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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7RW5hbWVscyZxdW90OyIgb3JpZ2luYWxfdmFsdWU9IiZxdW90O0VuYW1lbHMmcXVvdDsiIC8+PC9maWx0ZXJzPjxyYW5nZXMgLz48c29ydHM+PHNvcnQgZmllbGQ9InB1Ymxpc2hlZCIgb3JkZXI9ImRlc2MiIC8+PC9zb3J0cz48cGVyc2lzdHM+PHBlcnNpc3QgbmFtZT0icmFuZ2V0eXBlIiB2YWx1ZT0icHVibGlzaGVkZGF0ZSIgLz48L3BlcnNpc3RzPjwvc2VhcmNoPg==" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Chemically Bonded Porcelain Enamel Coated Pipe for Corrosion Protection and Flow Efficiency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The overarching goal of this study is to improve the corrosion protection and safety, and to reduce the pressure loss and operational cost of hazardous liquid and natural gas pipelines. To achieve the goal, this study aims to explore and develop chemically-bonded enamel coating (200-300 µm) for coating uniformity, low surface roughness and high coating efficiency, and corrosion resistance. The objectives will be achieved both experimentally and numerically in the following four research tasks: 1. Optimization of enamel materials for durability, particle distribution, and thermal compatibility with steel; 2. Enameling process for coating uniformity, surface roughness, and efficiency without adverse effect on steel properties; 3. Characterization of enamel-coated pipe for microstructure/porosity, chemical adhesion, and corrosion resistance; and 4. System performance of in-situ, enamel-coated pipelines – stress distribution under thermal, external and internal pressure, and stress corrosion cracking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2020 11:41:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735495</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Corrosion Resistances of Steel Pipes Coated with Two Types of Enamel in Electrostatic and Wet Spraying Processes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495645</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The corrosion behaviors of uncoated, enamel-coated, and epoxy-coated steel samples were evaluated in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution up to one hour with open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization tests. Two types of enamel (powder and slurry) were coated on steel samples in electrostatic and wet spraying processes, respectively. Twelve 25 mm × 25 mm steel samples were cut from an API 5L X65 pipe of 323.850 mm in outer diameter and 9.525 mm in wall thickness and divided into four groups of three samples, each group with one condition (uncoated, powder enamel-coated, slurry enamel-coated or epoxy-coated). Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the powder and slurry enamel coatings were approximately 180 µm and 235 µm thick and the powder enamel coating has fewer but larger isolated pores than the slurry enamel coating. Electrochemical tests consistently indicated that the powder and slurry enamel coatings provided slightly better and worse corrosion protections to the coated steel samples than the epoxy coating. The charge transfer resistances of all the coated samples are approximately 108 times larger than that of the uncoated samples. All the coated samples were unlikely corroded within one hour of immersion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2018 09:26:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495645</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Organic/Inorganic Coatings Cured by Ultraviolet Light and Moisture for Automotive Glass</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1432511</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ceramic enamel (frit) is an opaque, decorative border found along the periphery of glass windshields used in passenger and commercial transportation vehicles, as well as, architectural spandrel and decorative glass applications. In transportation and architectural applications, the primary function of ceramic enamel is to conceal aesthetically unpleasing, but essential structural components and to prevent photodegradation of the underlying polyurethane adhesive, which is used to bond glass windows into supporting structures.         Typically, ceramic enamels are applied by screen printing ceramic slurry onto the glass substrate, which is subsequently fired in a furnace during the glass-forming process. The fired enamel is then primed with solvent-based primer(s) to facilitate adhesion between the enamel and polyurethane adhesive.         Currently used ceramic enamels, and the associated processing and application of these materials for automotive glass bonding, have the following drawbacks: (i) high firing temperatures resulting in high energy costs, (ii) introduction of glass warpage and dimensional defects, (iii) volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, and (iv) extra processing steps due to application of primer(s).         As a result, a novel, organic frit has been developed to replace ceramic enamels that are commonly used in transportation glass applications. This organic coating crosslinks via exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, and subsequently undergoes a secondary moisture-curing mechanism, via exposure to ambient moisture, to fully cure the coating as shown in Figure 1.                                 