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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Rotorcraft Crash Dynamics for Development of Improved Crashworthiness Design Criteria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742403</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A review was conducted of U.S. civil helicopter accidents occurring between 1974 and 1978 to determine impact conditions and injuries to the occupants. This report describes the distribution of impact conditions. Also, six typical impact scenarios were developed to represent classes of accidents. A rank-ordered analysis of crash hazards is presented. The report also contains an evaluation of computer techniques available for structural crash dynamics simulation and a comparison of the civil and military helicopter crash environments. Recommended crashworthiness design criteria for civil rotorcraft are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2026 16:07:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742403</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the Influence Law of Tunnel Primary-Support Arch Frame on Rock-Bolt Support Function</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2772593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study reviews the development of research on systematic-rock-bolt effectiveness in soil tunnels and clarifies the mechanism of rock-bolt inefficiency. Field statistics show that rock-bolt axial forces in soil tunnels are generally low or even compressive, especially at the arch crown, indicating limited contribution to overall stability. Comparative analysis further suggests a strong correlation between arch-frame support and rock-bolt inefficiency. Numerical simulations and physical model tests were conducted to investigate the influence law and mechanism of arch frames on rock-bolt mechanical behavior. Results show that, compared with the bolt-only scheme, the combined bolt-and-arch-frame scheme reduces bolt axial force by about 90%, and some crown bolts become compressive under shallow-burial conditions. The main mechanism is that the high stiffness of the arch frame restrains surrounding-rock deformation, thereby reducing the relative displacement required to mobilize bolt axial force; under high lateral pressure, the arch-shaped structure also transfers load toward the crown and alters the local stress state. Within the investigated parameter range, the inhibitory effect becomes stronger as the surrounding-rock grade decreases. Although arch frames effectively control surrounding-rock stability in soil tunnels, they weaken bolt performance, with the most pronounced inhibition at the spandrel. Differently from previous studies mainly focused on field observations or single-condition analysis, this paper establishes a multilevel evidence chain for systematic-rock-bolt inefficiency in soil tunnels by combining field statistics, numerical simulation, and physical model tests, thereby providing a new analytical perspective for optimizing combined support systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 09:08:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2772593</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real-World Road Experiment-Based Design of Human-Aligned Autonomous Vehicle Motion from Psychophysiological Responses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2772588</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transition from driver to passenger in autonomous vehicles (AVs) introduces novel human factors challenges, particularly concerning motion comfort. Traditional comfort standards, derived from whole-body vibration models, are inadequate for characterizing motion comfort in AVs. This study introduces a data-driven framework that establishes quantitative AV motion planning thresholds derived from passenger psychophysiological responses. Through a rigorously designed real-road experiment involving 30 young, healthy participants and 765 valid maneuvers, we synchronized vehicle kinematics data with surface electromyography (sEMG) signals from passengers. We quantified the level of motion-induced discomfort via sEMG and semantically mapped it to three discrete levels. Key findings reveal that during predictable turns, passengers tolerated lateral accelerations up to 4.20 m/s², far exceeding traditional standards. Crucially, jerk was identified as a critical disturbance factor; for instance, within a moderate acceleration range (2.37–2.73 m/s²), a jerk exceeding 5.14 m/s³ elevated discomfort levels. A classification and regression tree model, utilizing these parameters, achieved a prediction accuracy of 82%–85%. These data-driven thresholds provide ergonomic guidelines for the design of passenger-centric AV motion planning algorithms, prioritizing human psychological and physiological wellbeing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 09:08:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2772588</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Large-scale experimental study on hydrodynamic performance of a permeable breakwater with prefabricated self-centering wave walls</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To facilitate rapid construction and improve the structural mechanical property and wave dissipation performance of breakwaters, a new type of permeable breakwater installed with prefabricated self-centering wave walls (SCWWs) is proposed in this study. A 1/5-scaled physical model is designed and tested in a large wave flume under regular waves to investigate wave force characteristics, structure response, as well as wave dissipation performance of the proposed breakwater. Experimental results show that the wave force and displacement responses of SCWWs exhibit periodic characteristics, with the positive wave force and positive rotation displacement under wave crest conditions being dominant. The proposed breakwater remains damage-free, and SCWWs can always return to the original position even under large wave heights thanks to self-centering capability. The experimental wave pressure distribution on SCWWs agrees well with the theoretical solutions. Wave forces acting on SCWWs increase obviously with relative wave height, while wave period has a limited influence. The proposed breakwater exhibits favorable wave dissipation performance, attributed to the energy dissipation function provided by the bottom horizontal platform, openings in SCWWs, and middle chamber. Parametric studies demonstrate that relative wave height and water depth significantly affect the transmission