<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Reduction of pediatric pedestrian hazardous road conditions in a school drop-off zone using video review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rate of pedestrian fatalities continues to rise across the United States and around the world, leading to the development of more pedestrian safety initiatives on the international, national, and local levels. Most children in the industrialized world begin their days with a morning commute to school, creating a discrete time in which many pediatric pedestrians are in a concentrated areas with a high volume of motor vehicles.  In this study, the authors evaluated whether children walking to school are exposed to increased risk to increased motor vehicle injury. 588 students from a primary school in an urban area in New York City (Queens County) were included in the study. The authors engaged in three observation periods on non-school days between January and March 2016, using a video technique that consists of timed panning that captures the streets surrounding the school entrance. Nine quantifiable safety hazards are selected for the study: jaywalking, double parking, blocking drop-off zone greater than 5 minutes, blocking crosswalk, illegal drop-off in the city bus stop, lacking a crossing guard, existing car street side, dropping child off in center of the street, and illegal parking in driveway. The hazards are observed and recorded on video and evaluated and, based on the hazards identified, a safety intervention program was developed and implemented. Three post-intervention observations were conducted from October to December 2016. Following the intervention, a 26% decrease in overall hazards was observed, although jaywalking did increase. The authors suggest that the identification of hazards and the implementation of video surveillance may aid injury prevention efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2018 09:24:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488866</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airport drop-off and pick up charges in the United Kingdom: Will they come to the United States?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1475714</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As transportation network companies (TNC) such as Uber and Lyft drive a change in modern transport behaviours, fewer passengers pay for services such as parking or commercial vehicle drop-off at airports; meaning, what once was a primary revenue source for airports now has a tenuous future. Therefore, airports must find a way to counterbalance the revenue losses created by these changes. One such solution has been on the rise in the united kingdom. With airport drop-off and pick-up charges, private vehicles must pay for the convenience of loading or unloading passengers at the airport entrance. Not only does this practice have the potential to generate millions of dollars in annual revenue, but it also offers a remedy for other maladies, such as congestion and safety issues on airport roads. This paper examines the effects the drop-off and pick-up charges have had in the United Kingdom and explores what US airports might expect should they too adopt the practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jul 2017 10:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1475714</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Regulating Intercity Bus Stops in New York City</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1289472</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The intercity bus industry has grown significantly in recent years and has become an increasingly popular option for people traveling to and from New York City. Hundreds of intercity buses depart from New York City streets daily. Although these buses provide a useful, low-cost transportation option for New Yorkers, the fact that the buses were legally able to stop in any "No Standing"  zone led to disruption to the local traffic network through increased sidewalk and street congestion. The New York State Legislature passed a law in August 2012 allowing the New York City Department of Transportation (DOT) to implement a permit system for intercity bus operators. The New York City DOT has developed a rule that requires intercity bus operators to apply online for a permit from the New York City DOT before the operators can make on-street stops in the city. Bus operators must submit detailed operating information to the New York City DOT, in addition to a permit fee based on the weekly number of arrivals and departures at the proposed stop. The permit-approval process includes the New York City DOT evaluation based on public health and safety criteria and consultation with local community boards and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, where appropriate. Following an application period, police will be able to enforce the law against intercity buses not carrying permits or not properly utilizing their assigned stop, and thereby the city can manage this industry within the constraints of federal and state laws.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Mar 2014 10:11:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1289472</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reliable Pickup Locations for Transit-Based Evacuation Under the Risk of Service Disruptions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1129544</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effectiveness and efficiency of transit-based emergency evacuation highly depends on the design of pickup facility locations. This paper proposes a reliable emergency facility location design model to determine the optimal pickup facility locations, evacuee allocations, and evacuation vehicle schedules, when facilities are subject to disruption risks (e.g., due to disasters). The authors developed a compact integer program formulation that minimizes the total expected system cost for facility construction and operation, evacuation transportation, hazard exposure risks, and waiting delay across all possible facility disruption scenarios. A series of numerical tests, sensitivity analyses, and an empirical case study for the state of Illinois are conducted to study the performance of the proposed model. Various managerial insights are also drawn.