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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamic mechanisms and surrogate-based prediction of resistance reduction in two-catamaran formations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737353</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The significance of energy conservation and emission reduction in maritime operations is becoming increasingly prominent, particularly with the rapid development of unmanned and multihull vessels. This study proposes a novel formation model that exploits favorable hydrodynamic interactions between catamarans to improve the energy efficiency of the overall formation or individual vessels. The numerical framework is first assessed through grid-convergence analysis and calm-water resistance validation. The resistance characteristics of two catamarans in tandem, lateral, and parallel formations are then numerically investigated over Fr = 0.2-0.7. A GPR surrogate model was developed from the 336-case CFD database. Validation on an independent test set confirmed its suitability for the rapid screening of energy-efficient formation layouts. The results show that the leading catamaran is only weakly affected, whereas the following catamaran dominates the hydrodynamic benefit in tandem and lateral formations. The resistance response is particularly sensitive near Fr = 0.5, where both substantial resistance reductions and penalties occur. The maximum reduction reaches 41.61% in tandem formation and 51.38% in lateral formation. Resistance reduction can be achieved when a catamaran is positioned near the wave trough of the leading catamaran's wake, where favorable wave superposition occurs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 14:59:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737353</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of formation parameters of monohull and trimaran USVs on the hydrodynamic performance in formation navigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737413</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inspired by energy-saving mechanisms of bird flying and fish swimming in swarms, this study uses STAR-CCM+ to investigate resistance reduction of Unmanned surface vessels (USVs) navigating in formation. Numerical validation of an M-typed USV is first performed in calm water and waves, confirming the feasibility and accuracy of the Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. For two-vessel formations in calm water, four tandem configurations are examined with different longitudinal spacings (ST). The best resistance reduction of 21.24% is achieved when a trimaran leads a monohull follower at ST = 2.0L (L denotes the ship length). Three-vessel trimaran formations are then studied. The tandem arrangement outperforms the V-shaped one, yielding a maximum resistance reduction of 12.69% at ST = 2.0L. For the V-shaped formation, the best reduction is 9.35% at ST = 2.0L and transverse spacing SP = 0.5L. Finally, the optimal two-vessel formation is calculated in regular waves. A notable resistance reduction of 16.43% is obtained at ST = 1.0L, demonstrating that wave conditions can also benefit from formation navigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 15:51:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737413</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Computationally efficient energy management of modern electric vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751967</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modern electric vehicles, particularly plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs), often feature over-actuated powertrains with modular architectures that offer high degree of control freedom. Efficient energy management is essential to maximize the operational efficiency (driving range) of these EVs, without compromising performance. This thesis presents an efficient model-based supervisory energy management framework that co-optimizes torque allocation and discrete decisions online, in over-actuated EVs. Control models capturing powertrain hybrid dynamics are explicitly incorporated into the optimization problem to minimize energy consumption and reduce frequent discrete transitions that degrade performance. Time-scale separation in the supervisory control structure is leveraged to ensure model tractability. To solve the resulting mixed-integer nonlinear problems, customized solution strategies are proposed that exploit their problem structures: relaxation-based methods for PHEVs and bilevel programming approach for BEVs. The framework is implemented using model predictive control and validated with high-fidelity simulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:34:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751967</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energy-saving and Economic Evaluation of Vacuum Insulation Panels with Glass Wool Core-polyimide Membrane Structure in Hotel Buildings under Different Climatic Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742450</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study prepares high-performance PI/VIP composite thermal insulation materials for buildings by integrating polyimide (PI) composite membranes and vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), and uses EnergyPlus to explore their impacts on building energy conservation, operating costs, and carbon emissions under different climates. Experimental results show the materials have low thermal conductivity, long service life, and excellent thermal insulation and flame-retardant properties due to their internal vacuum structure inhibiting heat transfer. Simulations in Jinan (tropical monsoon), Heilongjiang (cold temperate), and Shenzhen (subtropical humid) climates indicate that compared with traditional XPS and rock wool boards, buildings using PI/VIP composites achieve 21.3%, 34.7%, and 18.9% higher annual energy-saving efficiency