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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Cost-benefit analysis of alternative greywater management scenarios from “cradle to grave”</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751978</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the economic and environmental performance of alternative greywater management strategies for passenger ships operating in the Baltic, using the Port of Trelleborg as a representative case. Greywater (GW), comprising water from showers, sinks, galleys, and laundries, remain unregulated under MARPOL Annex IV, despite its substantial loads of nutrients, organic matter, microplastics and metals. As shipping traffic grows, especially in enclosed and sensitive marine areas such as the Baltic Sea, the lack of international regulation creates uncertainty for ports and shipowners on how GW should be handled. This study provides the first integrated cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of ship-to-port greywater reception, land-based treatment, and reuse in the Baltic Sea context. Ten management scenarios were examined, ranging from direct discharge at sea (SC1) to advanced land-based treatment with full or partial reuse (SC5B1 - SC5B5). The analysis quantifies (1. societal costs, including capital and operating expenditure for shipboard systems, port reception facilities (PRF), and municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP/PWTP); (2. stakeholder costs and benefits for ships, ports, and municipalities; and (3. environmental benefits (EB) expressed monetarily using pollutant shadow prices for nutrients, organic matter, suspended solids, metals, and microplastics. Reuse benefits were also estimated based on avoided potable-water production and distribution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:34:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751978</guid>
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      <title>Impacts of the operational phase on the life cycle cost of permeable pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2700672</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Permeable pavements offer a promising strategy for reducing surface runoff and capturing rainwater for non-potable uses in buildings. However, the systematic incorporation of their broader benefits into life cycle based economic assessments remains limited. This study develops a Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA) framework for permeable pavement models that integrates rainwater use in buildings and applies it to a Brazilian case study. Three permeable pavement models (asphalt concrete, cementitious concrete, and concrete paving block) are assessed alongside a conventional impermeable asphalt concrete pavement. The framework encompasses all life cycle phases, from raw material extraction to end-of-life, with particular emphasis on the operational phase, in which benefits are systematically quantified and monetised. Net present value (NPV) and discounted payback period were used as decision-support indicators. The results show that, despite the lowest initial cost, the conventional pavement yields a negative NPV (−R$ 142,189). On the other hand, all permeable models result in positive economic returns. Concrete paving blocks showed the highest initial cost, but still achieved a positive NPV (R$ 51,437) with a longer discounted payback period (10.8 years). Permeable cementitious concrete was the most cost-effective model, showing the highest NPV (R$ 72,780) and the shortest payback time (9.0 years). The findings demonstrate that operational-phase benefits, such as improved stormwater quality, flood mitigation, reduced heat island effects, carbon sequestration, changes in street lighting demand, fuel consumption, and rainwater harvesting, are decisive in offsetting higher initial costs. By explicitly accounting for operational benefits that are typically overlooked, the framework proposed herein broadens the scope of conventional economic analyses and strengthens the basis for informed decision-making in urban infrastructure planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 09:34:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2700672</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Lightweight Optimization Design of Subframe Structure Based on Sensitivity Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742444</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to meet the needs of national energy conservation and environmental protection policies, a typical chassis structure lightweight method based on sensitivity analysis of 13 strength conditions was proposed. Firstly, the finite element model of the subframe of a certain model is established, and the impact strength and static strength of the subframe structure are analyzed by the finite element method. Secondly, the sensitivity analysis of 13 strength conditions was carried out for the 12 main sheet thicknesses in the finite element model. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, the plate thickness of the components that is conducive to lightweight and has little impact on the 13 strength conditions of the subframe was selected as the design variable. The size optimization was carried out with the goal of minimizing the mass of the subframe and the constraint that the maximum Von Mises stress of the unit, where each material is located, did not exceed the yield strength of the material. The optimization results show that the performance of the subframe under 13 strength conditions meets the requirements of the index, and the weight of the subframe is reduced by 1.37 kg / 9.6%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:57:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742444</guid>
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      <title>Study on the Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane Laminating Adhesives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742573</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper designs and synthesizes a series of high-performance waterborne polyurethane (WPU) laminating adhesives using polyester, polyether polyols and isophorone diisocyanate as the main raw materials. It focuses on exploring the effects of polyol types and R value (the ratio of polyol to isocyanate) on the properties of the adhesives, including emulsion viscosity, solid content, water absorption rate of the adhesive film, mechanical properties, and bonding performance on different substrates. The results show that WPU2 with polycarbonate diol (PCDL) as the polyol has the best water resistance and the highest tensile strength; WPU1 with polytetrahydrofuran (PTMG) as the polyol has the optimal elongation at break and exhibits outstanding bonding performance on the polar