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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Risky driving habits among Tunisia's informal transport drivers: What can the theory of planned behavior tell us?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666644</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the risky driving behavior of informal transport drivers in Tunisia using the Theory of Planned Behavior. A self-report questionnaire was administered to 315 participants from five Tunisian governorates. The study results indicated that three different types of behavior (bad, negligent and intentional behaviors) constitute risky driving behaviors among informal drivers. The informal culture, subjective norms, risky driving attitudes and perceived behavioral control were found to be important factors explaining risky driving behaviors. The findings showed that the informality culture trivializes and facilitates these risky driving behaviors. The implications of this study suggest that it is necessary to consider the informal transport sector when developing policies and regulations related to road safety. In addition, it is important to understand the cultural and social norms of informal transport drivers to effectively reduce risky driving behaviors. Furthermore, safety campaigns and educational initiatives should aim to reduce risky driving behavior among informal transport drivers. Finally, the results of this study can be used to inform future research and policy development in the field of road safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666644</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Accidents and Casualties due to Unlicensed Driving Offence</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As China experiences rapid economic and social development, traffic accidents involving unlicensed drivers, which result in casualties, are becoming increasingly prominent and serious. This issue ranks among the three major unlawful behaviors contributing to accidents and high fatality rates. This paper presents empirical studies that examine the individual, vehicle, road, and environmental characteristics associated with accidents and casualties resulting from unlicensed driving in China. Common risk factors influencing the occurrence of accidents involving unlicensed drivers and the severity of injuries include driving at night without proper lighting, operating trucks, carrying passengers, and driving on grades 2 and 4 roads. Young people under the age of 24 and individuals from low-income groups, such as registered rural residents, farmers, and the unemployed, should be the primary focus of initiatives aimed at reducing unlicensed driving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613117</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Examining the Effect of Public Transit Accessibility on Recidivism Among Underage Driving Offenders: A Multilevel Zero-Inflated Model Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540522</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transit is widely recognized as essential for individuals with mobility disadvantages; however, its impact on underage driving (UAD) recidivism remains underexplored. This study employs multilevel zero-inflated models to examine whether public transit accessibility reduces the likelihood of naïve UAD offenders becoming repeat offenders. Utilizing an empirical dataset of 51,454 UAD offenders in Taiwan over an eight-year period (2014–2021), the analysis results support the hypothesis that greater accessibility to the bus transit network significantly decreases the likelihood of recidivism among naïve offenders, particularly among older adolescents. The findings also reveal that UAD offenders residing in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to engage in subsequent offenses compared to those in more prosperous areas, underscoring the importance of enhancing transit services from a social equity perspective. Additionally, consistent with patterns observed in recidivism for other traffic offenses, male offenders and individuals with prior UAD violations are at a higher risk of repeat offenses. These results emphasize the need for targeted interventions within graduated driver licensing programs. This study highlights the significance of early identification and intervention for UAD offenders, particularly through differentiated approaches for naïve and repeat offenders. The proposed multilevel zero-inflated modeling approach proves valuable in distinguishing between offender types and offers potential for application in other traffic recidivism contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 15:35:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540522</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Hiding in plain sight: unlicenced motorcycle riders in Victoria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509212</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motorcycle rider deaths make up around 17% of lives lost on the road in Victoria, with more than 400 motorcyclists killed on Victorian roads over the last ten years. During 2022 and 2023, this increased to more than 50 motorcycle rider deaths per year. An investigation into factors that may have contributed to this increase showed there had been an increase in the number of unlicenced motorcycle riders over this two year period. In-depth interviews (n=10) were conducted with Victorians who ride motorcycles (including on-road bikes, dirt bikes and scooters) without a licence. The interviews explored the circumstances under which the participants were riding unlicenced and sought to understand the barriers to and motivations for getting a motorcycle licence. All participants described taking safety seriously when riding and considered themselves to be competent riders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:06:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509212</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Serious motorcycle crashes: does criminal and traffic history predict involvement?