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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>LATERAL BUCKLING TESTS ON PULTRUDED GRP I-SECTION BEAMS WITH SIMPLY SUPPORTED - SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND CLAMPED - SIMPLY SUPPORTED END CONDITIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/500184</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the experimental arrangement for carrying out lateral torsional buckling tests on pultruded GRP I-section beams with two sets of end conditions.  The simply supported - simply supported beam was subjected to equal and opposite end moments and the clamped - simply supported beam to a moment applied at the simply supported end.  Mid-span displacements and strains were recorded for both loading and unloading cycles and mid-span deflection and rotation versus support moment data are presented.  The maximum test loads are compared with critical loads computed with an approximate formula and finite element eigenvalue analysis.  The critical loads are, in general, lower than the experimental values.  It is concluded that in order to achieve improved theoretical - experimental results correlations initial deformations and geometric nonlinearity will have to be taken into account in the finite element analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/500184</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECTS OF END SUPPORT CONDITIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITE COLUMNS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/500181</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study presented in this paper investigated nine full scale FRP composite columns fabricated for the construction of a cooling tower system.  The pultruded columns had a "Universal" cross section with glass fibers in various forms as reinforcement and Vinylester resin as a binding matrix.  The slenderness ratios (L/r) of the columns varied from 45.5 to 72.1 corresponding to unbraced lengths from 12 ft. (3.66 m) to 19 ft. (5.79 m).  All columns were tested in a vertical position and under axial static loading and fixed-pinned end conditions. The columns' ultimate loads, lateral displacements, initial curvatures, and modes of failure were recorded during the course of this investigation.  When compared with previously obtained data for the fundamental pin-ended supports, the results indicated that using fixed-pinned end restraints, similar to the field construction conditions, leads to: a significant control over the lateral displacement of the slender columns and a remarkable increase in the load carrying capacity of the more slender columns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/500181</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FRACTURE MECHANISM IN CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS SUBJECTED TO COMPRESSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475445</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fracture processes in cement-based materials (cement paste, mortar, and concrete) subjected to compressive loads are examined.  The use of friction-reducing materials reduced the end constraints and eliminated the barrel effect.  The material composition as well as the end-shear confinement was found to affect the nonuniform deformations observed at the early stages of loading.  Primarily, cracks propagated parallel to the loading direction for all tested material compositions.  A nondestructive measuring system utilizing digital image correlation was developed for the fracture study of quasi-brittle materials. Theoretical predictions on crack growth were made based on fracture mechanics approaches in conjunction with experimental observations.  Two different approaches for the computation of the stress intensity factors were made; one (for cement paste) was based on discrete cracks in a three-dimensional body, and the other (for concrete) was based on multiple sliding cracks relying on a damage mechanics concept.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475445</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CRACKING IN CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/448221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The causes of cracking in bridge decks are investigated and procedures are recommended to alleviate the problem.  Forty continuous steel girder bridges, thirty-seven composite and three noncomposite bridges are evaluated.  Field surveys conducted to document cracking patterns and to determine the crack density of each bridge are described.  Information collected from construction documents, field books, and weather data logs is presented and compared to the observed levels of cracking to identify correlations between cracking and the variables studied.  Thirty-one variables are considered such as material properties, site conditions, construction procedures, design specifications, age of bridge and traffic volume.  Based on the research reported herein, cracking in monolithic bridge decks increases with increasing values of concrete slump, percent volume of water and cement, water content, and compressive strength, and decreasing values of air content (especially below 6.0%).  Bridge deck overlays placed with zero slump concrete consistantly exhibit high levels of cracking. Cracking in overlays also increases as placement lengths increase.  High maximum air temperatures and large changes in air temperature on the day of casting aggravate cracking in monolithic bridge decks.  High average air temperatures and large changes in air temperature similarly aggravate cracking in bridge deck overlays.  Both monolithic and two layer bridges with fixed-ended girders exhibit increased cracking near the abutments compared to those with pin-ended girders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/448221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF CAPPING MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES ON THE MEASURED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415676</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Researchers investigated the effect of end conditions and testing procedures on the measured strength of 100- by 200-mm concrete cylinders.  Concretes were prepared representing three strength levels:  50, 75, 120 MPa.  Cylinder end conditions included grinding and capping with two types of sulfur mortar and cement paste.  Investigators also examined the effect of thickness of capping material.  Results of these evaluations follow.  Cement paste caps produced 1 percent higher strengths than ground ends, regardless of concrete strength level and cap thickness.  The cylinders capped with sulfur mortar 2 hours before testing resulted in 2 to 7 percent lower strengths than the ground condition.  Strengths equivalent to the ground condition were observed when cylinders were capped with sulfur mortar 7 days prior to testing, except with thick caps of sulfur mortar on the 120 MPa concrete, in which case lower strengths were noted.  No significant difference between sulfur mortars was apparent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415676</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ADVANTAGES OF MIDHEIGHT PORE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TESTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/358278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes results from unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression and extension tests in which pore pressures were monitored at the specimen base and at midheight using a circumferentially mounted miniature transducer. The rate of imposed displacement was varied by two orders of magnitude. The significance of displacement rate and specimen end condition is illustrated by presentation of resulting stress ratios and stress paths. Base measured pore pressures were found to be up to 50 percent higher than the midheight values, depending on the testing rate used. The results indicated that currently accepted criteria for the determination of acceptable displacement rates are adequate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Jun 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/358278</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SLENDER COMPOSITE BEAM-COLUMNS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/289310</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A method is presented for performing the inelastic stability analysis of composite beam-columns under different load and end conditions.  