substrate PET; the regulation of R value can optimize the bonding performance of the adhesive on the non-polar substrate BOPP. This type of WPU laminating adhesive features low VOC emissions, no benzene-based solvents, excellent flexibility, and good resistance to high and low temperatures. It not only meets the environmental protection and safety requirements in packaging fields such as food and medicine, but also shows potential application value in high-end fields like aerospace interior compounding and lightweight transportation structure bonding. Its performance is highly compatible with the strict requirements for materials in the modern aerospace and transportation industries. The adjustable strong adhesiveness, compliance with strict emission standards, and adaptability to various substrates make it an ideal choice for a new generation of composite manufacturing, especially suitable for industrial fields pursuing reliability, sustainability and high performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:36:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742573</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Morphological and Fractal Diagnostics for Sustainable Transport Planning in Sensitive Tourism Landscapes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690081</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Managing sustainable transport access to pristine natural heritage sites without triggering ecological degradation is a critical planning challenge for tourism-driven regions within complex landscapes. This study focuses on morphological and fractal diagnostics for sustainable transport planning to unravel challenges associated with accessibility in sensitive tourism landscapes. Specifically, it investigates the severe inaccessibility of Cala Mariolu, a globally renowned beach in Sardinia, Italy, by developing a novel diagnostic framework that integrates fractal analysis of road networks with quantitative topographic assessment. Using GIS-based spatial analysis, the structural connectivity and terrain constraints of the municipalities of Nuoro and Baunei were quantified and compared. Results reveal a significantly more fragmented and less connected road network in the coastal city of Baunei compared to the urban hub of Nuoro. Crucially, this disparity is driven primarily by steeper average slopes rather than general terrain ruggedness. This relationship was synthesised into a new Terrain Connectivity Constraint Index (Ti), quantifying the landscape's inherent limitation on network development. The findings provide a robust, context-sensitive diagnostic methodology for diagnosing the root causes of transport inequity. This study quantifies that the terrain in high-constraint coastal areas can reduce the geometric potential for creating well-connected transport pathways by 46% compared to adjacent urban hubs, providing critical insight for targeting adaptive infrastructure and fostering equitable access in environmentally sensitive regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690081</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Green credit for NEVs under dual financing constraints: Manufacturer-Targeted vs. consumer-targeted</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transition to new energy vehicles (NEVs) is hindered by dual financing constraints: high R&D costs limit manufacturers' electrification technology investment, while high retail prices exceed consumers’ budget constraints. This paper develops a game-theoretic model involving a financial institution, a manufacturer, and a retailer to analyze how green credit with interest rate discounts alleviates these constraints. Three credit strategies are compared: without green credit (N), manufacturer-targeted green credit (P), and consumer-targeted green credit (C). The results show that green credit is provided only when government incentives are sufficiently high, and it promotes both electrification technology upgrading and market demand. Moreover, under the C strategy, the retailer partially appropriate the benefits of green credit by increasing margins, thereby weakening its effectiveness. Consequently, the P strategy is more likely to be adopted and is more effective in promoting electrification technology innovation. Finally, when the retailer acts as a credit provider, it optimally offers interest-free loans to the manufacturer but does not subsidize consumers. These findings provide insights into the design of targeted green credit policies for promoting NEV diffusion and technological upgrading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2026 09:16:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697068</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Carbon compensation for international scrap steel trade through maritime carbon pricing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720688</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reuse of scrap steel is critical to decarbonizing the steel industry, with maritime logistics serving as the primary conduit for global scrap redistribution. The International Maritime Organization approved the Net Zero Framework (IMO-NZF) at MEPC 83 in April 2025, establishing a draft framework for emission reduction targets and carbon costs for global shipping. This study proposes a Substitutional Offset (SO) strategy aimed at easing the early compliance pressure of sustainable waste logistics, while maintaining climate policy constraints. Supported by Monte Carlo-based probabilistic carbon accounting, the results show that SO ratio adjustments are highly sensitive across 10 major international scrap shipping corridors. The study also offers a comparative analysis with the EU Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS), providing quantitative insights into potential alignment between the two carbon pricing regimes. Overall, this research contributes to reducing implementation barriers for global maritime carbon pricing and offers climate risk guidance for the increasingly constrained global scrap steel trade.