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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Decolonial Feminism, Entrepreneurship, and the Use of Bicycles for Development in Northern Uganda</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625899</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to provide deeper understanding of the “grand narratives” surrounding the promise and potential that bicycles and entrepreneurship are assumed to have for women in the Global South. Decolonial feminism is used to contest Eurocentric narratives underlying bicycles and entrepreneurship and to provide nuanced insight into how women in Northern Uganda resist the oppression resulting from colonialism and patriarchy. Eighteen women from two communities shared their lived experiences of using bicycles received from a nongovernmental organization. The findings revealed that bicycles are used by women for income-generation and business activities that largely align with dominant Westernized narratives of entrepreneurship that reproduce capitalist modes of thinking. Histories of colonialism and coloniality influence gendered roles and identities that are reflected in the work women do. However, the self-organization of women has led to bicycles and “bicycle savings groups” being used by women to promote unity and advocacy that resist patriarchal oppression and may alter gender relations. This paper contributes to existing literature on gender, mobilities, and entrepreneurship, demonstrating the usefulness of decolonial feminism to reveal the threads of oppression experienced by women while at the same time centering subaltern women’s agency. The findings unveiled the need to better account for heterogenous experiences of mobilities and entrepreneurship, particularly those of subaltern women who are framed as the beneficiaries of bicycles through grand narratives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:24:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625899</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Importance of Entrepreneurship for the Maritime Sector and the Tendency of Maritime Students to Be “Maripreneurs”</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563717</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The possibility that technological advances may replace human power and lead to unemployment is one of the most debated issues in all sectors, including maritime. While some studies argue that this will not lead to unemployment but to a shift in the skills expected of workers, others insist that the probability of unemployment is high. Assuming that the second option is realized, it will be necessary to take some measures to create new jobs for laid-off workers. One of these measures could be to train people to have an entrepreneurial mindset, as entrepreneurship plays a key role in creating new jobs and thus increasing employment. In this study, the entrepreneurial tendencies of maritime students were investigated to see their potential to become entrepreneurs. For this purpose, the entrepreneurial orientation scale developed by Bolton and Lane was applied to 268 students at a maritime university. The data evaluated with the R program shows that the students have above-average risk-taking, proactiveness, and innovativeness skills which are important for entrepreneurship, thus they have the potential to become entrepreneurs or intrapreneurs if appropriate entrepreneurship education is provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jun 2025 09:42:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563717</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Catalyzing entrepreneurship in county regions: Assessing the impact of high-speed rail connectivity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2506458</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Entrepreneurial activities play a pivotal role in national economic development. Utilizing panel data from Chinese counties, this article examines the impact and underlying mechanism of high-speed rail (HSR) connectivity on county-level entrepreneurship, employing a multi-period difference-in-differences model. The findings indicate that HSR connectivity significantly enhances county entrepreneurship, a result that remains robust after rigorous testing methods such as Bacon decomposition, instrumental variable analysis, and two-stage DID estimation. Mechanism tests reveal that HSR connectivity promotes entrepreneurship by promoting technological spillover, accelerating economic agglomeration and boosting technological spillovers in counties. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the promotional effect of HSR connectivity on entrepreneurship is primarily observed in small-scale enterprises, as well as in labor-intensive and capital-intensive industries. Additionally, there is distinct core-periphery heterogeneity, with HSR connectivity mainly strengthening entrepreneurial vitality in core counties and non-interprovincial border counties, while having a limited impact on periphery and interprovincial border counties. Further analysis reveals that the positive impact of HSR connectivity on county-level entrepreneurship is highly localized, exhibiting a distinct “pass-through effect”. Specifically, the entrepreneurial benefits of HSR connectivity are predominantly concentrated in directly connected counties, while adjacent and along-the-line counties experience negligible spillover effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Feb 2025 12:00:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2506458</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Relationship and Differences Between Entrepreneurship and Research in the CrowdMapping Project for Crowdsourced Urban Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407148</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing interest and the amount of capital invested in the technology of autonomous vehicles in urban and suburban environments resulted in a surge of research activities sustained around urban mobility in the competitive as well as the academic sector. The CrowdMapping project at the Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics is one of such endeavors aiming at developing the necessary technology backbones for crowdsourced map data acquisition for autonomous traffic and transportation. In this article, the authors are introducing the differences the authors came