The resulting coating exhibits durable adhesion to both automotive float glass and polyurethane adhesives without the use of any primers. Moreover, the resulting performance of these novel coatings has been validated in both outdoor and accelerated weathering testing.          ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2017 16:24:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1432511</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chloride-induced corrosion mechanism and rate of enamel- and epoxy-coated deformed steel bars embedded in mortar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1400965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The chloride-induced corrosion mechanisms of uncoated, pure enamel (PE)-coated, mixed enamel (ME)-coated, double enamel (DE)-coated, and fusion bonded epoxy (FBE)-coated deformed steel bars embedded in mortar cylinders are investigated in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution and compared through electrochemical tests and visual inspection. Corrosion initiated after 29 or 61 days of tests in all uncoated and enamel-coated steel bars, and after 244 days of tests in some FBE-coated steel bars. In active stage, DE- and FBE-coated steel bars are subjected to the highest and lowest corrosion rates, respectively. The uncoated and ME-coated steel bars revealed relatively uniform corrosion while the PE-, DE-, and FBE-coated steel bars experienced pitting corrosion around damaged coating areas. Due to the combined effect of ion diffusion and capillary suction, wet–dry cyclic immersion caused more severe corrosion than continuous immersion. Both exposure conditions affected the corrosion rate more significantly than the water–cement ratio in mortar design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 2016 12:31:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1400965</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Splice Performance Evaluation of Enamel-Coated Rebar for Structural Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1331075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes the findings and results from an experimental study of vitreous enamel coating effects on the bond strength between deformed rebar and normal strength concrete. A total of 24 beam splice specimens were tested under four-point loading with four parameters investigated: bar size, lap splice length, coating, and confinement conditions. As the splice length increases, the ratio of bond strength between coated rebar and black rebar first increases from 1.0 to a maximum value of 1.44, and then decreases to 1.0. The maximum bond strength ratio corresponds to the near initial yielding of coated rebar. On the average, enamel coating can increase the bond strength of steel rebar in concrete by approximately 15%. A coating factor of 0.85 is thus recommended to take into account the enamel coating effect in lap splice designs, according to American Concrete Institute (ACI) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) bond strength equations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2014 15:28:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1331075</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical Characterization of Enamel Coated Steel Bars</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1234587</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Steel bars can be coated with enamels or glass to reduce or eliminate the tendency of steel corrosion in various applications, such as reinforced concrete (RC) decks, beams and columns. The chemical bond between enamel and steel materials is a key to make an enamel-coated steel corrosion free. Therefore, it is essential to characterize the mechanical and bonding properties of enamel-coated steels. To show competitiveness, the performance and cost of enamel-coated steel bars must be compared with those of the current technology such as epoxy reinforcing steel bars. In various applications of an enamel-coated steel bar, potential limit states include cracking and spalling of enamel coatings, surface impact damage of coatings, corrosion of steel components, and debonding of enamel from its coated steel bar. The proposed study is aimed at quantifying the ruggedness of enamel coatings and their bonding with steel and concrete. In a short term, the objectives of this particular study are to demonstrate that enamel-coated steel bars are comparable to conventional steel bars in mechanical properties and demonstrate that they are superior to epoxy bars in field handling and less susceptible to impact damage. The specific scope of work includes: * Cracking and spalling tests of enamel coatings with tensile specimens in order to understand the levels of the tensile deformation in steel bars that correspond to cracking of the enamel materials and their spalling off the steel bars, respectively. * Impact resistance tests of enamel coatings with the projectile impact on enamel coated steel bars and on epoxy coated bars. * Toughness tests of enamel-coated steel bars to document the minimum ratio of bent bars or the minimum number of bending cycles applied on bent bars before cracking. * Thermal tests for the compatibility between enamel and steel with tensile specimens.