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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7RHVuZSZxdW90OyIgb3JpZ2luYWxfdmFsdWU9IiZxdW90O0R1bmUmcXVvdDsiIC8+PC9maWx0ZXJzPjxyYW5nZXMgLz48c29ydHM+PHNvcnQgZmllbGQ9InB1Ymxpc2hlZCIgb3JkZXI9ImRlc2MiIC8+PC9zb3J0cz48cGVyc2lzdHM+PHBlcnNpc3QgbmFtZT0icmFuZ2V0eXBlIiB2YWx1ZT0icHVibGlzaGVkZGF0ZSIgLz48L3BlcnNpc3RzPjwvc2VhcmNoPg==" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>An Evaluation Method of Skid Resistance Performance of Asphalt Pavement under Aeolian Sand Conditions Based on Multiscale Fractal Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Skid resistance of the pavement is among the crucial elements that impact traffic safety. Many scholars have proven that pavement texture, as an important factor affecting skid resistance performance, has self-similar fractal characteristics. However, current research on pavement texture morphology based on fractal theory has not deeply explored the fractal structure of textures at different scales. This research discovered a strong correlation between the fractal dimension of textures ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 mm and both the sand quantity and the British pendulum number. The gMLP-FrictionTransformer model exhibited high precision and stability throughout the training and testing phases, achieving an R2 value of 97.7% on the training data set and 83.3% on the testing data set. Furthermore, the robustness experiments on AC-13 and OGFC-10 specimens achieved an R2 value of 84.7%, proving the effectiveness and practicality of the model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Aug 2025 09:25:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581994</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicles over dunes: Bio cementation-based Coastal Infrastructure for Flood Protection and Beach Access</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425114</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research team proposes to study bio-cementation (via microbially- and enzymatically induced carbonate precipitation) as a method to stabilize engineered dune slopes in coastal areas. These stabilization methods are intended as a nature-based engineering solution for use in the construction of beach access ramps that can support vehicular traffic loads while simultaneously resisting erosion due to wave impact. The erosion resistance will be evaluated by subjecting untreated and treated dune sand slopes to varying wave forcing conditions in a moveable-bed wave flume. The resistance to traffic loading will be evaluated by measuring the unconfined compression strength and resilient modulus of untreated and bio-cemented soil columns. Test results will be analyzed to address the effectiveness of both bio-cementation methods in stabilizing dune slopes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Sep 2024 19:21:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425114</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Aeolian sand challenges in desert rail infrastructures, overview of Iran’s experience and advancement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2399457</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The processes of wind erosion and the movement of dunes have destructive effects on the transportation infrastructure with an emphasis on railway lines. Consequently, the construction and maintenance costs of desert railways will increase under the influence of sand sediment movement. In severe conditions, passing trains can also be affected, compromising their safety and comfort. However, the passage of railway infrastructures through desert areas prone to aeolian sand is inevitable. This research discusses the main challenges encountered by railways in Iran's deserts, including two ultimate and serviceability limit states that affect civil works, track superstructure, rolling stock, and signaling systems. It also examines the mitigating measures implemented in Iran based on the source, transport, or deposition areas of sand dunes. Moreover, the performance of Iran's desert railways has been classified based on wind sand activities. According to the distribution map of Iran's railway network, sand accumulation in the main desert lines has been classified into four levels: very severe, severe, moderate, and low. The research also presents the experience of implementing and monitoring the hump slab track system, which has proven to be a sustainable solution for addressing the dune problem with suitable efficiency over a period of six months.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Jul 2024 11:49:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2399457</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>How do dunes along a desert urban motorway affect the driving safety of sedans? Evidences from long- and short-term monitoring and IDDES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2287650</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban on the edge of deserts usually build motorways in desert areas to fully develop its tourism resources. However, due to the long-term transport effect of wind-sand flow (WSL), the driving safety of sedans might be affected by the erratic dunes next to the desert motorway. Based on this, this study aims to give an idea of how dunes next to desert urban motorways affect the driving safety of sedans. Firstly, the movement