Non-dimensional expressions describing the moment-thrust-curvature relations are derived and then used to foumulate and solve the governing differential equation. The important feature of this method is its ability to obtain direct general solutions to the governing equations. This method has been used to develop typical interaction curves for composite beam-columns under different end and load conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/289310</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE BEARING CAPACITY OF A PILE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/166869</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article gives the results of a static loading test carried out on a pile cast-in-situ in Saint-Ouen limestone which is found extensively in the Paris region.  The major interest of this test was that it was conducted in a formation, the geotechnical characteristics of which can only be evaluated by pressiometer tests because of its alternative hard and soft layers.  Because of the possibility of testing a pile fitted with detachable strain gauge, it was possible to measure the real values of end stresses and lateral friction.  The characteristic real loads (qn, qf and ql) were compared to the corresponding predicted loads deduced from pressiometric rules. Furthermore the test showed that the real and the calculated nominal bearing capacity agree within 10%.  Attention is drawn to the fact that real distribution of stresses along the shaft markedly differs from that proposed by the pressiometer method, leading in this case to an over estimation of end stresses. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/166869</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING OF I-BEAMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/157832</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An approximate finite element method is developed for analysing the distortional buckling of doubly symmetric I-Section beam-columns.  The method allows an analysis to be made of elastic uniform members under various conditions of loading, end support and restraint.  A computer program based on this finite element method is described, and the convergence and accuracy of the buckling solutions are demonstrated.  The method is then used to investigate the significance of different end conditions on the elastic buckling of I-Beams under uniform moment (A). (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/157832</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BEAMS WITH TORSIONAL AND FLEXURAL LOADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/86747</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results are presented from an analytical study of wide-flange beams loaded with flexural and torsional loads. Of primary interest has been the determination of maximum design loads, including the interaction effects.  The case considered was a wide-flange section with end moments and a central torque.  It is suggested that the induced moment about the axis perpendicular to the axis of flexural loading be considered in determining the maximum normal stress for design.  Design provisions are given.  /ASCE/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/86747</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>END RESTRAINT EFFECTS ON CYCLIC TRIAXIAL STRENGTH OF SAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/74151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cyclic triaxial tests were performed on various soils at different densities and different consolidation pressures, using regular and lubricated ends to explore the possible effect of end restraint.  In addition, a number of supplementary tests were also performed, all of which led to the conclusion that for sands tested, the following factors had no measurable effects on the cyclic triaxial strengths: cyclic frequency, load shape, small center dowels at the ends, and sample diameter.  The end restraint study showed that the cyclic strength was greater for frictionless ends than for regular ends by amounts ranging from zero for nondilatant soils, to as much as 35 percent for dense, very dilatant sands.  For the usual cases of loose to medium dense sands, for which cyclic tests are most frequently performed the apparent strength increase is only about 10 percent, which has already been included in the C sub r factor for converting cyclic triaxial results to field strengths. /ASCE/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Sep 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/74151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>END RESTRAINT EFFECTS ON UNDERAINED STATIC TRIAXIAL STRENGTH OF SAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/74150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although many studies have been made on the effect of end restraint in in axial testing of soils, no data were available pertaining to static undrained tests on saturated sands.  Therefore, a series of tests were conducted using triaxial specimens there was a significant (up to 20 percent) increase in static undrained strength with frictionless ends as compared with tests using regular ends. The effect is significantly grater than observed for other studies pertaining to drained tests on sands and undrained tests on clays.  The Strong effect in this case was shown to be related to the difference in volume change/pore pressure change tendencies between tests with regular and frictionless ends as measured by the critical confining pressure.  The study was undertaken as a prelude to a similar conpanion study on the influence of end restraint in undrained cyclic tests on saturated sand. /ASCE/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Sep 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/74150</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ACCURACY OF SOME NUMERICAL METHODS FOR COLUMN BUCKLING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/35139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Various approximate numerical methods for the determination of the compressive buckling load of Euler columns are investigated.  Exact expressions for the buckling load as a function of numbers of nodes or finite elements are obtained for three sets of end conditions.  It is found that accuracy of the calculations depends on the edge conditions imposed as well as on the complexity of the functions chosen or implied by the method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/35139</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LATERAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS WITH MIXED END CONDITIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/140941</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The lateral buckling of a beam having different support conditions at each end when loaded by either equal or unequal moments is dealt with.  New theoretical solutions are presented which deal with any combination of loading and end support conditions.  For all these solutions simple expressions, suitable for use in a design office, have been derived which provide good estimates of the critical loads. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Sep 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/140941</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE--TODAY AND TOMORROW. HORNING MEMORIAL LECTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/112742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A REVIEW IS PRESENTED OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN TERMS OF POWER, FUEL ECONOMY, AND DURABILITY IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY, PARTICULARLY THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER OCTANE NUMBER RATINGS AND INCREASED USE OF LEAD ANTIKNOCK COMPOUNDS.  THE IMPACT OF THE SHIFT TO BAD-FREE FUELS OF 91 OCTANE NUMBER ON PERFORMANCE AND FUEL ECONOMY, AS THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY STRIVES TO MEET THE STRINGENT 1975 EMISSION REQUIREMENTS, IS DISCUSSED.  THE LEVEL OF EMISSION CONTROL WHICH IS NEEDED TO ACHIEVE A SATISFACTORY LEVEL OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IS CONSIDERED, TOGETHER WITH THE CONCEPTS OF ENGINE DESIGN AND EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS AIMED AT MEETING THESE REQUIREMENTS.  POSSIBLE FUTURE ENGINE AND FUEL DEVELOPMENTS WHICH WILL TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION EMISSION CONTROL, COST EFFICIENCY, PERFORMANCE AND DURABILITY ARE OUTLINED.  IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THESE DEVELOPMENTS MIGHT INCLUDE THE WANKEL ENGINE, STEAM ENGINE, AND ELECTRIC PROPULSION.  /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/112742</guid>
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