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 09:46:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720688</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Material incentive or emotional incentive-A study on the effect of incentive mechanism on passengers' willingness to pay for carbon offset in aviation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid development of the aviation transport industry has significantly increased carbon emissions. Due to limitations in research, development time, and production costs, new energy aircraft and sustainable aviation fuel cannot be widely adopted in the short term. As a result, carbon offset is currently the primary method to balance aviation carbon emissions. Despite the introduction of carbon offset programs by most airlines, passengers' willingness to pay (WTP) remains low. This study aims to explore what incentive mechanism is conducive to enhancing passengers' WTP for aviation carbon offset. We propose three categories of incentive mechanisms: material incentive mechanism (MIM), emotional incentive mechanism (EIM), and hybrid incentive mechanism (HIM), with the latter further subdivided into four types based on incentive form and seasonal dimensions. A questionnaire survey is conducted to collect decision-making data on passengers' participation in aviation carbon offset. Based on this data, a public goods game (PGG) model is built to explore the impact of different incentive mechanisms on passengers' WTP. The simulation results indicate that: (i) Incentive mechanisms increase passengers' WTP compared to no incentive. (ii) MIM and first material incentive followed by emotional incentive (HIM₂) are the most effective. (iii) The use of purely material incentives has a limited effect on improving cooperation frequency (ƒ). These findings provide theoretical guidance and strategic recommendations for airlines in implementing carbon offset programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 17:04:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673119</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evolutionary Game Analysis of Carbon Emission Reduction Behaviour in Shipping Industry under Government Reward and Punishment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To promote the low-carbon transformation of the shipping industry, this study explores the impact of the government’s reward and punishment mechanisms on carbon reduction behaviours in the shipping industry. Specifically, this study constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model among the government, shipping companies and port enterprises, and examines the factors involved. The main results of this study are as follows. First, government reward and punishment mechanisms have a significant effect on the sustainable development of the shipping industry. The probability of shipping companies and port enterprises adopting carbon emission reduction behaviour will rise when the government effectively implements the reward and punishment mechanism. Second, the regulatory cost has an important influence on the decision of the government. With a decrease in the cost of conducting government regulation, the government is inclined to adopt active regulation strategies. Third, the short operational time has adverse effects on the green transition of the shipping industry. However, when the ships’ operational time is long, shipping companies are inclined to adopt proactive carbon reduction strategies. Besides, shipping companies tend to prioritise local port enterprises for the refuelling of clean energy ships. Therefore, the probability of port enterprises building clean energy refuelling stations will rise when shipping companies choose to adopt clean energy ships. The aim of this study is to offer policy suggestions for mitigating carbon emissions in the shipping industry and to help stakeholders choose the relatively optimal strategy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:50:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691517</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How does digital transformation affect ports’ green transition? Empirical evidence from China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692379</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Enterprise digital transformation is an important component and microcosmic manifestation of the digital economics, and it plays a significant role in advancing enterprises' green transformation. Using the panel data of China's A-share listed port companies from 2010 to 2024, this paper constructs digitalization and green transformation indicators at the port enterprise level to explore the impact of digital transformation on the green transformation within port enterprises. The empirical results reveal a statistically significant positive relationship between digital transformation and green transformation in port enterprises. Mediating mechanism analysis further shows that digital transformation reduces supply chain concentration, while higher supply chain concentration impedes the green transition of port enterprises. Therefore, digital transformation positively affects green transformation through the mediating effect of supply chain concentration. Furthermore, digital transformation effectively enhances information transparency, which in turn facilitates green transformation. Information transparency plays a significant mediating role between digital transformation and supply chain concentration. Heterogeneity results show that the impact of digital transformation on green transition varies across ports in different regions. The effect is most pronounced in the central coastal ports, followed by the southern coastal ports. However, in the northern coastal ports and Yangtze River inland ports, the role of digital transformation in advancing green transition is not significant. Furthermore, the impact of digital transformation on green transition also differs by port size. The larger ports exhibit a more pronounced positive effect of digital transformation on green transition compared to smaller ones. The conclusions provide important policy implications for promoting the coordinated transformation of digitalization and green development in the port operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:50:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692379</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating health and environmental co-benefits of active and public transport transitions: A cost-benefit analysis for transport policy in Kaohsiung, Taiwan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2725071</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transport decarbonization strategies often focus on technological solutions, yet shifts in travel behavior—such as increased active and public transport—can generate significant health and environmental co-benefits. