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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Cyclic model tests and numerical investigation of back-to-back geosynthetic-reinforced MSE walls supporting railway embankment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709932</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls are widely used to support railway embankments and bridge abutments subjected to repeated dynamic loads. However, their complex wall interaction, reinforcement behavior, and deformation response under varying loading frequencies are not fully understood, particularly when alternative backfill materials are used. Thus, this paper presents model tests and numerical studies of the dynamic response of the back-to-back MSE walls supporting railway embankment/railway bridge abutments. Effects of different arrangements of geogrid layers with the interaction between both walls with varying ranges of frequency and loading cycles were evaluated. The 1:10 scale was used for the complete model setup in the laboratory. The method of construction of the model back-to-back MSE walls was followed as per the FHWA design guideline. Result in terms of maximum wall deformation was observed at a loading frequency of 2 Hz, indicating that loading frequency significantly influences wall deformation for all geogrid connectivity cases. Percentage reduction in wall deformation for connected and overlapped case at 2 Hz when compared to unconnected case was 41.7 and 93.3. The same minimum and maximum tensile forces trend for the 9th geogrid layer was observed for 5 Hz and 2 Hz frequencies. Conclusion of this study highlights the potential for the practical use of coal mine overburden waste as backfill or subballast material in geosynthetic-reinforced walls. Further, a design example was carried out considering lateral earth pressure coefficient K. A comparative study with design example for the external stability analysis observed during the investigation was presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 11:38:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709932</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Design and Performance Evaluation of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Load Transfer Platforms in Pile-Supported Embankments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678456</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study focuses on the design and performance evaluation of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Load Transfer Platforms in Pile-Supported Embankments (GLTP-PSE), with emphasis on performance indicators such as arching height, maximum strain, differential settlement, tensile forces in geosynthetics, and soil arching mechanisms. The main objective of the current study is to evaluate the design methodologies of GLTP-PSE through comprehensive 3D Finite Element (FE) analyses. Results from the 3D FE analyses were compared with measurements from a case study and six established GLTP-PSE design methodologies. Key findings include the identification of a progressive concentrated ellipsoid as the soil arching formation, with arching height influenced by embankment equivalent height (accounting for embankment and traffic loads), pile spacing, maximum strain along the geosynthetics, and the number of geosynthetic layers. The load distribution on geosynthetic reinforcement was found to align more closely with a non-linear inverse triangular pattern.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 15:59:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678456</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Internal Stability of Back-to-Back Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls Supporting the Rail Embankment System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113202</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth walls (BBMSEWs) have been increasingly used for the bridge approaches where there is an elevation from the ground level to the bridge level. Their usage has been increased because of continuing expansion of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane and railways in urban areas. More precisely, their applications are in narrow ramps and turning lanes. These walls are constructed on the lanes of existing medians. So such back-to-back walls have small aspect ratios. FHWA design guidelines available for numerical modeling of BBMSEWs are limited when the distance between two opposing walls interacts with each other. So a numerical and an experimental study has been carried out for the case when the two opposing walls interact with each other. In the analysis, rigid and flexible facing panels, geo-synthetic materials as reinforcements have been used. Stiffness of the reinforcing material has been varied. A parametric study has been carried to analyze the effect of them in the reduction of the distance between two opposing walls. Also the tensile stress distribution for varying distance between two opposing walls has been carried out.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113202</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Classification of road transport earth retaining structures based on improved ConvNeXt V2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An earth-retaining structure (ERS) is a type of wall widely used to support and protect soil, rock, or other earth materials in many parts of transport infrastructure. ERSs are constructed to create grade separation, particularly at inclined locations or where earth cuttings are required. Over 42 types of ERSs exist in the areas under the jurisdiction of Transport for New South Wales (TfNSW). For effective structural health monitoring, it is crucial to classify an ERS according to its type and establish its GPS coordinates and longitudinal length. The classification is necessary because the defects that occur in the ERS depend on its type. This study proposes a deep learning-based framework that leverages ConvNeXt V2 to classify ERS types and capture the relevant data from vehicle-mounted video capturing systems. The framework integrates spatial–temporal image sequences with GPS coordinates and longitudinal length to enhance context-aware recognition. An improved ConvNeXt V2 model is fine-tuned to learn rich visual features of ERS embedded with GPS metadata. The model is trained and evaluated on a dataset comprising diverse ERS classes captured across TfNSW road transport areas. The experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in classification accuracy and robustness. This emphasizes the potential of the proposed system for scalable, automated ERS inventory and condition assessment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 09:09:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shear Wave Velocity Measurements - Phase II</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640695</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this project is to update and refine the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT)’s geotechnical seismic site investigation and analysis procedures in response to the release of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide Specifications for Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Seismic