respectively, with 27%-41% lower carbon emissions; the most significant effects in Heilongjiang highlight the material’s great promotion potential in severe cold areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:57:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742450</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lightweight Optimization Design of Subframe Structure Based on Sensitivity Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742444</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to meet the needs of national energy conservation and environmental protection policies, a typical chassis structure lightweight method based on sensitivity analysis of 13 strength conditions was proposed. Firstly, the finite element model of the subframe of a certain model is established, and the impact strength and static strength of the subframe structure are analyzed by the finite element method. Secondly, the sensitivity analysis of 13 strength conditions was carried out for the 12 main sheet thicknesses in the finite element model. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, the plate thickness of the components that is conducive to lightweight and has little impact on the 13 strength conditions of the subframe was selected as the design variable. The size optimization was carried out with the goal of minimizing the mass of the subframe and the constraint that the maximum Von Mises stress of the unit, where each material is located, did not exceed the yield strength of the material. The optimization results show that the performance of the subframe under 13 strength conditions meets the requirements of the index, and the weight of the subframe is reduced by 1.37 kg / 9.6%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:57:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742444</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Structural Service Performance of Low-temperature Modified Asphalt Pavement based on Peavy-Duty traffic Engineering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742441</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Relying on the reconstruction project, the low-temperature modified asphalt pavement significantly reduces the construction temperature of the asphalt mixture by 40 °C compared with the traditional asphalt pavement, and improves the road performance of the material. By comparing the two mixture rolling schemes, the compaction effect of scheme 2 is better. For AC-13 mixture, the flexural tensile strength of USP-SBS composite modified asphalt mixture is 0.67 MPa higher than that of SBS modified asphalt mixture, and compared with SBS modified asphalt mixture, the final rut depth of USP-SBS composite modified asphalt mixture is 2.68 mm shallower than that of SBS modified asphalt mixture, and the total deformation rate is 43.8% lower than that of the latter. The post-construction quality evaluation shows that the stability of the low-temperature modified asphalt pavement test section under the bearing capacity and high-temperature-water coupling is better than that of the conventional road section, and the low-temperature stability is comparable to that of the two. This innovative application not only achieves energy saving and emission reduction but also provides a new solution for road construction under heavy traffic conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:57:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742441</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Maximizing Autonomy, Minimizing Environmental Impact: The Cooperative Regenerative Braking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742669</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In conventional braking systems, the kinetic energy of a vehicle is predominantly converted into heat through friction, a thermodynamically inefficient process. This not only causes progressive wear of components but also leads to the release of various materials, including heavy metals and organic compounds. With increasing concern over non-exhaust emissions, the search for innovative solutions becomes imperative. In electrified vehicles (xEVs), regenerative braking emerges as a strategic technology, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy to recharge the battery and extend range. This process not only enhances the vehicle's energy efficiency but also results in reduced frequency and intensity of mechanical brake usage. Consequently, there is a direct reduction in the wear of friction braking components, which translates into a significant mitigation of particulate matter emissions associated with this wear. The optimization of these systems occurs through Cooperative Regenerative Braking (CRB), which intelligently integrates with hydraulic braking. The primary challenge lies in managing the transition between modes to recover maximum energy without compromising safety and driver comfort. This technical paper explores how CRB employs 'torque blending' via advanced ECUs and software to adjust in real-time the proportion of each braking type, aiming for maximum energy recovery in diverse driving scenarios. To verify the effectiveness of this system, practical tests were conducted on a vehicle. The results obtained from these tests were conclusive, demonstrating significant gains in energy efficiency, with an increased battery recharging capacity during decelerations, optimized by the braking system. This improvement in efficiency directly impacts the reduction in the use of the conventional friction brake system and, consequently, a sharp decrease in particulate matter emissions. In this context, the intelligent and cooperative management of regenerative braking is a strategic and fundamental component for building a more sustainable future in vehicular mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:49:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742669</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Reliability Test Methods for Electric Drive Axle