law of WSL in desert areas is revealed based on the combination of long- and short-term monitoring methods. After determining the period of strong wind through long-term monitoring, short-term monitoring can be more effective in revealing the movement law of the WSL and the aerodynamic performance of the sedan under the effect of WSL. Afterward, a three-dimensional refined Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) dynamic mesh numerical model of WSL-dune-embankment-sedan-air was established based on the mosaic mesh technology. The aerodynamic impact and erosion effects of the WSL on the sedan were investigated. The main results are as follows: 1. Dunes cause varying WSL, with wind speed decreasing to 19–26% on the leeward side and increasing to about 1.35 times at the end. 2. The windward side and front of the sedan experience continuous sand impact, severely eroding the body surface, and posing safety risks. The main contributions of the present study are expected to proposed a cheap simulation scheme based on IDDES (Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation)-DPM (Discrete Phase Model) for WSL-dune-sedan-embankment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Nov 2023 11:02:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2287650</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stabilization of dune sand using crushed sand, silt and blast furnace slag for use in road field</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2254465</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Soil stabilization is a well-known technique to improve the mechanical properties of soils in road and railway construction by adding a grading corrector and/or hydraulic binders in the soil. In this work, dune treated sand is proposed to be used in pavement layers. For this, a series of tests, including sieve analysis, Proctor compaction, CBR, simple compressive strength, shear strength and compressibility tests are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the adopted stabilization technique using dune sand, and to determine the optimal mixture for practical purpose. The results show that for certain mixtures the lift (the CBR index) increases from ∼8% to ∼78% with the increase in resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Oct 2023 16:57:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2254465</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Valorisation of dune sand-tuff for Saharan pavement design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2095266</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current experimental research aims to valorise two Saharan soils (dune sand and tuff) for pavement purposes in arid zones. A mixture of 65 % tuff and 35 % dune sand (named TDSopt) was previously studied and exhibited optimum geotechnical characteristics that were suitable for low-traffic pavements. However, the rise of groundwater level with aggressive sulphate in the Ouargla region, Algeria, weakened the mechanical properties of this TDSopt. Further treatment with sulphate-resistant binders was therefore proposed to remedy this defect. In this research, laboratory testing was performed to define the optimum treatment for the TDSopt, followed by the hydromechanical characterisation of the treated TDSopt. Experimental results validated the following observations. First, the treatment of TDSopt with cement and/or lime resulted in decreased dry density, but an increased California Bearing Ratio (CBR) index. Also notably improved were unconfined compressive strength (UCS), secant modulus (E₅₀) and resistance to immersion (Rimm). More specifically, the defined optimum recipe – TDSopt plus 1.33 % cement and 2.66 % lime – increased the CBR index by 75 % and 35 % for the soaked and unsoaked specimens, respectively. UCS, E₅₀ and Rimm increased by 65 %, 75 % and 65 %, respectively. The optimum treatment also increases the shrinkage limit void ratio of compacted TDSopt from 0.39 to 0.46. Finally, the strength parameters (UCS, cohesion and friction angle) of optimum treated specimens were larger than those of untreated material regardless of water content. At Modified Proctor Optimum, the UCS, cohesion and friction angle increase from 0.54 to 2.46 MPa, 167 to 800 kPa and 23° to 40°, respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Feb 2023 09:57:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2095266</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Can the long-term effects of beach cleaning heavy duty machinery on aeolian sedimentary dynamics be detected by monitoring of vehicle tracks? An applied and methodological approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2057897</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Beach-dune systems are fragile ecosystems vulnerable to changes, especially those associated to human activities. This study focuses on El Inglés beach (Canary Islands, Spain), which is located on the eastern limit of the Maspalomas dunefield. This is the sediment input to the dunefield, and vehicles that provide urban-touristic services circulate every day, most notably heavy duty machinery responsible for beach cleaning. The aim of this study is to make a first methodological approach and a quantitative and empirical analysis of the long-term environmental effects, especially on the topography and geomorphology, that mechanical beach cleaning services