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509166</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fatal crashes involving motorcycles account for approximately 27 percent of lives lost on Queensland roads since 2022, despite motorcycles comprising approximately four percent of vehicle registrations. Statistics also demonstrate motorcycles are overrepresented in serious injury and fatal crashes where the rider is at fault. By interrogating data from fatal and all serious injury motorcycle crashes investigated by the Queensland Police Service (QPS) Forensic Crash Units (FCU) for calendar years 2022, 2023 and up to 28 February 2024, this study aimed to examine whether there is a nexus between rider criminal history and traffic history and propensity to be at fault in a crash. The findings show at fault riders are more than four times more likely to have pre-existing criminal history, over four times more likely to have both criminal and traffic history and almost four times more likely to be not appropriately licensed than not at fault riders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:05:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509166</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Unhelmeted riding, drunk riding, and unlicensed riding among motorcyclists: a population study in Taiwan during 2011–2016</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145584</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Apr 2023 16:37:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145584</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>What leads underage teenagers to ride motorcycles without a permit? Utility vs parental permissiveness</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2103898</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Illegal motorcycle riding among teenagers often results in crashes and disastrous consequences; however, it is rampant in many low and middle-income countries. This article seeks to elucidate the factors that lead to this behavior, and why parents permit it. The study relies on a survey of 832 parents of adolescents (16 to 18 years old) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. These data are modelled based on a new conceptual framework which combines elements of the Technology Acceptance Model, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Focus Theory of Normative Conduct with a few tailored constructs and four relevant control variables (age, gender, income, and home-school distance). The underlying latent factors were derived through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Subsequently, binary logit regression and ordinal logit regression were applied to model the illegal use of motorcycles and the parental intention to permit this behavior. The authors find that 61% of teenagers – older boys from wealthier families in particular – use motorcycles illegally. They do so because their parents see motorcycles as useful and easy to use. Besides, parents enable unpermitted riding because it is socially acceptable to do so, and that is what teens prefer. A perception of weak road rule enforcement is another facilitator while perceived crash risk is an impediment. Interventions and solutions to prevent the illegal use of motorcycle are necessary. The goal is to improve safety rather than penalize teens for using motorcycles. A reasonable and effective approach would be to change the law to allow teenagers as young as 16 to ride motorcycles – but only after a period of rigorous training and testing to ensure safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Feb 2023 15:53:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2103898</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Driving Under Suspension: A Survey of North Dakota Judges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987456</link>
      <description><![CDATA[North Dakota’s current driving under suspension (DUS) law, enforcement, and effects are explored from the perspective of the state’s municipal and district court judges (including judicial referees/magistrates). Overall weighted results are presented in addition to between-group distinctions. These insights provide support for stakeholders considering whether change to DUS law and enforcement is needed. Results show that current DUS penalties should be decreased, by way of decriminalization, shorter suspensions, and reducing the elevation of the offense or subsequent offense. Unless a DUS violator is an elevated offender, it is not deemed necessary to take that person into custody. Municipal court judges tended to agree that reinstatement should be allowed for drivers serving a current suspension/revocation for an alcohol-related offense, while district court judges were opposed. Both groups support treating alcohol-related DUS convictions differently and connecting license restoration to treatment/sobriety. Further, nearly all participants support permitting temporary restricted license (TRL) privileges for attending evaluations and/or any recommended treatments as an incentive to fully restore driving privileges. Lastly, rather than have restrictions TRLs should allow any driving that is compliant with the 24/7 program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jul 2022 09:25:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987456</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Is driving without a valid license associated with an increased risk of causing a road crash?