                    Differentials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid development of the global economy, issues such as the energy                     crisis and environmental pollution have become increasingly severe. Owing to                     their environmental friendliness, structural simplicity, and high energy                     efficiency, electric vehicles have attracted widespread attention. Electric                     drive technology serves as the most promising and versatile propulsion solution                     for battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles.                     As an advanced mechatronic transmission system, the electric drive axle offers                     high transmission efficiency, flexible packaging, and ease of digital and active                     chassis control integration, and has thus been increasingly adopted in modern                     vehicle architectures. The differential is a key component within the electric                     drive axle, responsible for regulating the rotational speed difference between                     the left and right wheels and ensuring balanced torque distribution. It plays a                     decisive role in vehicle stability and traction performance. This study focuses                     on the reliability testing methodology for differentials in electric drive                     axles, primarily including the extraction of reliability test conditions and the                     feasibility analysis of the proposed testing scheme. Specifically, based on the                     parameters of a given electric vehicle, a Simulink model of the motor and                     differential is established, and a complete four-wheel-drive vehicle model is                     constructed. Through simulation under typical driving conditions, operational                     data of the rear-drive axle differential are obtained. The collected data are                     then preprocessed and subjected to dimensionality reduction using Principal                     Component Analysis. The selected principal components are further analyzed using                     K-means clustering to construct representative differential reliability test                     conditions. The limitations of existing testing methods are analyzed based on                     the simulated results and relevant literature. Finally, a reinforced fatigue                     testing method for the differential is designed according to the extracted test                     conditions, and the feasibility of the corresponding test bench is                     evaluated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:43:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742652</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of Dynamic Characteristics of Pneumatic Systems Based on Aerodynamic Frequency Ratio</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742591</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the ambiguity in the relationship between design parameters and energy characteristics in pneumatic systems caused by gas compressibility and low viscosity, which leads to design redundancy, this paper proposes a dynamic characteristic characterisation method based on the pneumatic frequency ratio. This aims to establish a correlation mechanism between system energy consumption and dynamic performance. By constructing a nonlinear dynamic model of a double-acting cylinder, the dimensionless aerodynamic frequency ratio (Ω) is defined to characterise the matching relationship between the system’s natural and operating frequencies. Analytical relationships between Ω and key design parameters—such as cylinder diameter and valve sound velocity conductance—are derived, thereby establishing a normalised similarity criterion. Through combined simulation analysis and experimental validation, the regulatory patterns of Ω on the dynamic characteristics of displacement, velocity, and pressure are systematically investigated. Results indicate that under consistent Ω conditions, the normalised dynamic characteristic error across aerodynamic systems with varying parameters can be controlled within 4%. A significant linear correlation exists between the frequency ratio and the amplitude of cylinder chamber pressure differentials, with errors below 3%. The study further reveals that Ω exerts a nonlinear regulatory effect on system responsiveness and stability: increasing Ω enhances dynamic response speed but exacerbates pressure fluctuations, whereas decreasing Ω slows response but improves pressure stability. This methodology provides a theoretical foundation for energy-efficient design, parameter matching, and intelligent control of pneumatic systems, effectively addressing a gap in existing research on energy-dynamics coupling analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:36:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742591</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Electric Vehicle Oils with High Energy Efficiency and