Bridge Design, 3rd Edition. This will also include updates for geotechnical investigations procedures, analysis methods, and global stability procedures for retaining wall and embankment design in response to AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 10th Edition. The project will include an evaluation of available software programs that may assist in performing the required seismic analysis as it relates to transportation projects, including but not limited to bridges, culverts, retaining walls, and roadway embankments. The conclusions and results of the analysis will be incorporated into the existing Engineering Policy Guide (EPG). Additionally, at the conclusion of the project, MoDOT staff will be trained on the preferred methods of performing the updated seismic hazard analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:39:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640695</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transportation and Environmental Geotechnics: Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2021 Volume 4</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book comprises the select peer-reviewed proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC) 2021. The contents focus on Geotechnics for Infrastructure Development and Innovative Applications. This book covers topics related application of natural and artificial geosynthetics in shallow foundation bearing capacity enhancement, highway & railway pavements, high speed rail and geo-environmental applications. Topics also covered related to simulation of geosynthetic encased stone column, application of geosynthetic for ground improvement, pore size distribution of compacted expansive soils, MICP, landfills, among others. This book is of interest to those in academia and industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 2025 17:07:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579150</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Engineering assessment of reinforced earth wall and vehicular underpass sections in a six-lane highway: Analysis, causes, and remedial measures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568599</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reinforced Earth (RE) walls are a crucial innovation in modern construction, integrating soil with reinforcement elements to enhance performance under various loading conditions. This study investigates the deficiencies observed in RE walls and the Vehicular Underpass (VUP) sections of a six-lane highway, with a focus on identifying the root causes. Through field observations, geotechnical investigations, panel testing, design assessments, and an evaluation of prefatory rectification measures (i.e., soil nailing), the study identifies key issues: unsuitable backfill material, inadequate drainage provisions, and flawed design considerations, including improper design of soil nailing. This unique stability assessment of RE walls examined the impact of unsuitable material properties under saturated and submerged conditions. The research highlights the significance of material properties and design methodologies in structural performance, providing valuable insights into failure causes. Moreover, the retrofitting measure is suggested to address this deficiency for the long-term stability of the structure. This study provides valuable insights into the post-construction stability assessment of RE walls and the application of soil nails, presenting a practical framework for effectively addressing similar field challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568599</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geotechnical Challenges in Design and Construction of Bridge Foundations and Approaches in Hilly Granite Formation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406875</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a case study of geotechnical design and construction challenges of bridge foundations and approaches in a hilly granite formation in northern New South Wales, Australia. Firstly, the geological formation and existing cut slope conditions which have high risks of rock fall will be described. The original design was based on the available geotechnical information and assumed construction methodology. Reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls founded on mass concrete were adopted for the bridge southern approach to resolve constructability issues over hilly terrain. The design considered retaining wall block sliding stability while overturning and internal stabilities were satisfied. Slope treatments using a rock fall fence together with individual boulder stabilisation or removal were also considered. It was found during construction that the actual ground conditions were different to that originally inferred and modifications to pad footing designs were deemed necessary. Additional investigations were undertaken, and the subsurface ground models updated to inform the revised design. For the northern bridge abutment foundation, a piled foundation was introduced to optimise the design with due consideration of temporary piling platform and access along a new geotextile reinforced approach embankment. The revised design was developed in close collaboration with the Contractor and the Principal. The foundation design of Pier 2 was revised using micro-piles to address the presence of a weak rock layer intrusion. In the end, key lessons learnt from this challenging project have been summarised for future project references.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Mar 2025 10:12:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406875</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Jet Grouted Settlement Isolation Wall at the Henry Ford Avenue Grade Separation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2187753</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The grade separation included a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) approach embankment 9.5 meters high and located two to five meters away from State Route 47 bridge approach foundations. Even with ground improvement, beneath the MSE embankment, unacceptably high static settlement influence was calculated along SR47. To reduce this influence, a settlement isolation wall (SIW) was conceived, designed, and constructed between the two. The SIW consisted of a 100- to 300-mm wide, 15-meter deep weakened plane constructed using jet grouting. During construction, settlement monitoring points established on the SR-47 improvements and MSE wall panels confirmed reasonable effectiveness of the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Dec 2024 10:56:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2187753</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simplified Approach for Estimating Caisson Spacing and Post Construction Loads in a Caisson Wall</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2190806</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the results of post construction monitoring of a caisson wall system used to stabilize a landslide that impacted a roadway on a steep alluvial bank along the Ohio River in eastern Ohio. From the post construction monitoring, a simplified approach for evaluating the spacing of the wall system and estimating current loads on the caissons, within the pre-defined failure surface, has been developed. The approach includes the development of site specific design charts, which can be readily utilized to evaluate the above criteria.