one model and named it a 'multidimensional readiness index model.' This model can serve as an analytical tool and provide a broader perspective for exploring, analyzing, evaluating, and determining the countries' positions in transforming the transformation system. The model has been applied to eight countries, two from Asia (China and India) and Australia and five from Europe (Germany, Norway, Sweden, Slovenia, and the UK). The kappa synthesizes the exploration of the papers. Additionally, the system approach is applied to explore and understand the symbiotic relationship in the new ecosystem among the key actors and stakeholders and their significant role in transforming the transportation system from fossil-based to electric.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:05:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388991</guid>
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      <title>Solar energy - is it the solution?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1199716</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Solar energy consumes no scarce fossil fuels and generates no air pollution or greenhouse gases.  This paper discusses developments in solar vehicle design as seen in recent solar vehicle races and considers the possible introduction of this technology into daily use.  The importance of new solar cell, battery and construction technology is discussed, along with changes in government regulation and incentives for development and purchase of such vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 16:46:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1199716</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Warm superconductors: a new energy technology frontier</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1197003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The technological implications of warm superconductors are examined in terms of existing technologies employing conventional superconductors.  The areas of energy conversion and distribution, transportation, and energy storage, which are likely to benefit from the further development of warm superconductors are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 15:16:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1197003</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Transport system review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1181252</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 03:20:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1181252</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Transportation fuel cells - challenges and opportunities - 1st edition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/873485</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As transport energy consumption in the USA rises, the need for alternative energy sources to petroleum increases. In addition to the dependence on imported fuel, there is a pressing requirement to reduce pollution. A brief history of fuel cells, the current market for transportation fuel cells, business drivers for fuel cell adoption, barriers to success, the technology of fuel cell vehicles, details of competing technologies, US Government promotion of fuel cells, automotive company fuel cell efforts, and fuel cell developer profiles are provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2008 12:25:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/873485</guid>
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      <title>Prospects for hydrogen and fuel cells</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/835897</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book provides an assessment of the current state of hydrogen and fuel cell technology in relation to other options. Basic descriptions of hydrogen production, transportation, distribution, storage and use for refuelling are given. Fuel cell applications include light duty vehicles, buses, delivery vans, wheelchairs and other electric vehicles for people with special needs, forklifts, aeroplanes and stationary fuel cells (e.g. for power generation). Fuel cell types and their cost and performance are considered.  The main barriers to a hydrogen and fuel cell transition are explained. The effects of government policies, competing technologies and fuels, and hydrogen and fuel cell technologies are outlined and a global scenario analysis is presented. Under the most favourable assumption, hydrogen and fuel cells will contribute to meeting the global energy demand in transport, with hydrogen fuel cell vehicles reaching up to 30% of the vehicle stock by 2050. Fuel cells can also help meet the demand for distributed combined heat and power.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Sep 2007 10:37:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/835897</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Advanced technology and new model development - 2005 guide - supplement to Automotive News Europe, October 2005</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/775059</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This publication provides an overview of new technology in areas including by-wire systems, electric power steering, plastic parts, hybrid vehicles, alternative fuels, direct injection, turbochargers, adaptive vehicle lighting, tyre pressure monitoring, pedestrian safety, nigh vision, hand-held devices for use in cars, adaptive cruise control, parking assistance systems, cooled seats, and carbon dioxide air conditioning. Details are given of senior product development executives, technical centres, and design studios for major car manufacturers. Profiles of car new-model development are provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Feb 2006 08:22:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/775059</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SWEDEN, 1978-1981</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/143864</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objectives, structure, budget, and organization of the three year program are described. The programs and subprograms are: energy use in industrial process (general studies, wood, pulp, paper, iron, steel, agriculture, horticulture, recycling, and recovery); energy use for transportation (transportation systems, energy use in vehicles); energy use for buildings (energy conservation, heat pumps, solar heating systems and solar energy storage, planning and control mechanisms, statistics, consumer requirements, planning and evaluation of experimental building activities); energy supply (domestic fuel sources, coal, synthetic fuels, light water reactors, hot water heating, wind energy, advanced energy technology, fusion). Funds for general energy system studies, fundamental research, planning and coordination, and international cooperation and other efforts related to the main program are indicated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Feb 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/143864</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FLASH FLIGHTS. SUPERSONIC PLANES OF THE FUTURE WILL FLY ON A BEAM OF LIGHT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/722407</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A lightweight propulsion system that uses energy from a ground-based laser to propel the aircraft forward is described. Successful trials were conducted using a paper aeroplane and ways of scaling up the process to fly fleets of spotter planes or low-altitude communication platforms above cities are considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Aug 