                    Cooling Performance by Applying Novel Friction Modifier</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742454</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving the efficiency of electric vehicle (EV) transmissions can help to                     extend the driving range of EVs, and the EV oil used in these transmissions                     plays an important role. In this study, in order to enhance energy efficiency,                     we examined the effects of lowering viscosity, traction, and friction in EV oil.                     While friction modifiers (FMs) have been widely used as friction reduction                     technologies in the field of tribology for many years, we previously developed a                     new FM that reduces friction in drive units. We found that a combination of                     lowering viscosity and using the developed FM was effective for better energy                     efficiency. The oil formulated with the developed FM improved efficiency by                     approximately +0.8% to +0.9% compared to commercial EV oil.EV oil also requires cooling performance. We assumed that reducing heat                     generation through friction reduction would improve cooling performance and                     examined the effect of lowering viscosity, traction, and friction. Consequently,                     it was found that a combination of lowering traction and applying the developed                     FM is effective for reduction in parasitic heat losses. We also examined                     durability, which is an issue when reducing viscosity. The results suggested                     that the oil formulated with the developed FM had good durability for gears and                     bearings. Thus, we succeeded in developing an ultra-low-viscosity EV oil that                     has excellent energy efficiency and high cooling performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:16:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742454</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling Different Penetration Rates of Automated Eco-Driving Electric Vehicles in an Urban Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717691</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Eco-driving strategies have proven to be effective in providing energy savings for the vehicle that is utilizing them. This paper explores the under-investigated impact of eco-driving vehicles on other network participants adhering to conventional driving styles. An eco-driving strategy designed for an electric vehicle that trades off energy savings with naturalistic driving without relying on vehicle-to-infrastructure or vehicle-to-vehicle communication is extended using Gaussian Process Regression for real-time predictive speed optimization. It enables the assessment of its network effects in two scenarios: 1) a platoon and 2) an urban network simulation with mixed-mode traffic and varying demand levels. Initial validation involves an eco-driving vehicle responding to a platoon leader, influencing following vehicles governed by the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM). Further analysis introduces eco-vehicles into an IDM-governed network under different traffic conditions. Energy savings of up to 21% were achieved in cars following a vehicle that prioritizes energy savings and, of up to 13% if they followed a vehicle that attempts to balance energy savings and conventional driving style. In the urban scenario, positive effects on other users are observed in high density traffic even if only a small number of eco-vehicles are present in the network. The largest energy savings achieved in conventional vehicles were 5.1% and were obtained for high-density traffic and a network consisting of 25% of eco-vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2026 11:07:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717691</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energy-Saving Optimization of Urban Rail Transit Operation Considering Onboard Energy Storage Devices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732171</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the energy-saving optimization problem of urban rail transit train operation, this paper proposes a collaborative optimization method for onboard energy storage device (OBESD) capacity configuration and train interstation operation strategies. Based on a train multi-interval operation model and a train energy flow model, a collaborative optimization framework is established with the objective of minimizing the total life-cycle cost, comprehensively considering both OBESD investment costs and train operational energy consumption costs. Constraints including multi-interval train operation, fixed interstation running times, OBESD charging/discharging power and capacity, and passenger riding comfort are incorporated into the model. With the number of OBESD modules and train speed profiles as decision variables, an energy-saving optimization model considering multi-interval train dynamics and time-varying energy flow is developed. To solve the model, a dual-layer optimization algorithm is proposed. The outer layer determines the optimal number of OBESD modules using a fixed-step search strategy, while the inner layer optimizes train operation strategies under a given storage configuration using a simulated annealing algorithm based on multiparameter speed combinations. This approach enables collaborative optimization between train operation strategies and onboard energy storage capacity. The proposed method is validated using real-world operational data from Guangzhou Metro Line 1. The results show that the proposed model can effectively reduce train net energy consumption while strictly satisfying interstation running time constraints, achieving an energy-saving rate of 13.90% for full-line operation. In addition, sensitivity analysis results indicate that the optimal OBESD configuration is significantly influenced by economic parameters such as electricity price, storage investment cost, and life-cycle years, highlighting the important role of economic conditions in practical engineering applications. The findings provide practical decision support for urban rail transit operators in configuring onboard energy storage systems to achieve cost-effective energy savings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 09:46:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732171</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Finite time energy-saving control of active suspension based on force random walk PSO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To reduce energy consumption in the active suspension, this paper proposes a new method for vehicle active