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2013 15:14:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1234587</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anchorage Strength of Enamel Coated Hooked Rebar in Normal Strength Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1128794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vitreous porcelain enamel was recently introduced as an alternative coating system of steel rebar for improved corrosion resistance. The main objectives of this study were to characterize the effect of enamel coating on the bond behavior of hooked bars in normal concrete and develop/recommend a design equation for the development length of enamel coated bars. To this end, sixteen beam-column joint specimens of varying configurations (12 with enamel coated reinforcement and 4 with regular reinforcement) were designed, cast, tested, and analyzed to understand the anchorage strength of reinforced concrete (RC) joints with enamel coated deformed bars. Test results clearly demonstrated that the anchorage strengths due to enamel coating significantly exceed the expected performance of the ACI 318-08 Building Code. Based on the comparative study of reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column specimens with and without enamel coating, a development length design equation with a coating factor of 0.85 is recommended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Jun 2012 14:34:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1128794</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical Characterization of Enamel Coated Steel Bars</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1134965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the corrosion process of enamel-coated deformed rebar completely immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was evaluated over a period of 84 days by EIS testing.  Three types of enamel coating were investigated: pure enamel, 50/50 enamel coating, and double enamel.  Surface condition of the enamel coatings that were intentionally damaged prior to corrosion tests was visually examined at different immersion times.  After 84 days of testing, the damaged coating areas were characterized by SEM, and the corrosion products on and adjacent to the damaged areas were collected and analyzed by XRD.  Corrosion initiated at the damaged locations with no undercutting observed.  The 50/50 enamel coating had the least corrosion resistance, due to its interconnected pore structure, and prior damage drastically reduce the corrosion resistance of pure and double enamel coated rebar.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Mar 2012 07:14:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1134965</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORROSION PROTECTION WITH ENAMEL IN VEHICLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1050729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE HIGH COST OF CORROSION PROTECTION WITH ENAMEL IS COMPENSATED FOR BY ADVANTAGES IN QUALITY.  THE COMPULSION TO MAKE ECONOMIC USE OF RAW MATERIAL  RESERVES WILL LEAD IN THE FUTURE TO THE INCREASED USE OF ENAMEL.  IMPROVED METHODS OF APPLICATION, SUCH AS ELECTRO-DIP ENAMELLING AND POWDER ELECTROSTATICS, WILL MEET THIS NEED.  TWO DIFFERENT METHODS OF PROTECTION ARE AVAILABLE: COMPLETE ENAMELLING AND SUBSEQUENT ASSEMBLY, AND ENAMELLING OF WEAK POINTS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 01:49:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1050729</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TECHNIQUE ET TECHNOLOGIE DE LA CONSTRUCTION DES TUBULURES ET DES SILENCIEUX D'ECHAPPEMENT D'AUTOMOBILES. EVOLUTION RECENTE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1029718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[NOUVELLES TECHNIQUES MISES AU POINT POUR L'ASSEMBLAGE DES SILENCIEUX.  NOUVELLE TECHNOLOGIE D'ACCROCHAGE ET STANDARDISATION DES COMPOSANTS.  RECHERCHE EN VUE D'ELIMINER COMPLETEMENT LES SOUDURES DU SILENCIEUX.  REVETEMENTS SUPERFICIELS ET EMAILLAGE.  UTILISATION DE NOUVEAUX MATERIAUX : ACIERS PLUS LEGERS, MOINS SENSIBLES A LA CORROSION, ET MEME MATERIAUX PLASTIQUES.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Nov 2010 14:07:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1029718</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MATERIAUX ET ESSAIS POUR SIGNALISATION VERTICALE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1013923</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On etudie l'emploi de materiaux reflechissants et non reflechissants en matiere de signalisation verticale, en donnant les caracteristiques de chacun d'entre eux.  On s'interesse egalement aux supports, qui peuvent etre en tole d'acier, en fer galvanise, en aluminium ou en materiaux polymeres, ainsi qu'aux peintures et aux emaux.  On analyse la deterioration des retro-refractants, le controle de qualite, la durabilite, l'adherence et le vieillissement.  A cet egard, on commente les differentes methodes d'essais,  l'installation et les normes en Europe.  Un chapitre est consacre aux bornes et a leurs caracteristiques.  (Voir fiche generale 9103CX690F).