and reflection coefficients by promoting wave overtopping, and wave steepness enhances wave energy dissipation capacity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659504</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transforming metocean data into motion predictions: A review of very short-term predictions of floating body motions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659491</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper introduces a novel, phase-based classification framework for the very short-term prediction (VSTP) of floating body motions to resolve the ambiguities and overlaps inherent in traditional algorithm-based classifications. The proposed framework organizes existing approaches into three forecasting phases, i.e., wave-field measurement, wave-field forecasting, and wave-to-motion mapping. It identifies four major model categories: wave forecasting, hydrodynamic, adaptive filtering, and historical data–driven models. Notably, this structure clarifies the functional roles of different methodologies and resolves long-standing classification ambiguities. Furthermore, a bibliometric analysis of the literature from 2015–2025 demonstrates that research activity has increasingly shifted toward data-centric approaches. Indeed, publications on historical data–driven models increased from 8 in 2015 to 39 in 2024, corresponding to a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 20%, while adaptive filtering models exhibited even faster growth, rising from 5 to 32 studies with a CAGR of about 25%. In contrast, wave forecasting models showed moderate growth, increasing from 2 to a peak of 15 before declining to 11, whereas hydrodynamic model studies remained relatively stable at 0–7 publications per year. Comparative performance analysis reveals that no single model consistently outperforms others across key criteria, including prediction accuracy, forecasting horizon, interpretability, and real-time applicability. Instead, future advances in VSTP are likely to rely on multi-model fusion, improved wave-sensing technologies, data augmentation for extreme sea states, and uncertainty-aware forecasting, all of which are essential for reliable deployment in safety-critical offshore operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659491</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aerodynamic modeling and wake characterization of a 15-MW offshore wind turbine: Insights from blade-resolved URANS simulations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659464</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As offshore wind turbines continue to scale up beyond 15 MW, their aerodynamic complexity and wake interactions present significant modeling and performance prediction challenges. This study investigates the aerodynamic behavior and wake characteristics of the IEA-15MW reference wind turbine using high-fidelity three-dimensional CFD simulations based on the URANS framework with the SST k−ω turbulence model. A series of blade-resolved simulations are conducted across a range of below-rated wind speeds to evaluate flow separation phenomena, spanwise force distribution, and local blade aerodynamics. The results reveal a nearly constant angle of attack (AOA) prior to pitch control engagement, with decreasing separation from root to mid-span and significant tip loss effects near the blade edge. A comparative analysis with Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) demonstrates that BEMT overestimates the axial induction velocity and aerodynamic loading, which is attributed to an overprediction of the axial induction factor and limitations in the tip loss corrections. However, despite these differences in the force distribution along the blade, the results show comparable overall power estimates. Furthermore, the wake recovery process is governed by distinct mechanisms in the hub and tip regions: viscous and turbulent diffusion dominate recovery near the hub, whereas velocity shear primarily drives recovery in the tip region. In the far wake, the tip and hub vortices begin to interact and merge, enhancing the overall velocity recovery of the wake. Collectively, the findings provide critical insights into advanced aerodynamic modeling, accurate performance evaluation, and effective wake management strategies for next-generation ultra-large offshore wind turbines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659464</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental investigation into the roll damping characteristics of the intact and damaged ship in still water and ice floes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ships face potential risks of damage from navigation environments and human factors. The multiphase flow of ship-water-ice particularly increases the difficulty of evaluating the roll damping characteristics of a damaged ship in ice floes. To better analyze effects brought by different factors, five test scenarios with initial heeling angle of 6.0, 13.0 and 21.0 deg are performed in this paper, including the intact ship and damaged ship in the still water and ice floes. Experimental results indicate that regardless of the intact ship or the damaged ship, effects of ice floes on the roll damping of the ship can be ignored. However, effects of flooding water and the ventilation level of the flooded compartments must be considered. Especially for the flooding water, the nonlinear damping coefficients of the damaged ship are increased by approximately one order of magnitude compared to the intact ship. In general, the test results can not only be used for the current qualitative analysis of roll damping but also serve as benchmarking data for future verification of numerical reliability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669960</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A hybrid harmonic polynomial cell and STF strip theory method for marine hydrodynamics and ship motion analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2719361</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a hybrid method that combines the Harmonic Polynomial Cell (HPC) method and STF strip theory to solve marine hydrodynamics and ship motion problems. The efficient and precise HPC method is extended to three-dimensional ship hydrodynamics using STF strip theory. A new single-node hybridisation condition is introduced to enhance the stability of hydrodynamic predictions. To improve computational accuracy for complex hull shapes, automatic structured grid generation and mesh refinement techniques are