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 May 2012 15:02:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1129544</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strategies for the Greening of Student Pick-Ups at School Dismissal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1082129</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Excessive queuing by parent vehicles picking-up their elementary-aged school children is becoming problematic in terms of both safe traffic operations on adjacent streets, as well as in increasing the individual school's carbon footprint. Adjacent street systems typically do not provide enough capacity to handle the stacking of parent vehicles in existing through lanes. This situation presents safety issues to existing traffic on the street system unrelated to the school traffic as well as to school related traffic. Where insufficient on-site stacking is provided on the school property, vehicles spill out onto the through lanes of the surrounding street system. Safety issues become apparent when students walk through parked cars in order to cross the street. Rear-end crashes also increase due to vehicles being stopped in through lanes of traffic. Emissions from vehicles can become excessive when parents queue to pick up their students. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions both increase during stop-and-go traffic or when a vehicle is idling. Thus, vehicles queued to pick-up their student produce more VOC and CO than vehicles at free-flow speed. This paper offers strategies and state-of-the-practice methodologies to plan for the maximum expected vehicle queue during school dismissal at new or planned elementary schools. A rule-of-thumb for estimating the maximum queue length of parent vehicles at planned elementary schools will be presented. Also, recommendations and strategies will be given in order to reduce maximum queue lengths and the carbon footprints of existing elementary schools.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2010 07:49:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1082129</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety 2009: Security; Emergencies; Management; and School Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/911461</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These 16 papers cover several aspects of transportation safety.  The first 3 papers are concerned with transportation safety management, including the effective usage of harmful events data, a national traffic safety index, and safety audits of two-lane rural highways.  The next 8 papers address emergency evacuation and services with particular attention to the following:  the safety of pedestrians during emergency egress; prioritizing patients for evacuation from a health-care facility; a strategic hurricane evacuation–dynamic traffic assignment model for Houston, Texas; evacuation planning with measure of effectiveness choices; relocation strategies of emergency medical service vehicles; optimal allocation of emergency response service units; regional emergency preparedness and mobility; and preparedness for traffic control in agricultural emergencies.  The 2 papers on security discuss the security and mobility of intermodal freight networks and a vulnerability assessment methodology for the Swiss road network, respectively.  The last 3 papers examine the following aspects of school transportation:  operations and conflicts in drop-off–pick-up zones; the school bus routing problem in large-scale networks; and understanding and mapping elements of urban form that affect children's ability to walk and bicycle to school.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jan 2010 10:18:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/911461</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field Studies of Operations and Conflicts in Drop-Off–Pick-Up Zones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/882022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Primary schools frequently have queues that can lead to substantial impacts on the local transportation infrastructure. Queuing issues appear to be critical at primary schools, with substantial queues developing at both pick-up and drop-off times at most schools. Operational and design strategies vary substantially between schools, with some schools providing aggressive supervision and multiple queue lanes. This paper documents the field studies conducted at schools in Texas. These studies included examinations of school bus and vehicle ridership, conflicts, and queuing in parent pick-up and drop-off areas at 13 elementary and five middle schools. The studies were generally performed in both mornings and afternoons. The schools examined included sites in both large and small cities in Texas. The studies examined the effects of various operational and design characteristics on queue performance. Researchers documented the design characteristics of the queuing areas (i.e., number of lanes), operational strategies (i.e., presence of school personnel supervising the loading–unloading operation), and ridership (i.e., the number of students loaded into individual vehicles). The research team measured the performance of the queues through studies of the formation and dissipation of the queues at the observed schools and the incidence of conflicts between pedestrians and motor vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2009 06:36:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/882022</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Including Minor Modes of Transport in Tour-Based Mode Choice Model with Household Interactions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/847739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Development of comprehensive mode choice models for use in travel demand forecasting systems has traditionally been dominated by the major modes of transportation, including driving, ridesharing, walking, and riding public transit, which make up approximately 96% of all trips in the Toronto Area.  This paper describes the difficult task of realistically representing and predicting “minor” transport modes that tend to serve niche markets, without sacrificing the quality and behavioral realism of the rest of the model.  This is critical from a policy perspective since increasing the mode share of modes such as bicycling, taxi, drive or transit access commuter rail, drive access subway, and school bus has the potential to reduce air and noise pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, save on expensive auto infrastructure, encourage healthier lifestyles, reduce congestion, and support more liveable communities.  The tour-based model presented in this paper builds upon previous work which simulates household interactions as part of the mode choice process, with explicit representation of vehicle allocation, rideshare to joint activities, and passenger drop-off and pick-up.  Model parameters are estimated using a choice-based sample of tours in the Greater Toronto Area and employing a genetic algorithm.  The model shows very good initial prediction results for commuter rail and school bus modes, but limited success for the drive access subway, taxi, and bicycle modes.  The representation of niche markets through restricted choice sets, has allowed for a parsimonious utility function specification.  Significant explanatory factors include level of service variables, land use variables, activity attributes, and socio-economic variables.