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of promoting active and public transport in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, by quantifying both health and climate impacts. The analysis integrates the World Health Organization's Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to estimate impacts from physical activity, air pollution exposure, crash risk, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Three infrastructure investment scenarios were developed, each assuming a 10% replacement of private vehicle use with active and public transport modes, including metro, electric buses, and bicycles. All scenarios produced positive benefit–cost ratios (BCRs), ranging from 2.18:1 to 3.09:1. Scenario 3—replacing motorcycle trips with bicycles and car trips with metro and electric buses—generated the greatest benefits, largely driven by increased physical activity and reduced crash risk. While GHG reductions contributed relatively modestly in monetary terms, they reinforced the overall benefits. Expanding the mode shift to 40% further increased BCRs, indicating strong economic returns from active and public transport investments. Active and public transport infrastructure offers substantial economic and societal benefits. Integrating health and environmental assessments provides a more comprehensive basis for transport policy. Investments in bike-sharing systems and low-emission public transit can help maximize co-benefits in health, safety, and climate mitigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:49:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2725071</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental Noise in Europe 2025</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694399</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Beyond human health, high levels of environmental noise can also harm biodiversity, highlighting the need for additional actions to provide better protection to ecosystems. The report shows that at least 29% of the area protected under Natura 2000 in Europe experience noise levels that could be harmful to terrestrial wildlife, while underwater noise also presents a significant risk to marine habitats. Now in its third edition, this current Environmental noise in Europe — 2025 report draws on data collected under the 2022 reporting round of the Environmental Noise Directive (END), provided by European Union (EU) Member States (MSs) and other European Environment Agency (EEA) countries. For the first time, the 2025 edition assesses additional exposure and health effects against the updated, more stringent recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO). Produced in collaboration with the EEA′s European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment (ETC HE), the report focuses on six key areas: - the number of people exposed to noise levels harmful to health; - the health impacts and burden of disease (BoD) associated with environmental noise; - progress towards the Zero pollution target on noise for 2030; - impacts of noise on biodiversity and protected natural areas; - accessibility to green and quiet areas in European cities; - challenges and potential solutions to reduce noise impacts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:48:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694399</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Three Functions of Due Diligence Obligations in the Prevention of Vessel-Source Marine Pollution from Arctic Shipping</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article addresses the role of a due diligence obligation as a norm to remedy normative deficiencies in the international law of Arctic shipping arising from regulatory gaps. Specifically, three functions of a due diligence obligation are discussed: function as an obligation of conduct, the interstitial function, and the systemic function. It will be argued that through the three functions, to a certain extent, a due diligence obligation can contribute to remedying normative deficiencies in the international legal framework for preventing vessel-source marine pollution from Arctic shipping. At the same time, care must be taken in noting that the application of a due diligence obligation may be under challenges owing to its variable nature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 13:29:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transport Transitions: Advancing Sustainable and Inclusive Mobility: Proceedings of the 10th TRA Conference, 2024, Dublin, Ireland - Volume 4: Clean Energy Transition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671116</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is an open access book. It gathers the proceedings of the 10th edition of Transport Research Arena (TRA 2024), held on 15-18 April, 2024, in Dublin, Ireland. Contributions cover a wide range of research findings, methodological aspects, technologies and policy issues that are currently reshaping the transport and mobility system in different parts of Europe. Bridging between academic research, industrial developments, and regulations, this book offers a comprehensive review of the state-of-the art in transportation, with a special emphasis on topics concerning digital transition in transport, and inclusive and sustainable mobility alike. This is the fourth volume of a 6-volume set.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2026 08:53:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671116</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Do determinants of EV purchase intent vary across the spectrum? Evidence from Bayesian analysis of US survey data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685540</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While electric vehicle (EV) adoption has been widely studied, most research focuses on the average effects of predictors on purchase intent, overlooking variation across the distribution of EV purchase intent. This paper makes a threefold contribution by analyzing four unique explanatory variables, leveraging large-scale US survey data from 2021 to 2023, and employing Bayesian ordinal probit and Bayesian ordinal quantile modeling to evaluate the effects of these variables—while controlling for other commonly used covariates—on EV purchase intent, both on average and across its full distribution. By modeling purchase intent as an ordered outcome—from “not at all likely” to “very likely”—we reveal how covariate effects differ across levels of interest. This is the first application of ordinal quantile modeling in the EV adoption literature, uncovering heterogeneity in how potential buyers respond to key factors. For instance, confidence in development of charging infrastructure and belief in environmental benefits are linked not only to higher interest among respondents likely to adopt EVs, but also to reduced resistance among more skeptical respondents. Notably, we identify a gap between the prevalence and influence of key predictors: although few respondents report strong infrastructure confidence or frequent EV information exposure, both factors are strongly associated with increased intent across the spectrum. These findings suggest clear opportunities for targeted communication and outreach, alongside infrastructure investment, to support widespread EV adoption.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 17:02:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685540</guid>
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