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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Tsunami evacuation experiment using a mobile application: A design science approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1508688</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Disaster evacuation drills are one of the important soft countermeasures to ensure proper response when a real tsunami arrives. With the goal of enhancing the traditional evacuation drill, this study developed a mobile application prototype to be used as an educational tool in a drill exercise. The mobile application retrieves the current location of the user and shows the inundation depth of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami, together with the map, latitude, and longitude. Experiments were conducted in the town of Matsushima and the city of Iwanuma in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, to investigate the effect of using the information provided. These locations were affected by the 2011 tsunami. The results revealed a change in the behavior and decision making of the participants, who considered the inundation depth of their evacuation route and the safety of their chosen destination. This application does not require complex techniques; thus, teachers, drill executors, and community leaders can follow this strategy to enhance their tsunami evacuation drills using mobile devices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Apr 2018 17:20:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1508688</guid>
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      <title>An examination of regional tsunami evacuation planning model including motor vehicle utilization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1373478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Adding the option of motor vehicle use for tsunami evacuation may be effective in some areas on the regional tsunami evacuation planning. Although, when many people take motor vehicles for the evacuation, these may occur heavy traffic. To enable all people to arrive immediately safety zone from estimated tsunami inundation area, it is needed to formulate strategically tsunami evacuation plan. This study examines regional tsunami evacuation schemes including motor vehicle evacuation based on regional features, workshops, evacuation drills, and questionnaire surveys. Results of evacuation drills showed that residents in long-distance regions to evacuation sites have more high possibility not to arrive evacuation sites until estimated tsunami arrival time. A scheme of tsunami evacuation rules are pictured based on these results.津波からの避難の方法として、地域の置かれている環境によっては、自動車での避難を選択肢に加えておいたほうが効率的な場合もある。一方で多くの住民が自動車避難を選択した場合には、渋滞が起こる可能性もある。浸水の危険性のない区域まで全員が混乱なく迅速に移動できるようにするためには、地域の特性を踏まえて、津波到達予想時間までの間に取るべき行動を地域全体で戦略的に考えておくことが求められる。本研究では、上記を踏まえ、津波避難訓練、ワークショップ、質問紙調査の結果をもとに、地域の津波避難対策のあり方について検討する。2011年度から2013年度にかけて実施された津波避難訓練より、避難場所までの距離が長い地域では津波到達予想時間までに避難できない可能性が高いこと等が示された。これらの結果をもとにして、地域の津波避難ルール（案）を示した。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2015 09:14:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1373478</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Being Prepared</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1348942</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes an emergency disaster drill conducted by Salt Lake City International Airport in Salt Lake City, Utah. The drill was designed to assess the airport's ability to respond to disasters and to equip all airport staff with the necessary skills to provide emergency response services.The article reports on the exercise, which simulates a response to an air crash. Detailed are the initial notification of first responders about the incident, the process of emergency response, a description of the crash site (or "hot zone"), and observations of responses to unexpected events. A roundtable discussion and after-action report describe the strengths and areas for improvement identified during the exercise.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2015 09:50:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1348942</guid>
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      <title>Effectiveness Evaluation on Fire Drills for Emergency and PSC Inspections on Board</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1324040</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper evaluates effectiveness of fire drills for emergency and responding to Port State Control (PSC) inspections on board. A brief background about the PSC inspection on fire drills on board is introduced in the beginning. Then the significance of effectiveness evaluation on fire drills is presented. Next, legal ground is discussed on International Conventions, including regulation of related regional group, national maritime laws and rules and Concentrated Inspection Campaign (CIC). Furthermore, PSC New Inspection Regime (NIR) for Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and Tokyo MOU are also discussed, and many deficiencies related to fire safety measures found in the PSC inspection are statistically analyzed. More importantly, the paper introduces System Engineering Theory, presents the principle and method of effectiveness evaluation, focuses on the preparation, performance and rehabilitation of fire drill and develops the Criterion of Effectiveness Evaluation. Finally, some suggestions are raised to carry out effectiveness evaluation for emergency and responding to the PSC inspection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2014 09:00:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1324040</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Tsunami Evacuation Systems in Tourist Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1283728</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines issues and measures of tsunami evacuation systems in tourist area. Tourist area is the spot that many people crowd from outside area. Those people are probably unfamiliar to specific localities and regional hazards. Many tourist sites in Japan are in the areas where tsunami inundation is estimated. When tsunami attack is imminent, it is necessary that residents, employees, and tourists can take refuge in safety zones away from anticipated tsunami inundation areas. A tsunami evacuation drill was conducted around Shirarahama beach of Shirahama Town, which is a tourist site. On the basis of these results, problems of transmitting information, guiding evacuation, and evacuation routes and destinations are discussed.大地震の発生後、津波の来襲の危険性がある状況では、津波浸水想定区域からいち早く避難することが求められるが、津波浸水危険区域の中に滞在しているのは地域住民のみとは限らない。地域外から多くの人々が集積する場所として、観光地があげられる。観光地を訪れる人たちは、地震や津波に対する地域の危険性を知らないことも多く、土地勘もあまりないと想定される。このような中でも大津波警報が発令されるような状況になると、高台等に多くの人たちを避難誘導することが求められる。そこで本研究では、観光地における津波避難対策の課題と対策のあり方を示すことを目的として実施する。調査対象地域は和歌山県白浜町の白良浜周辺地域である。本地域は、観光シーズンには地域外から多くの人々が集積している場所である。海水浴場周辺において実施された津波避難訓練をもとに検討した結果、「情報伝達」、「避難誘導体制」、「避難路・避難場所」に関する課題があることが示された。