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Jun 2008 07:26:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/847739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safe Routes to School Guide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851909</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This guide on how to get to school safely contains the following major chapter headings: 1. Introduction to Safe Routes to School: The Health, Safety and Transportation Nexus; 2. Steps to Creating a Safe Routes to School Program; 3. Engineering; 4. Enforcement; 5. Encouragement; 6. Education; and 7. Student Drop-off and Pick-up.  Walking and bicycling are encouraged in the Safe Routes to School program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2008 07:10:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851909</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>School Transportation Modes for Urban and Suburban Elementary Schools in Iowa</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/777604</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The shift in the transportation mode dynamics at schools has elevated traffic safety concerns in school zones and increased the number of vehicles competing for space with buses, bicycles, and pedestrians.  In the past, most trips to neighborhood schools in urban areas were by school bus, walking or biking; however, passenger vehicles have become the predominant transportation mode for students with the percentage of trips averaging around 50%.  This paper discusses a trip generation study was conducted at 23 elementary schools to evaluate and quantify the current trip-making characteristics and transportation modes for Iowa schools. Additionally, solutions were recommended to improve the interaction between transportation modes in school zones.    Urban and suburban elementary schools were evaluated separately to determine if the percentage of students using each transportation mode was different.  It was found that urban schools have about 70% more children walking and biking to school than suburban schools.  Additionally, 55% of the urban school students are being dropped-off and 45% are being picked-up by passenger vehicles compared to 43% of suburban students being dropped-off and 36% being picked-up by passenger vehicles.  Despite the afternoon dismissal experiencing less vehicle exposure, this time period is reported and observed to produce an unsafe environment as all modes compete within the school zone.  One solution is to stagger the dismissal of students by transportation mode and distribute them to different school exits.  These minor changes have the potential to increase the safety and efficiency of the afternoon peak period at schools.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jun 2006 07:39:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/777604</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Operational and Safety Guidelines around Schools in Texas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/782498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The State of Texas has experienced considerable population growth in recent years. This growth has produced new schools in areas near highways designed for low volumes and relatively high speeds. Another trend is the higher proportion of children being transported to and from schools in private vehicles. These realities, and other issues, make it important to aggressively consider the design of roadways within and around schools to ensure the safest possible traffic environment. Equally important is the consideration of the location and design of the school site, preferably during the planning stages, in order to establish safe and efficient operations. This paper summarizes the results of a two-year study to develop school site planning guidelines for transportation-related elements such as site selection, general site requirements and design, bus operations, parent drop-off/pick-up zone, driveways, turn lanes, signing and marking, parking, and pedestrian/bicycle access. The research team based these guidelines on a comprehensive review of existing guidelines and the results of field studies at over thirty schools in Texas. Examples of good practices and of practices to avoid are provided to illustrate the guidelines. The guidelines are focused on transportation design, operations and safety within school sites – with a particular focus on parent drop-off/pick-up zones. The final portion of the paper contains a site plan review checklist based on the 21 consensus guidelines. Engineers, field crews, architects, and school district personnel can use this checklist to coordinate efforts and improve the safety and efficiency of school site access and traffic flow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2006 15:12:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/782498</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing Operational and Safety Guidelines for School Sites in Texas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/772704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of a two-year study was to recommend school site planning guidelines for transportation-related elements such as site selection, general site requirements and design, bus operations, parent drop-off and pickup zones, driveways, turn lanes, signing and marking, parking, and pedestrian and bicycle access. The research team based these guidelines on a comprehensive review of existing guidelines and the results of field studies at school sites in Texas. Examples are provided of good practices and of practices to avoid for three of the more prominent guidelines. The guidelines are focused on transportation design, operations, and safety within school sites—with a particular focus on the parent drop-off and pickup zones. A site plan review checklist based on the 21 consensus guidelines approved by the project advisory panel is provided. Texas Department of Transportation engineers, field crews, architects, and school district personnel can use this checklist to coordinate efforts and improve the safety and efficiency of school site access and traffic flow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jan 2006 13:41:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/772704</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OPERATIONS AND SAFETY AROUND SCHOOLS: OVERVIEW OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND FINDINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/698313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The state of Texas, particularly the large urban areas, has experienced considerable population growth in recent years. This growth has produced new schools in areas near highways originally designed for low volumes and relatively high speeds. Another trend is the higher proportion of children being transported to and from schools in private vehicles.  