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Nov 2010 06:34:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1013923</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SYSTEMES DE PEINTURE A UTILISER POUR LA SIGNALISATION VERTICALE NON RETROREFLECHISSANTE SUR SUPPORTS EN ACIER GALVANISE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1010419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On expose seize systemes de revetements pouvant etre utilises sur des plaques en acier galvanise, type Sendzimir, pour la signalisation routiere verticale.  On decrit ces systemes et on determine les caracteristiques des peintures ou des emaux liquides.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Nov 2010 05:01:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1010419</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT TEST METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE BINDER CONTENT OF ACIDIC PAINTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/988844</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Se estudia la determinacion del contenido de ligante de cualquier tipo de pintura de senalizacion horizontal por el metodo de combustion de la materia organica.  La determinacion del ligante se ha llevado a cabo, segun la normativa espanola, mediante un metodo basado en la extraccion de la materia organica, empleando disolventes.  Con el desarrollo tecnologico de nuevos materiales solo es posible mediante combustion, planteandose la posibilidad, tal y como indica la normativa europea que se esta elaborando, de establecer una comparacion de resultados entre los distintos metodos, asi como determinar cual es el mas adecuado.  Se presentan diversas tablas con resultados comparativos para cada sistema utilizado y las conclusiones que se extraen del estudio.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Nov 2010 18:34:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/988844</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Coated Steel Rebar for Enhanced Concrete-Steel Bond Strength and Corrosion Resistance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/987338</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes the findings and recommendations on the use of enamel coating in reinforced concrete structures both for bond strength and corrosion resistance of steel rebar. Extensive laboratory tests were conducted to characterize the properties of one- and two-layer enamel coatings. Pseudostatic tests were performed with pullout, beam and column specimens to characterize mechanical properties and develop design equations for the development length of steel rebar in lap splice and anchorage areas. The splice length equation was validated with the testing of large-scale columns under cyclic loading. For corrosion properties, ponding, salt spray, accelerated corrosion, potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were conducted to evaluate the corrosion resistance and performance of enamel-coated steel and rebar. Experimental procedures and observations from various laboratory tests are documented in detail. The corrosion performances of enamel and epoxy coatings were compared. It is concluded that a one-layer enamel coating doped with 50% calcium silicate has improved bond strengths with steel and concrete but  its corrosion resistance is low due to porosity in the coating, allowing chloride ions to pass through. Based on limited laboratory tests, a two-layer  enamel coating with an inner layer of pure enamel and an outer layer of enamel and calcium silicate mixture has been shown to be practical and effective for both corrosion resistance and bond strength. A coating factor of 0.85 is recommended to use with the current development length equations as specified in ACI318-08. The large-scale column tests indicated that the column-footing lap splice with enamel-coated dowel bars had higher load and energy dissipation capacities compared to uncoated dowel bars. When damaged unintentionally, chemically reactive enamel coatings limit corrosion to a very small area whereas epoxy coatings allow corrosion expansion in a wide area underneath the coating.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Nov 2010 11:49:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/987338</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Emaillierte Stahlblechverkleidung senkt im Brandfall Temperaturen / Enamelled steel lining system lowers temperatures in the event of tunnel fires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/944822</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mit einer 2-schaligen Konstruktion aus emaillierten Stahlblechen lassen sich im Brandfall die Temperaturbelastungen der Tunnelinnenschale deutlich mindern. Darueber hinaus verbessern die hellen Verkleidungen die Verkehrssicherheit in Strassentunneln. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Should a tunnel fire break out, it is possible, by means of a double sheet construction of enamelled steel, to lower temperature loads affecting the inner shell of a tunnel. In addition, the bright coloured lining elements improve traffic safety in road tunnels. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Oct 2010 11:27:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/944822</guid>
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