applied. The hybrid HPC-STF method is then used to solve 3D ship radiation and diffraction problems in regular waves with forward speed. The method’s performance is validated through comparisons of hydrodynamic coefficients, wave forces, and motion response amplitude operators (RAOs) against experimental data and results from other numerical methods. The findings demonstrate that this hybrid approach provides accurate and effective solutions for ship hydrodynamics, making it a valuable tool for analysing marine structures and motions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2719361</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Second-order nonlinear analysis of wave resonance in the gap between two fixed barges in side-by-side arrangement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707588</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wave resonance in the gap between two side-by-side identical barges in water waves can cause collision and stability issues during offshore operations, and the linear solution of the gap resonance problem is still the main approach to tackle this problem in the current practice of the offshore industry. This paper assesses the second-order nonlinear effect in the gap resonance problem, which is essential to justify the reliability of the linear solution adopted for the safe design. A developed numerical model based on the second-order potential flow model in the time domain is applied to obtain the second-order hydrodynamic properties of the problem at different wave amplitudes, wave frequencies and wave incident angles. The numerical results reveal that the second-order components of maximum wave elevations are remarkable around wave resonant frequencies, but their influence on the total second-order results is limited around the largest first resonance mode due to the phase difference between the first-order and second-order components. The linear solutions of the horizontal forces on both barges can provide a good approximation to the problem, but the second-order effect can significantly reduce the nonlinear solutions compared to the linear solutions of the vertical forces, especially on the leeside barge.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707588</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparative study of the effects of hull roughness on full-scale ship resistance using different numerical models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697329</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hull surface roughness, caused by coating degradation and marine biofouling, increases ship resistance, leading to higher fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, most studies based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) often assume smooth hulls, which underestimates real performance losses. In this study, the effects of realistic roughness on resistance were investigated using the full-scale MV-Regal, a medium-sized vessel from the JoRes project. The JoRes project provides a rich reference database for this vessel, including sea-trial measurements and numerical simulation results from multiple institutions, enabling a robust validation and benchmarking of the present CFD approach. Numerical simulations were performed using snuMHLFoam, an in-house solver based on OpenFOAM. The k–ω SST turbulence model was applied with the mesh design satisfying wall-function requirements. Grid and temporal uncertainties were assessed in accordance with the ITTC guidelines to ensure reliability. Resistance was decomposed into frictional and pressure components and further analyzed by hull sections (fore, mid, aft, and rudder). The results showed that roughness primarily increased frictional resistance, with the greatest increase at the forebody and a gradual reduction toward the stern. Pressure resistance exhibited minor variations, including a slight increase at the rudder. These results highlight the importance of incorporating roughness models into full-scale CFD analyses and offer valuable insights into hull maintenance strategies and regulatory compliance with energy efficiency standards, such as EEXI and CII.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697329</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical and experimental simulation of the hydrodynamic performance of hydrofoil for a virtual mooring buoy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742193</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study addresses the alteration of buoy dynamics through the attachment of rotatable hydrofoils, thereby enabling a virtual mooring capability. Buoys equipped with this configuration are referred to as Virtual Mooring Buoys (VMB). The aim of this study is to alter the dynamic properties of the buoy by installing a rotatable hydrofoil. The research focuses on the effects of both steady and unsteady dynamics of the rotatable hydrofoil. Therefore, in order to realise the virtual mooring function, CFD numerical simulation and scale model experiment are used to analyse the hydrodynamic performance of the buoy when it dives in the target waters at the maximum diving speed of 0.3 m/s. A hydrofoil with a high lift-to-drag ratio suitable for the VMB has ultimately been designed. The hydrofoil designed for the VMB in this study fulfils the functional requirements of buoy virtual mooring.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742193</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of the correlation between instantaneous resistance-increase in waves and ship motion for reducing fuel consumption</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reducing fuel consumption is crucial for greening water transport. Wind, waves and currents affect fuel usage, with wave-induced resistance being significant. Typically, added resistance is estimated as the time average of resistance increase in waves over calm water. However, this average lacks real-time utility for engine adjustments. This study analyses time-series correlations between wave-induced resistance increase and ship motions. Experiments using a KCS model show resistance oscillations can reach up to five times calm-water values. These oscillations are the first harmonic of the encounter frequency in long waves but exhibit multiple frequencies in short waves. Their amplitude follows a nonlinear trend: small in short waves, often large in medium waves and sometimes large in long waves. No clear amplitude trend emerges with wave height. A correlation between resistance increase and pitch motion is found in medium and long