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2014 10:45:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1283728</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>National Transportation Safety Board Safety Recommendation R-06-18</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/793422</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These safety recommendations, addressed to Mr. Edward R. Hamburger, Association of American Railroads and Mr. Richard F. Timmons, American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association,  address railroad practices related to notification of and coordination with local emergency responders in accidents involving the release of hazardous materials. The recommendations are derived from the Safety Board’s investigation of the October 15, 2005, collision of two UP freight trains at UP’s Texarkana rail yard, and are consistent with the evidence NTSB found and the analysis it performed. The recommendations are as follows: (1) To all railroads that operate railroad yards: In coordination with communities adjacent to your railroad yards, develop and implement emergency planning and response procedures for handling releases of hazardous materials. These procedures should address, at a minimum, initial notification procedures, response actions for the safe handling of releases of the various types of hazardous materials transported, identification of key contact personnel, conduct of emergency drills and exercises, and identification of the resources to be provided and the actions to be taken by the railroad and the community (R-85-53). (2) To all Class I railroads and railroad systems: Develop, implement, and keep current, in coordination with communities adjacent to your railroad yards and along your hazardous materials routes, written emergency response plans and procedures for handling release of hazardous materials. The procedures should address, at a minimum, key railroad personnel and means of contact, procedures to identify the hazardous materials being transported, identification of resources for technical assistance that may be needed during the response effort, procedures for coordination of activities between railroad and emergency response personnel, and the conduct of disaster drills or other appropriate methods to test emergency response plans (R-91-15). (3) To the American Short Line Railroad Association: Encourage the regional and local railroads in your membership that transport hazardous materials to develop, implement, and keep current, in coordination with communities adjacent to their railroad yards and along their hazardous materials routes, written emergency response plans and procedures for handling releases of hazardous materials. The procedures should address, at a minimum, key railroad personnel and means of contact, procedures to identify the hazardous materials being transported, identification of resources for technical assistance that may be needed during the response effort, procedures for coordination of activities between railroad and emergency response personnel, and the conduct of disaster drills or other appropriate methods to test emergency response plans (R-91-17). (4) To the Association of American Railroads and the American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association: Using the circumstances of the accident in Texarkana, Arkansas, on October 15, 2005, reemphasize through your publications, web site, and meetings the importance of conducting periodic joint emergency response drills and exercises with communities adjacent to railroad yards and along hazardous materials routes, to help ensure effective communications and coordination when accidents occur (R-06-18).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2006 11:32:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/793422</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Transportation Security, Volume 9: Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/781125</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This ninth volume of both NCHRP Report 525:  "Surface Transportation Security" and TCRP Report 86:  "Public Transportation Security" is designed to assist transportation agencies in developing drills and exercises in alignment with the National Incident Management System (NIMS).  In his September 8, 2004, letter to state governors, Department of Homeland Security Tom Ridge wrote that "NIMS provides a consistent nationwide approach for Federal, State, territorial, tribal, and local governments to work effectively and efficiently together to prepare for, prevent, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents, regardless of cause, size or complexity."  The objective of this volume is to provide guidelines for use by transportation exercise coordinators.  Steps are described in the process of emergency exercise development, implementation, and evaluation.  In addition, the available literature and materials to support transportation agencies--including state departments of transportation (DOTs), traffic management centers (TMCs), and public transportation systems--are described.  Useful materials are presented as references, with Internet addresses, where applicable.  The guidelines in this report are supplemented online at www.TRB.org/SecurityPubs and http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=6007 with more than 80 resource files.  These guidelines comprise the required elements of a successful transportation emergency exercise program.  However, transportation professionals seeking greater levels of preparedness must recognize the critical part that public safety organizations will play in any community emergency and must closely coordinate with these organizations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 2006 14:59:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/781125</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Better Planning for Emergencies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/775192</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, emergency drills have been expanded by many airports to include a full range of security issues, engaging many of the organizations that would be required to participate in a real emergency.  This article describes one such exercise in Boston, Massachusetts, the largest such drill conducted in the world to date, designed to show how airport and security forces would cope with a terrorist attack.  More than 50 aviation emergency response and law enforcement organizations participated.  The goals of this exercise were to help develop communication and coordination of all the agencies involved.  The exercise demonstrated the difficulty of communicating in a crowded and noisy emergency operations center, the strain on data feed capabilities, and the unexpected demands on equipment that this type of event places on an airline and emergency responders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Mar 2006 09:04:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/775192</guid>
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