could have on the aeolian dynamics, using as an indicator the vehicles tracks mapping.The methodology is divided into four sections: i) a spatiotemporal study of vehicle tracks on the beach; ii) a field campaign to observe beach cleaning activities in situ and compile data; iii) an interview with the local team responsible for beach cleaning; and iv) a general analysis of the aeolian dynamics over the almost last two decades.Results shown not only a high correlation between vehicle tracks and heavy duty machinery tracks, but also the variation in vehicle track density was proven to follow changes in the management process and the number of tourists. Different track densities varied depending on the intensity of the presence of visitors and hence the intensity of beach use, which is not homogeneous throughout the beach. A study of the deflation surfaces as erosion process found that they not only remain steady but even increase in some areas with high vehicle track densities, with no sedimentary gain. Although management activities like cleaning and levelling may not have a direct impact on the dunefield, they were positively correlated to deflation surfaces, increasing sediment loss in the beach area. These activities could be leading an artificially-maintained steady beach contrary to documented sedimentary loss in the dunefield. In conclusion, the pioneer approach of analysing the vehicle traffic through tracks monitoring, especially beach cleaning activities, has shown the viability to detect long-term effects on the sedimentary dynamics, including sediment loss to the foredune and, therefore, inside the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2022 16:21:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2057897</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In Situ Research on the Spatiotemporal Variations in the Temperature and Deformation of Aeolian Sand-Modified Soil Roadbed Constructed in Cold Regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015270</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aiming at the cracking phenomenon of an aeolian sand-modified soil roadbed in an actual project near Tongliao city in eastern Inner Mongolia, Northeast China, an in situ test was conducted. Temperature-compensated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors and moisture sensors were embedded into the test roadbed to monitor and observe the relationships between the temperature, moisture, and deformation of the roadbed with respect to variations in climate conditions in such a cold region. For the core issues of roadbed soil deformation and impact on the project, two climate conditions, namely, temperature and rainfall, were taken as external factors, while the temperature and moisture of the roadbed soil were taken as internal factors controlling the deformation and failure of the roadbed soil. A correlation analysis of the test roadbed monitoring data showed that the roadbed soil moisture was weakly affected by environmental conditions. The roadbed soil temperature was independent of the rainfall but was significantly related to air temperature variation (the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.6301 to 0.8926). Limited by the boundary conditions of the roadbed, the response of the variation in the roadbed soil temperature to the air temperature variation gradually weakened from the shallow surface to the deeper parts and the lag in the roadbed soil temperature variation relative to the air temperature variation became more evident. A correlation analysis of the monitoring data of the roadbed soil deformation, soil temperature, and soil moisture showed that the roadbed soil moisture had a weak correlation with the roadbed soil temperature. The roadbed soil deformation was independent of the soil moisture but was strongly related to the roadbed soil temperature. Therefore, the strain of the test roadbed could reflect the roadbed deformation as temperature deformation. The temperature deformation of the roadbed superficial soil was significantly greater than that of the deep soil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Sep 2022 14:26:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015270</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating the Efficacy of Natural and Nature-based Features to Increase the Service Life of Coastal Roadways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948616</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seven of the top ten costliest U.S. natural disasters are coastal events, with hurricanes alone
causing $23.5 billion in damage annually to infrastructure. Moreover, rising sea levels will amplify
transportation infrastructure vulnerability to coastal storms, nuisance flooding, and wave actions,
especially towards pavement infrastructure which are critical based on the mileage of the
intermodal transportation network that connects communities, waterways, ports, and rail. To
protect pavement infrastructure from flooding, the state-of-practice involves hard (grey)
structures, raising roadway elevations, reinforcing infrastructure, and relocating roadways further
inland. In the last decade, federal agencies such as NOAA, FHWA, and USACE have led an
initiative to explore the design and integration of natural and nature-based features (NNBFs) in
increasing the resilience of transportation infrastructure while providing ecosystem benefits.