waves, underscoring the need for real-time control. These findings can guide strategies to optimise fuel use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742189</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Coupled pitch and roll control of floating bridges using corner-distributed pendulum dampers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737050</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ensuring the dynamic stability of floating bridges in deep-water environments presents a complex fluid–structure interaction challenge, particularly concerning coupled pitch and roll motions. This study proposes a decentralized vibration control strategy utilizing External Pendulum-type Tuned Mass Dampers (E-PTMDs) distributed at the four corner nodes of the pontoon. By leveraging the geometric extremities, this configuration strategically transforms vertical inertial forces into substantial rotational restoring moments. A comprehensive fluid–structure-damper coupled numerical framework is established, integrating frequency-dependent boundary element method (BEM) hydrodynamic coefficients into a time-domain Cummins’ equation under stochastic JONSWAP wave spectra. Simulations reveal that the E-PTMD system reduces the pitch root-mean-square (RMS) response by 44.3% under head sea conditions (0°). Under quartering sea conditions (45°), the spatial distribution of the dampers inherently induces phase delays across the diagonal wave field, successfully mitigating strongly coupled pitch and roll responses by 42.9% and 75.6%, respectively. The analytical results demonstrate that corner-distributed mass dampers kinematically replicate the multidirectional rotational stability typical of Tension Leg Platform (TLP) mooring systems. This ”mooring-free” stabilization mechanism offers a robust and cost-effective alternative for deep-water offshore infrastructure, circumventing the exponential weight penalties and subsea installation costs associated with physical tendons.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2737050</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Investigation of Resistance Reduction Mechanisms and Scale Effects in Tandem Ship Formation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743657</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ship formation offers a strategic approach for resistance reduction in sustainable maritime transportation, whereas the underlying physical mechanisms and their scale dependencies remain insufficiently understood. In the present research, a URANS-based framework integrated with resistance decomposition was constructed to investigate two-ship tandem configurations, where the SST k–ω and VOF models were adopted. After evaluating the characteristics of resistance components across varying speeds, systematic numerical simulations were performed and analyzed across a range of geometric scales and various longitudinal spacings. The results indicate that the formation effects are primarily manifested on the trailing ship. Specifically, viscous resistance reduction is governed by the wake-shadowing effect, yet this benefit diminishes with increasing Reynolds number. In contrast, pressure resistance variation is governed by wave interference and remains kinematically scale-independent under Froude similarity. These findings elucidate the underlying physics and scale effects, providing a mechanistic basis for interpreting full-scale tandem-ship resistance trends and guiding engineering-oriented formation design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743657</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of degree of activation of waste tire rubber powder on its structural characteristics and performance of high-dosage-rubber-modified asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703361</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The low crumb rubber content of asphalt restricts its recycling rate and large-scale engineering applications. Crumb rubber samples with different degrees of activation were prepared. Their microstructure, composition, and mechanical properties were quantitatively analysed using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance cross-linking density test, sol content test, rotational rheometer test, and atomic force microscopy. The effects of the degree of activation and crumb rubber content (25%, 30%, 35%, and 40%) on the basic and rheological properties of the modified asphalt were investigated. Based on molecular dynamics simulations, the molecular models of crumb rubber with different degrees of activation were constructed, and the accuracy of the models and the compatibility mechanism with each component of asphalt were analysed. Rubber activation is mainly achieved by breaking cross-linking bonds, such as S–S and C–S, on the surface of vulcanised rubber, and increasing the surface roughness and number of active sites, thereby reducing the cross-linking density and improving its interaction with asphalt. The higher the degree of activation, the rougher the micro-surface of the crumb rubber, the more severely the cross-linked network structure is destroyed, the more soluble macromolecular chains are present, and the lower the elastic modulus. Correspondingly, the low-temperature flexibility of the modified asphalt improved, whereas its consistency, relative proportion of elastic components, and high-temperature resistance to flow deformation decreased. Increasing crumb rubber content enhances the viscosity, the relative proportion of elastic components, and the high-temperature performance of the modified asphalt, but leads to a decrease in low-temperature performance. The innovative molecular models of crumb rubber with different degrees of activation are accurate, which confirms that rubber molecules are more likely to absorb light components in asphalt, thereby causing swelling. Experiments and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that excessive activation reduces the inherent elasticity of crumb rubber and its interaction with asphalt, indicating that the degree of activation must be controlled within a reasonable range. This study provides an effective method to quantitatively evaluate the performance of crumb rubber with different activation degrees to regulate the performance of high-content crumb-rubber-modified asphalt and realise the efficient recycling of waste rubber.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 09:09:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703361</guid>
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