These realities, and many of the other issues associated with traffic around schools, make it important to aggressively consider the design of roadways within and around schools to ensure the safest possible traffic environment.  Equally important is the consideration of the location and design of the school site, preferably during the planning stages, in order to establish safe and efficient operations.  The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is currently focusing attention on these issues through its Precious Cargo Program.  Precious Cargo allows TxDOT staff to review school site plans and make recommendations before they are built.  Since the program's inception, more than 180 schools in 70 various school districts statewide have seen traffic safety improvements around their schools or future school sites.  This report provides an overview of the project activities and findings.  In the first year, researchers performed a state-of-the-practice literature review; conducted interviews and surveys with architects, school district personnel, and consulting engineers with considerable experience in school site planning and design; conducted surveys of site review practices of TxDOT and municipal engineers; examined findings and observations from case studies of 14 school campuses; and reviewed existing guidelines.  In the second year, the research team conducted field studies at 20 school sites concentrating on operations and conflicts in parent pick-up and drop-off areas.  Based on the findings, researchers developed school site planning and design guidelines for transportation-related elements such as site selection, general site requirements and design, bus operations, parent drop-off/pick-up zones, driveways, turn lanes, signing and marking, parking, and pedestrian and bicycle access.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/698313</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRAFFIC OPERATIONS AND SAFETY AT SCHOOLS: RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/696534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The state of Texas, particularly the large urban areas, has experienced considerable population growth in recent years. This growth has produced new schools in areas near highways originally designed for low volumes and relatively high speeds. Another trend is the higher proportion of children being transported to and from schools in private vehicles.  These realities, and many of the other issues associated with traffic around schools, make it important to aggressively consider the design of roadways within and around schools to ensure the safest possible traffic environment.  Equally important is the consideration of the location and design of the school site, preferably during the planning stages, in order to establish safe and efficient operations.  The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is currently focusing attention on these issues through its Precious Cargo Program.  Precious Cargo allows TxDOT staff to review school site plans and make recommendations before the schools are built.  Since the program's inception, more than 180 schools in 70 various school districts statewide have seen traffic safety improvements around their schools or future school sites.  This report contains the recommended school site planning guidelines for transportation-related elements such as site selection, general site requirements and design, bus operations, parent drop-off/pick-up zone, driveways, turn lanes, signing and marking, parking, and pedestrian and bicycle access.  The research team based these guidelines on a comprehensive review of existing guidelines and the results of field studies at school sites in Texas.  The report provides examples of good practices and also examples of practices to avoid for many of the more prominent guidelines.  The guidelines are focused on transportation design, operations and safety within school sites--with a particular focus on the parent and bus drop-off/pick-up zones.  The final chapter of the report contains a site plan review checklist that TxDOT engineers, field crews, architects, and school district personnel can use to coordinate efforts and make sure that school access is safe and efficient.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/696534</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OPERATIONS AND SAFETY AROUND SCHOOLS: REVIEW OF EXISTING GUIDELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/660550</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The state of Texas, particularly in the large urban areas, has experienced considerable population growth in recent years. This growth has produced new schools in areas near highways originally designed for low volumes and relatively high speeds. Another trend is the higher proportion of children being transported to and from schools in private vehicles.  These realities, and many of the other issues associated with traffic around schools, make it important to aggressively consider the design of roadways within and around schools to ensure the safest possible traffic environment.  Equally important is the consideration of the location and design of the school site, preferably during the planning stages, in order to establish safe and efficient operations.  The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is currently focusing attention on these issues through its Precious Cargo Program.  Precious Cargo allows TxDOT staff to review school site plans and make recommendations before the schools are built.  Since the program's inception, more than 180 schools in 70 various school districts statewide have seen traffic safety improvements around their schools or future school sites.  This research will develop guidelines and good examples for the design and operation of roadway facilities within and around schools in order to improve safety and reduce local congestion.  This report documents the first-year project activities including (a) a state-of-the-practice literature review; (b) interviews and surveys with architects, school district personnel, and consulting engineers with considerable experience in school site planning and design; (c) surveys of site review practices of TxDOT and municipal engineers; (d) findings and observations from case studies of 14 school campuses; and (e) a review of existing guidelines.  The second-year project activities will basically consist of intensive field studies at school sites throughout the state of Texas.  Researchers will use these data and the review of existing guidelines to develop a final document containing design and operations guidelines for school transportation-related elements such as bus and parent drop-off/pick-up zones, pedestrian/bicycle facilities, parking lots, driveways, traffic control devices, signs, and markings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/660550</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>