to understand between the mindset and the aims of an entrepreneur versus a researcher and show how the authors attempted to manage these distinctions during the 2021 EIT Jumpstarter competition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 11:12:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407148</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Institutional entrepreneurship and carbon reduction practices − Evidence from South Korea aviation industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2427944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper identifies regulatory requirements as primary drivers for participation in domestic ETSs, supported by common values and reputation considerations. This extends the theory of institutional entrepreneurship by demonstrating how regulatory frameworks can incentivize corporate actors to adopt sustainable practices. It highlights the critical role of regulatory environments in shaping institutional entrepreneurship, suggesting that stringent regulations can effectively drive organizations toward sustainability. This perceived normative and cognitive pressure aligns with Levy and Kolk (2002), which suggests that climate strategies are formulated by managers from countries where such environmental practices are strictly required (Pinkse, 2007). Compared with previous studies, this paper reveals that collective institutional entrepreneurship can create opportunities for integrating sustainability policies under favorable conditions. Unlike Jolly et al. (2016), who highlighted the isolated and contested actions of individual actors, this study shows that sustainability policies and developments by legacy aviation groups often overlap at both micro (individual) and meso (organizational or institutional) levels. This intersection of corporate values with individual passengers, other subsidiary airlines and international community expectations underscores a collective institutional entrepreneurship that fosters integrated sustainability policies under favorable conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Sep 2024 09:06:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2427944</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating blockchain technology adoption in multi-tier supply chains from an institutional entrepreneurship theory perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2343427</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The presence of Blockchain Technology (BCT) and its potential supply chain (SC) and logistic benefits—such as improved resilience or lessened disruption—have motivated organizations to consider BCT investment. BCT is a relatively novel technology and requires multiple participants to meet its greatest potential. Its novelty is a barrier to its adoption and can be dependent on an innovator or leader to convince others to invest in or adopt BCT. Using an institutional entrepreneurship theoretical lens, the authors determine who should lead the investment (adoption) or whether a collaborative investment is best. Insights into this context can be garnered using a sequential game-theoretic model where lead investment roles switch amongst parties. Four scenarios are evaluated and consider full, partial, or no collaboration between SC entities. Within this framework, the two-stage process of adopting and implementing BCT is introduced to separate cost and demand channels. During the adoption stage, a reduction in marginal production cost via positive net benefits of BCT-based transportation and logistics is considered in the cost channel. In the implementation stage, the optimal level of BCT investment is determined, increasing shipping quality for consumers in transportation and logistics and reducing supply chain disruption simultaneously, which is considered in the demand channel. The results show that greater disruption likelihood will boost retail prices, intermediate prices, and profits of SC entities after BCT is adopted. The authors also find that traditional SCs with higher disruption levels result in lower BCT investment. When a leader in the sequential game (the manufacturer in the authors' model) is the institutional entrepreneur, collaboration in BCT investment becomes more attractive. One important—and counterintuitive—result reveals that when full SC cooperation doesn’t exist, the entire SC is better off when the follower (not the leader) in a sequential game leads BCT adoption. The unique role of reduction in transportation and logistics costs via the cost channel is to compensate for a lower BCT investment due to lack of competition or reinforce a higher BCT investment by counterbalancing opportunistic behaviors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2024 14:12:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2343427</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entrepreneurial ecosystem and urban innovation: Contextual findings in the lens of sustainable development from China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2169664</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Entrepreneurial activities constitute a critical antecedent to urban innovation (UI), which reflects the levels of innovation and creation activities in cities and is strongly related to their economic development. Existing research on UI focuses on the net effects of individual explanatories in isolation while leaving the synergistic effects between these factors under-examined. Drawing from the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) theory, the authors constructed an entrepreneurial ecosystem composed of market, finance, human capital, internet access, transportation, and government, adopting the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) of 34 representative cities in China to analyze the combined effects of multiple elements underpinned UI. Consequently, the following findings were observed. First, no single entrepreneurial ecosystem element constitutes a necessary condition for a high UI level. Second, large markets and well-designed government services correspond well to high UI levels. Third, the lack of mature transportation and a large market lead to a non-high level. This study advances antecedent research on UI by addressing the complex mechanism of multi-factor linkages.