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1752253</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to estimate the association between each cause of driving without a valid license (DWVL) and the risk of causing a road crash, considering driver, vehicle and environmental factors. A case-control study based on data from the Spanish Register of Road Accidents with Victims was carried out between 2014 and 2017. Cases included 28,620 drivers of moving private cars, vans and off-road vehicles involved in single crashes plus 50,100 drivers deemed responsible for clean collisions (i.e. those in which only one driver was labeled as responsible). In accordance with the quasi-induce exposure approach, drivers not responsible for clean collisions comprised the control group (N = 51,656). Logistic and multinomial regression models were used to estimate crude and adjusted Odds Ratios or Relative Risk Ratios between each reason for DWVL and the risk of being a case of all, single and multi-vehicle collisions. A significant association was found between all reasons for DWVL and the risk of causing a road crash. This association was particularly high for drivers with a suspended license and drivers who had never obtained a license. In these subgroups of drivers, the proportion of the relationship explained by high-risk driving behaviors is high. The results support the need for applying continued strategies to identify and control these subgroups of drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Dec 2020 17:24:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1752253</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Individual and geographic variation in driver's license suspensions: Evidence of disparities by race, ethnicity and income</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although access to a motor vehicle is essential for pursuing social and economic opportunity and ensuring health and well-being, states have increasingly used driver's license suspensions as a means of compelling compliance with a variety of laws and regulations unrelated to driving, including failure to pay a fine or appear in court. Little known about the population of suspended drivers and what geographic resources may be available to them to help mitigate the impact of a suspension. Using data from the New Jersey Safety Health Outcomes (NJ-SHO) data warehouse 2004–2018, the authors compared characteristics of suspended drivers, their residential census tract, as well as access to public transportation and jobs, by reason for the suspension (driving or non-driving related). In addition, the authors examined trends in the incidence and prevalence of driving- and non-driving-related suspensions by sub-type over time. The authors found that the vast majority (91%) of license suspensions were for non-driving-related events, with the most common reason for a suspension being failure to pay a fine. Compared to drivers with a driving-related suspension or no suspension, non-driving-related suspended drivers lived in census tracts with a lower household median income, higher proportion of black and Hispanic residents and higher unemployment rates, but also better walkability scores and better access to public transportation and jobs. The study contributes to a growing literature that shows, despite public perception that they are meant to address traffic safety, the majority of suspensions are for non-driving-related events. Further, these non-driving-related suspensions are most common in low-income communities and communities with a high-proportion of black and Hispanic residents. Although non-driving-related suspensions are also concentrated in communities with better access to public transportation and nearby jobs, additional work is needed to determine what effect this has for the social and economic well-being of suspended drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2020 09:13:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739375</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Motorcycle Licensing and Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1738655</link>
      <description><![CDATA[All Wisconsin residents who plan to operate a Type 1 motorcycle on public roads must have a Class M (Motorcycle) license. In 2012, more than 513,000 Wisconsin residents held a valid Class M License. Data indicates there could be as many as 31,000 unlicensed motorcycle operators in the state without a Class M endorsement. Unlicensed operators account for approximately 35% of motorcycle fatalities, and there is concern that unlicensed operators may not be operating as safely as licensed operators. One component of this study was to gather data on the true safety differences between licensed and unlicensed motorcycle operators. In addition to quantifying the numbers of both operators, this study examines crash data to determine differences in riding habits. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) conducted an initiative to encourage Wisconsin motorcyclists who own registered motorcycles and who are likely riding without appropriate Class M Licensing to successfully complete some form of formal rider education to become compliant under Wisconsin law. To increase compliance and provide outreach to the community, WisDOT needs to have accurate information on how many of these owners do not have a Class M license and their contact information; the safety differences between licensed and unlicensed operators; an analysis of crash data to determine driving habits of unlicensed riders; and an understanding of the major barriers to obtaining licenses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2020 18:24:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1738655</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Evaluation of the Effect of Gaps in Licensure on Traffic Safety Outcomes Subsequent to Renewal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1538662</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Absent a progressive physical or mental condition, motorists in California are permitted to renew their driver license without submitting to a skills test. This policy applies regardless of how long a customer’s license has been expired. Given a lack of published research on the retention of motor skills required of driving, the current study was designed to evaluate the effect of a “gap” in licensure on one’s ability to safely operate a motor vehicle. More specifically, it sought to determine whether a gap in a customer’s licensing history was associated with crashes and / or convictions subsequent to renewal. To that end, the Department’s Driver License Master File was used to identify motorists in California who had a clearly defined gap at some point during their licensing history. These customers were then placed into one of three study groups based upon the length of time it took for them to relicense: 1 to 30 days (n = 6,135), 31 to 365 days (n = 4,688), or greater than 365 days (n= 1,973). A fourth group of drivers, all of whom had not experienced a gap in their licensing history (i.e., those who renewed early), was also identified to serve as a type of quasi-experimental control group. These analyses found that drivers who had a gap of at least 1 year had the same odds of incurring at least one post-renewal conviction as did drivers who renewed early. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models also indicated that gap duration was not a significant predictor of post-renewal crash involvement; drivers in this study were equally likely to experience a post-renewal crash, regardless of how long they were unlicensed. Based on the findings of this report, recommendations are made to maintain current DMV policy and not integrate skills testing as part of the renewal process, absent additional information indicating potential issues of concern (e.g., a progressive vision disorder).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 2019 16:36:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1538662</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of in-vehicle technologies to prevent unlicensed driving in Queensland and Victoria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1595492</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Unlicensed driving is a serious problem in many Australian states, with unlicensed driving-related crashes (UDC) costing up to $304 million per year in Queensland, and $176 million in Victoria. In this paper, the authors present a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) analysis of a set of Intelligent Transportation Systems technologies aimed at preventing unlicensed driving by verifying the driver’s identity through biometric technology, as well as the validity of their licence. Utilised together, the technology would essentially take the form of a licence interlock. The goal of this program of research (from which this paper stems) was to provide preliminary recommendations as to which technology is the most beneficial and should be implemented as part of a government-led program increasing the functionalities of electronic driving licences (EDL). The corresponding BCR analysis revealed that fingerprints and finger vascular patterns recognition technologies were found to systematically have the best BCRs. In regard to the most effective manner to implement the technology, a corresponding investigation with five scenarios revealed that the greatest benefits would be achieved with: (a) a mandatory system for all banned drivers (e.g., suspensions & disqualifications), and (b) a mandatory system for banned drivers under the age of 21 only. Scenario (b) performs extremely well, with returns of up to 16 times the investment with a simple fingerprint-based interlock. Although often more modest, all systems were found to have BCRs above 1 in all of the implementation scenarios except one. This paper further outlines the findings in regard to addressing the significant problem of unlicensed driving via emerging technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2019 16:59:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1595492</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>2017 Annual Report of the California DUI Management Information System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1582139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this twenty-sixth annual legislatively-mandated report, 2014 and 2015 driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs (DUI) data from diverse sources were compiled and cross-referenced for the purpose of developing a single comprehensive DUI data reference and monitoring system. This report presents crosstabulated information on DUI arrests, convictions, postconviction sanctions, driver license suspension/revocation actions, and on drivers in alcohol- or drug-involved crashes. In addition, this report provides 1-year proportions of DUI recidivism and crash rates for first and second DUI offenders arrested in each year over a time period of 25 years. Also, the long-term recidivism curves of the cumulative proportions of DUI reoffenses are shown for all DUI offenders arrested in 2005. An analysis was conducted to evaluate if referrals to the 9-month DUI program were associated with reductions in 1-year subsequent DUI incidents and crashes when compared to referrals to the 3-month DUI program among first DUI offenders. The proportions of convicted first and second DUI offenders arrested in 2014, who were referred, enrolled, and completed DUI programs are also presented. Additionally, the numbers and percentages of DUI offenders who installed ignition interlock devices are presented by county and DUI offender status.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2019 09:40:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1582139</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Driver's License Suspension Reform: The Right Road for Michigan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2010 alone the state of Michigan suspended 475,000 driver's licenses. This policy brief examines the consequences of license suspension and suggests areas for reform. License-suspending offenses in Michigan are often unrelated to traffic safety and include drug offenses, failure to pay child support, failure to appear, and nonpayment of fines and fees. License suspension may cause unintended consequences such as unfairly burdening those with lower incomes; preventing police officers from protecting public safety while enforcing Driving While License Suspended (DWLS) offenses; and the costs of enforcement, prosecution, jailing, and lost tax revenue from those unable to drive to work.  The report concludes with recommendations for reform including examining reform in other states, eliminating suspension for failing to pay fines and fees, using license suspension as a punishment only for traffic-related offenses, and setting end dates on suspensions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Feb 2019 14:46:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512704</guid>
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