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/722407</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL ENGINE USING LOW- AND MEDIUM-ENERGY GASES AS A FUEL SUPPLEMENT (FUMIGATION)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/48896</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of low- and medium-energy gases derived from solid waste is investigated. Gases that simulate those gases that could be derived from refuse were injected into the air inlet of a 298-kilowatt (400 horsepower) diesel engine as a fuel supplement. This process is called fumigation. Three different gases with thermal-energy contents of 6.11 MJ/cu m (164 Btu/cu ft), 18.1 MJ/cu m (485 Btu/cu ft), and 18.8 MJ/cu m (505 Btu/cu ft, respectively, were used at rates ranging as high as 20 percent of the normal fuel oil energy at four different engine load points. The test results indicated approximately 100 percent gas energy utilization with no observable deleterious effect on the engine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/48896</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE OF LAB-PRODUCED HVFA-BLENDED CEMENTS IN CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/686374</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The production of portland cement contributes significantly to carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.  Technologies are being developed to reduce the production of portland cement clinker in rotary kilns while maintaining the target production of cement to meet the demand of the construction industry.  The Canadian Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) developed a high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete in which 55 to 60% of the portland cement is replaced by a low-calcium fly ash, a by-product of thermal power plants.  To resolve manufacturing problems, a blended cement was developed.  This cement incorporated high volumes of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Class F fly ash.  The blended cement is made by intergrinding approximately 55% of a low-calcium fly ash and 45% of ASTM Type I or Type III cement clinker together with small amounts of gypsum and a dry high-range water-reducing admixture (HRWRA).  This article presents the development of the HVFA-blended cements at CANMET and discusses their performance in concrete.  The results of various lab tests studying the chemical and physical properties of the cements are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 17 Jun 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/686374</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HOW MUCH CAN CLEANING UP FUELS AND THE FLEET ACHIEVE IN TACKLING EMISSIONS?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/685175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is reported that the UK Government policy is now looking to the development of cleaner and more fuel-efficient vehicles as a long-term solution to combating exhaust emissions from traffic rather than reducing car use on a large scale. Funding is announced which is intended to provide funding for the conversion of bus and taxi fleets to run on alternative fuels under the "Powershift" initiative for supporting alternative fuel, fuel cell and hybrid vehicle technologies. Details are given of steps taken by a number of local authorities, under this initiative, to introduce alternative fuels and hybrid vehicles to their fleets. Such developments raise problems of the availability of the technical infrastructure necessary for maintaining alternative fuelled vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Jun 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/685175</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF LABORATORY TEST METHODS FOR ALKALI-SILICA REACTIVITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/639340</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1991, the Canada Center for Mineral and Energy Technology initiated a major research project dealing with preventive measures against alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete.  The main objective of the project was to develop a comparative field and laboratory engineering database on the long-term effectiveness of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in controlling and/or reducing expansion and cracking in concrete caused by ASR.  The results obtained indicate that the effectiveness of SCMs in controlling expansion due to ASR is a function of various parameters such as the composition and proportion of the different types of SCMs in concrete (for example, fly ash, slag, silica fume), the total cementitious materials and/or total alkali content in the system, and the reactivity level of the aggregate.  Accelerated concrete prism and mortar bar expansion test methods can be used in the laboratory to predict the long-term performance of SCMs in controlling expansion due to ASR.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 12 Feb 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/639340</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PLAN FOR INTRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/506420</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the possibilities and consequences of introducing 15 percent share of alternative fuels into the road sector by 2010. The project describes a comprehensive plan which is based on an evaluation of restriction and possibilities. It also analyses the need of action from the Government and other stakeholders. It includes legislation, taxes and other efforts. The plan consists of alcohols, electricity and biogas. It is used  in buses, lorries and FFVs (Flexible Fuel Vehicles). No technical barriers against a large scale introduction are found but the costs seem to be the main obstacle. The report proposes a research, development and demonstration (RD&D) programme with clearly defined qualitative and quantitative targets that is limited in time to secure the introduction of 15 percent alternative fuels. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Sep 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/506420</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES FROM DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS USING ETHANOL AS FUEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/541321</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ethanol as fuel for buses can in February 1996 be regarded as a commercial proposition. Owing to projects supported by Swedish Transport and Communications Research Board, ethanol driven buses are relatively common in Sweden. Ethanol buses are fully comparable with diesel buses as regards accessibility, but they need slightly more service, more frequent oil changes and replacement of injector nozzles. But owing to continual development, these difficulties will be gradually solved. Ethanol is more flammable than diesel and is comparable to petrol. Equipment used for handling ethanol must therefore comply with stricter requirements, and tank farms, hardstandings and other equipment must be classified with respect to the explosion risk. Ethanol burns with a flame hardly visible to the naked eye, which imposes special demands on the fire fighting system. With regard to occupational safety, ethanol is 'friendlier' than diesel. Ethanol is soluble in water, and some natural bacteria decompose it into carbon dioxide and water. Details are given of analyses on lubricating oils used in ethanol buses, and on samples of fuel deliveries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/541321</guid>
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