suspension control. The energy consumption characteristics of the coupling system is analyzed. On this basis, a finite time controller based on unknown state estimation is proposed, and its global finite time convergence is proved, the upper limit of time convergence is given. Secondly, based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the force random walk PSO algorithm (FRWPSO), a multi-objective optimization function is constructed to determine the control parameters under different driving modes. Finally, simulation experiments show that under random road surfaces and triangular obstacles, the proposed control method can effectively improve suspension comfort and operational stability compared to nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (TSMC), The RMS values of energy consumption decreased by 55.34% and 20.55% respectively, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed control method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 09:46:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient Testing of Vehicle-Integrated Thermal Management Systems on a Chassis Dynamometer Using an Innovative Energy Efficient Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724737</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hybrid-electric (xHEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are expected to play a crucial role in the transition towards sustainable mobility in both the individual and commercial transportation sectors. As their market share increases, there is a need for advanced research to enhance overall vehicle efficiency – particularly through optimized energy management systems. For FCEVs, an optimal energy management strategy is essential to ensure safe and durable operation. For xHEVs, thermal management serves as a central lever for improving efficiency and controlling emissions, making it an integral part of the overall powertrain development process. Considering today’s regulatory landscape, these aspects must be addressed early in development. Consequently, a holistic methodological framework is required, enabling not only technical robustness but also economic benefits, such as reducing engineering effort through effective frontloading. This methodology is composed of integrated simulation and testing approaches to develop components, systems, and operation strategies for future vehicles. Building on component- and system-level evaluations conducted at a dedicated thermal system testbed (ThermoLab), vehicle-level testing is required to calibrate and validate the laboratory results. To bridge the gap between the testbed and real driving events, an innovative approach is developed to replicate essential real-world boundary conditions, with particular focus on thermal and hydraulic conditions. The combination of a dedicated low-temperature extension chamber and an innovative dynamic coolant conditioning unit enables the energy-efficient transfer of thermal and hydraulic boundary conditions to a classic chassis dynamometer that was previously incapable of low-temperature testing. While the dedicated low temperature extension chamber transfers low temperature boundary conditions to the vehicles surrounding, the dynamic conditioning unit (Dynamic Module III) enables the accurate reproduction of relevant temperatures within the vehicle’s powertrain. This study demonstrates an innovative approach for the energy-efficient transfer of real-world low-temperature boundary conditions on a chassis dynamometer incorporating low-temperature extension and dynamic conditioning units as part of a holistic development methodology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 11:41:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724737</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improved Thermal Management for Operating a Battery Electric City Bus under Real Driving Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724731</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goal of reducing global CO2 emissions requires actions especially for the transportation sector. To achieve the goal, electric traction motors are frequently implemented in passenger vehicles, as well as in commercial vehicles like heavy-duty trucks or buses. Particularly electric city buses have the potential to reduce the local emissions in urban areas and provide local exhaust-emission-free mobility. While their number of registrations rises, research focusses on the improvement of the overall system in order to increase energy efficiency. High importance is gained by the thermal management of the whole system. This research investigates a simulative approach to improve the thermal management and therefore the energy efficiency of an electric city bus. The different thermal components of an electric city bus like drive system, battery system and heating, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC system) are modelled. Their thermal behavior has been validated in previous research. Based on the validated model, this study proposes an improved thermal management that, state-dependent, combines the thermal circuits of the single components to reduce the overall energy demand. Cooling or heating is provided by the HVAC system. Furthermore, the simulation utilizes real driving cycles of a city bus in the Hamburg area. Measurement data from an entire year are examined by a cluster analysis that results in typical application profiles for urban bus traffic. These profiles are used as basis for further research. An operating strategy for the thermal management of an electric city bus under real driving conditions is developed using the simulation model. Results are presented, which show that the overall energy demand decreases due to an improved, application profile-dependent thermal management system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 11:41:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724731</guid>
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