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 May 2023 17:41:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2169664</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determinant factors for the development of rural entrepreneurship</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2169643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Promoting rural entrepreneurship provides solutions for depopulation and economic development. This paper studies the phenomenon of rural entrepreneurial activity in Spain, where the depopulation of territories has become a serious problem.Using regional panel data for the period 2007–2018, the study examines whether factors such as the unemployment rate, GDP per capita, economic growth, bank credit, road infrastructure, R&D investment and the level of human capital are related to the propensity to undertake entrepreneurship in the rural environment.On the one hand, rural entrepreneurship is based on market opportunities, not conditioned by the level of regional unemployment. On the other hand, rural entrepreneurs find greater opportunities for entrepreneurship when they are in an environment characterised by investment in R&D and available credit. However, professionals with a higher level of education find the rural environment less attractive for entrepreneurship than do professionals with secondary education.This work enriches our knowledge of the factors that encourage rural entrepreneurship in Spain and invites public authorities to reflect on the economic policies of employment, education, innovation and the promotion of financing that revitalise the rural environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 May 2023 17:41:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2169643</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The complexity of entrepreneurial ecosystem evolution and new venture policy: The case of the U.S. commercial space ecosystem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2155031</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent scrutiny on policy interventions to promote start-ups has increased attention toward stimulating more innovative, high-growth ventures. Responding to the shortcomings in such interventions, scholars call for more attention to contexts in which new ventures emerge and how policies can shape the environment to be more conducive to venturing. The concept of an entrepreneurial ecosystem is a valuable framework for understanding such a context as it highlights the evolutionary and interdependent complexity of such a system. How this complexity affects the effectiveness of policy interventions, however, remains unclear. Applying a complex adaptive systems framework, the authors study the U.S. commercial space ecosystem to examine its evolution and the role policy interventions play. Their analysis suggests that by understanding an emerging ecosystem as a complex adaptive system, policy makers can be more effective by appropriately selecting, targeting, and timing interventions to match the unique nature of individual, targeted components of the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Apr 2023 09:49:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2155031</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fostering entrepreneurial competencies for business model innovation - the case of Audi Denkwerkstatt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2060288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Corporate incubators are a phenomenon of increasing relevance to elicit business model innovation (BMI) within large firms. They equip talented employees with entrepreneurial competencies (ECs) to identify, build, and pursue new ventures. However, their specific approach in developing ECs conducive to BMI has been understudied so far. Based on an in-depth case study at Audi Denkwerkstatt, one of Germany's most successful corporate incubators in BMI, the authors investigate how ECs emerge along the incubation process. Specifically, the authors' study suggests four distinct levers facilitating EC development: (1) a dedicated team of venture developers, coaching and guiding the intrapreneurs; (2) friendly internal coopetition among the intrapreneurs, sparking positive tension and higher performance; (3) co-living, nurturing continuous creative exchange, team intimacy, and trust; 4) co-working and early partnering in the start-up ecosystem. The authors' findings underline the importance of corporate incubators in developing ECs to effectuate BMI in the automotive industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2022 09:49:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2060288</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Do maritime innovation centers produce results?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2023082</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the last decade, numerous innovation centers, accelerators, and incubators have been developed globally to facilitate startup firms within the global maritime sector or as it is a part of what is called the “Blue Economy.” Several of these industry-focused centers have a venture funding connection as part of their offerings. The intent is to spur development of new technologies to be incorporated within the maritime logistics industry or totally reinvent processes that have been in place for decades. Ideation competitions have been developed in some instances and entrepreneurs are urged to participate in programs that will provide networking opportunities and access to funding. Despite this development, the number of maritime startups that reach minimum viable product for introduction and investment remains small in comparison to other industries. This study will examine the current state of maritime innovation centers around the world and consider the value of these programs in the evolution of the industry toward digitization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Oct 2022 17:11:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2023082</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Genesis of social entrepreneurship in the development of the transport sector in the region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993335</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The genesis of social entrepreneurship is actively discussed in the global community as a socio-economic category, the concept of which has evolved from theoretical concepts into global practice. The research shows that social entrepreneurship, gaining popularity