Natural features are existing ecosystems that include coastal marshes and wetlands, dune and
beach systems, oyster and coral reefs, forests, coastal rivers and floodplains, and barrier islands
that provide multiple benefits to communities, such as storm protection through wave attenuation
or flood storage capacity and enhanced water services and security. In recent years, the FHWA
also began exploring NNBFs as innovative green infrastructure to protect coastal highways,
starting with an implementation guide and pilot studies. Before NNBFs can be effectively
transferred into practice in Louisiana, there is an important need to establish the level of flood
protection and economic metrics to compare NNBFs and grey infrastructure; and to assess the
long-term efficacy of NNBFs to protect transportation infrastructure under a range of flooding
scenarios. The overarching objective of this research project is to establish the level of flood
protection and economic metrics to compare natural and nature-based features (NNBFs) and
grey infrastructure; and to assess the long-term efficacy of NNBFs to protect transportation
infrastructure under a range of flooding scenarios. The objectives of this research project is to (1)
evaluate the damage to transportation infrastructure after Hurricane Ida, (2) evaluate the efficacy
of grey infrastructure and NNBFs to provide hurricane surge and wave protection, and (3) quantify
the potential economic benefits of NNBFs to its resiliency towards extreme events. Hurricane Ida
case studies near Port Fourchon and Grand Isle will be used as case studies to evaluate the
performance of roadway and bridge infrastructure, along with NNBFs (beach and dunes,
wetlands, and mangroves). The findings of this research will result in a better understanding of
natural and nature-based features for protecting of coastal transportation infrastructure systems
for the states in the South Central area and all other States as they are all prone to the adverse
effects of natural disasters. A final report will detail information on the methodology used for this
research and data acquisition of pertinent information for NNB natural disasters such as the
condition of flood control structures, power lines, street level conditions of roads, rising water
levels, number of damaged homes and waste debris piles, among many other.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 11:20:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948616</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydro-mechanical behavior from small strain to failure of tuffs amended with dune sand – Application to pavements design in Saharan areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760416</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the context of valorizing local materials at Saharan region for road constructions, a mixture composed of 65% tuff and 35% dune sand (named 65T35DS) was previously studied. The 65T35DS was shown to have the optimum geotechnical and mechanical properties. As an extension, this study consists in investigating the behavior of the 65T35DS mixture under coupled hydro-mechanical loadings. Suction-controlled drying-wetting tests were performed on the 65T35DS statically compacted at the modified Proctor optimum (MPO) state. A series of small-strain cyclic triaxial tests under constant water content condition was then followed. Key findings of this paper include i) the 65T35DS prepared at MPO state is able to resist severe drought condition without inducing significant shrinkage. However, it swells during wetting and the swelling indices are quantified by correlations; ii) the elastic modulus under small-strains is governed by suction and the applied confining stress. The effect of confining stress becomes dominant at lower suction level and negligible when suction increases; iii) at failure, the apparent cohesion drops quickly on the dry side of the MPO, on wet side, it decreases a little. The apparent friction angle decreases for the specimens with water content larger than 5.5%, i.e. wMPO – 5. The studied mixture satisfies the design standards of Saharan pavements and seems to be a good compromise for the valorization of local materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Jan 2021 09:37:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760416</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Combined Analysis of Heavy Crude Oil Viscosity and Stress Acting on the Buried Oil Pipelines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1740170</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the effect of the viscosity of crude oil and stress acting on buried oil pipelines inside dune sand. Due to the increase in energy demand, transportation of all hydrocarbons is obligatory. However, transportation of this oil is very tedious, owing to its viscosity. Thereby, the reduction of viscosity of oil is mandatory before transportation. This paper investigates the blending and emulsification method in the reduction of viscosity. The addition of blends naphtha and kerosene with silica nanoparticles decreases the viscosity of heavy crude oil by 80%–90%. Moreover, the introduction of the surfactant also decreases the viscosity of the oil significantly. Adding to the preceding, the problem faced by the petroleum pipelines under the ground overload is discussed in this study. The estimation of ground overload is imperative to ensure the safe operation of oil pipelines. Provided that when the ground load is raised, the stress on the pipeline enlarges considerably. On the one hand, parameters such as the Von Mises stress, plastic strain, and ovality also increased subject to a higher ground load. On the other hand, the pipe reacted to all stages and deformed to the original position due to the removal of the loads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2020 09:17:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1740170</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of dune sand on reduction of reflection cracking in double-layered paving systems for roads: a laboratory investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1708287</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many parts of Algeria are covered with