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2024 16:53:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2190806</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Earth Retention Conference 3</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2338702</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This collection contains 93 papers that examine the major developments over the past 20 years in the design and construction practice of earth-retaining structures worldwide. Topics include: supported excavations; mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls; seismic evaluation of retention systems; numerical analyses of retention systems; load and resistance factor design; and landslide stabilization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:16:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2338702</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lessons Learned from Settlement of Three Highway Embankment MSE Walls</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2172644</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Three MSE walls were constructed along a two-lane rural highway where the use of non-standard on-site material as wall backfill initially appeared to be a great cost-savings measure with relatively low risk to the overall performance of the walls. The MSE walls ranged in maximum height from 8 to 11 meters and extended from 119 to 332 meters in length. Settlement of 76 to 152 millimeters was observed in the outbound roadway lane less than six months after construction. Longitudinal cracking appeared near the centerline of the roadway above the MSE walls, with voids up to 2 meters deep at spot locations. Roadway distress above the MSE walls was caused by settlement and piping of the wall backfill material. Several site-specific issues contributing to the MSE wall distress, including; (1) up to 45% fines in the wall backfill material, (2) rigid temporary shoring (soil nail walls) at the back of the more flexible MSE wall, and (3) an unlined ditch at the top of the wall, allowing surface water to flow through the clean gravel roadway base course to the back of the MSE wall. Three main lessons were learned from this case history. First, using non-standard on-site material as wall backfill ended up costing more than if imported fill was used, even though initial project costs were less and it appeared to be low risk to the wall performance. Secondly, temporary shoring systems need to be considered in conjunction with the design of MSE walls due to the differences in potential deformation between the two systems, which could lead to cracking at the interface of the two walls. Thirdly, prevention of surface water infiltration into the MSE wall system would have prevented piping of the wall backfill material and drainage improvements are relatively inexpensive costs compared to the overall cost of the entire MSE wall.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:16:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2172644</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Golden Ears Bridge Design-Build Project: Stabilizing Abutment-Wall System for Unnamed Creek Bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2172618</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Geotechnical explorations for a bridge crossing an unnamed creek near Vancouver, British Columbia, identified a sloping layer of soft clay approximately 10 m below the ground surface at one of the bridge abutment slopes. The clay was interpreted to be sensitive, and stability analyses suggested that ground improvement or other stabilization was necessary for the bridge abutments. Various design options were evaluated, and a stabilizing abutment-wall system consisting of pipe piles to support the bridge and its approaches and to stabilize the east slope was selected for the project. This paper discusses the design concept and the numerical modeling performed for the stabilizing abutment-wall system and summarizes field monitoring that was carried out during construction of the foundation system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:16:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2172618</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LRFD for Earth Retaining Structures in U.S. Transportation Practice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2172578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the geotechnical aspects of earth retaining structures in the context of U.S. transportation practice based on Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) methodology as adopted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The paper provides information on: (1) basic concepts of LRFD; (2) limit states, loads, load factors and resistance factors for earth retaining structures; (3) comparisons with past practice based on allowable stress design (ASD); and (4) considerations for limit state analyses for earth retaining structures in an LRFD framework. Fill and cut walls are addressed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:16:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2172578</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Feasibility study of using Natural Para rubber for reinforced embankment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2256508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research developed a natural para rubber from rubber tree sap as a biodegradable-reinforced material in geogrid application with the purpose of membrane support, bearing capacity increment, and lateral restraint in embankment construction. Biaxial geogrids with an aperture size of 20mm × 20mm were prepared from the ribbed smoked sheet (RSS) made of the coagulated latex sheets, and rubber compound sheet (RCS) made of chemically modified RSS sheet to increase the rubber performance were investigated and compared. The performance of RSS and RCS was evaluated under the actual situation in a field test with an area of 4.5 m-length x 1 m-width with 0.5 m-depth. In each studied area of the reinforced zone, RSS and RCS were separately inserted at 250 and 450mm from the base of a field test as the 1st and 2nd reinforcement layers, respectively. The load was applied to simulate the traffic load. The RSS- and RCS-reinforced zones in the field test were compared with the non-reinforced zone in terms of settlement and rut depth. The drastic settlement and rut depth were significantly detected in non-reinforced zones compared to the reinforced zones. Meanwhile, higher settlement and rut depth were observed at RSS-reinforced zones compared to the RCS-reinforced zones. The RCS geogrid in this research was successfully applied as a functional biodegradable-reinforced material for embankment construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Oct 2023 17:05:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2256508</guid>
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