of its humanistic direction, determines alternative routes of state welfare provision of the country’s population. The evolution of the essential features of the definition "social entrepreneurship" points to ensuring: 1) implementation of the social mission of an innovative "firm" striving towards sustainable self-sufficiency; 2) responsibility of economic subjects (self-employment, small and medium entrepreneurship), through which problems in the social sphere of society are solved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Aug 2022 09:23:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993335</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pandemics Trends in E-commerce: Drop Shipping Entrepreneurship During COVID-19 Pandemic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1991449</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drop shipping represents a delivery business model based on e-commerce logistics, which is very relevant in the global pandemic crisis. In this model, buyers order products and services directly from the manufacturer over the Internet through the intermediary of a drop shipper who ensures the easiest and fastest delivery. Drop shipper is a type of e-commerce entrepreneur that offers goods using online logistics infrastructure to ensure direct physical delivery from the manufacturer to the retailer or customer. This includes drop shipping as a business model to Industry 4.0 (i.e. the digital economy). This paper elaborates how a particular e-commerce model affects the development and improvement of global supply chains. Aim of this paper is to research how entrepreneur can lower its costs along drop shipping supply chain by managing inventory ratios or cost of stock. This enables drop shipping to greatly facilitate market access for cash-strapped entrepreneurs. The authors also conducted a simulation of optimized drop shipping process to show that there is a constant adaptability for entrepreneurs using drop shipping, especially among small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The timeliness of drop shipping is that it has facilitated as a global delivery solution in relation to the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). Moreover, drop shipping is based on a Activity-Based Costing (ABC model) whose quantitative efficiency has been proven by scientific analysis and research results. Finally, the legal aspects of drop shipping are given importance in the situation of COVID-19 which had a crucial impact on international trade in 2020, especially in predicting shortterm trade trends. Due to this within this paper the authors also examined the effects of the ˝coronavirus˝ on global e-commerce. Global drop shipping data ensures qualitative predictions considering pandemic environment, social distancing issues and internet trade curves which are more than useful in today’s changing business conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2022 11:42:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1991449</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>What stalls a renewable energy industry? Industry outlook of the aviation biofuels industry in Australia, Germany, and the USA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1922718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the global aviation industry's strong endorsement of a switch to aviation biofuels, fossil fuel remains the dominant energy source for air travel. Drawing on a multiple case study of 58 organizations in the emerging aviation biofuels industry relevant to Australia, Germany, and the USA, the authors unpack the lessons learned from this stalling industry. First and foremost, the authors identify a key difference in industry outlooks and corresponding strategic mindsets. Specifically, the two outlooks—industry optimism and industry pessimism—seem to correspond to specific strategic mindsets. Whereas industry optimists (1) stressed diversification, (2) were demand-driven in their decisions about R&D, and generally (3) had a learning orientation to innovations, industry pessimists emphasized the need for (1) premium pricing, (2) government intervention, and (3) economies of scale as key drivers of industry development and growth. The authors also found geographic differences in industry outlooks among biofuel entrepreneurs and other stakeholders in Australia, Germany, and the USA. Through their findings, the authors offer insights for policymakers and other industries seeking to transition to renewables.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Mar 2022 10:28:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1922718</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Small business survival and COVID-19 - An exploratory analysis of carriers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1852567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Small businesses are more susceptible to cash flow problems created by the COVID-19 pandemic putting them in jeopardy of survival. This research utilized a case study methodology that focused on small businesses in the trucking industry to assess the impact of this pandemic on the supply chain. Power imbalances can occur in the supply chain when certain parties act opportunistically. These imbalances are analyzed through theories of Resource Dependence, Resource Orchestration, and Entrepreneurial Orientation and embellished through the business failure and crisis management literature. Using actual data, the study shows the power shifts in the supply chain. Using qualitative data, the responses taken by these small businesses to survive the crisis were reviewed. The sales data of these small businesses were then compared to a national transportation index. The results of the comparison show more volatility among these businesses than the index. Both small businesses utilized their entrepreneurial orientation (EO) by taking forward-looking actions to reduce their risk exposure and avoid failure. They also utilized resource orchestration theory by restructuring their resource portfolio to lower their cost structures via selected layoffs. They also took advantage of market opportunities by obtaining payback protection program (PPP) loans and pursuing new customer opportunities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jul 2021 12:04:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1852567</guid>
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