windblown dune sand which is characterised as poorly-graded soil with relatively high permeability. Also, the coupling of asphalt concrete and cement bound layer is often used in pavement construction. The main purpose of this study, made of several stages, was the valorisation of dune sand in such road construction technique. Double layered samples were prepared in the laboratory with a compacted gravel cement concrete (GC) base course and an asphalt concrete (BB) surface course. GC was made by compacting a mixture of gravel, dune sand, cement and water: the cement percentage ranging from 4 to 12%. The Marshall method was used to design the upper bituminous layer. A thick anti-reflective cracking interlayer made of dune sand mixed with emulsion was also used. Twenty-five samples were prepared and tested by dynamic three-point bending tests on beams. Subsequently, results analysis was performed to quantify the influence of the dune sand interlayer on the mechanical behaviour of the system. The obtained results showed that the samples with as much as 30% of dune sand in the interlayer have sufficient mechanical performances to be used in road layers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2020 15:34:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1708287</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sand Dune Impact Simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1462637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Robustness to sand dune impact is one of the key requirements for Jaguar Land Rover products. Historically off road vehicles were built on a ladder sub frame; and the steel cross beam at the front provided robust protection for the cooling pack. With the move to monocoque construction, the cooling pack became vulnerable to low speed grounding damage. Unfortunately this vulnerability is not confirmed until later in the program when fully representative vehicles are available, which results in late engineering changes that are expensive, time consuming and stressful. Like all late changes it is rarely optimised for cost and weight. With no historic literature or procedure available, the challenge was to model the physics of sand media and also solve the complex multi-physics problem of impact of the whole vehicle with the sand dune. This paper discusses various challenges faced while developing a state-of-the-art modelling method for sand media and a full vehicle impact with the sand dune. Our first challenge in modelling sand was to get accurate material properties for which rigorous testing was done in the lab. We also benchmarked various methods in structural dynamics CAE tool LS-Dyna including Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE), Discrete Element Solid (DES), Solid Finite Element Method (Solid FEM), and Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). This paper further discusses the merits of these methods and the best method to solve the complex multi-physics problem of a full vehicle impact with the sand dune.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Feb 2020 09:30:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1462637</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stabilisation of soils with emulsified sulphur asphalt for road applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1605607</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the study carried out to assess and compare the performance of marginal soils, namely marl, sabkha and dune sand stabilised with emulsified sulphur asphalt (ESA) with the mixtures of the same soils stabilised with conventional emulsified asphalt (EA) to be used as a base layer for road layers. The mixtures of ESA and EA for the three marginal soils were designed utilising 2% Portland cement and were optimised to meet dry and wet Marshall stability requirements. Designed mixtures were assessed for dry indirect tensile strength (ITS), static triaxial (shear strength) and dynamic resilient modulus at 22°C. Results indicate that ESA decreased the stability and shear strength of the treated soils compared to the conventional EA. On the other hand, there was an improvement in ITS, especially for marl and sabkha soils, and an increase in the resilient modulus of soils–ESA mixtures compared with standard soils–EA mixtures. ESA can be used successfully to construct base layers for roads from available marginal soils since it fulfilled the specification requirements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2019 11:06:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1605607</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strengthening of Dune Sand with Sodium Alginate Biopolymer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1594044</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improvement of soil characteristics has always been of interest to civil engineers. This research aims to propose an environmentally-friendly material to improve dune sand strength using sodium alginate biopolymer. For this purpose, unconfined compressive tests were performed. The effect of temperature on the variation of compressive strength was also studied. It was shown that curing at temperatures of higher than 45°C led to a gradually decrease of compressive strength up to 80°C. Curing time was also an effective parameter on the compressive strength which considerably increased until 7 days and samples reached to 90% of their total strength. CBR tests were also conducted to evaluate the ability of using sodium alginate for base and subbase of road stabilization. The results indicated that sodium alginate as a biodegradable material greatly increased the CBR strength in comparison to pure sand. A microstructural analysis was also carried out through SEM images which showed that sodium alginate effectively linked soil articles together through different types of chemical bonds. Consequently, it was pointed out that sodium alginate has a good potential to improve the mechanical properties of poorly graded sand, and also it has no detrimental effects on the environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Apr 2019 10:38:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1594044</guid>
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