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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Screening effects of China’s driver’s license test reform: Evidence from regression discontinuity design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Driver’s license testing determines who may legally operate a motor vehicle and is therefore a central screening instrument for road safety. This study develops a screening-theoretic framework for driver licensing and uses microscopic traffic accident data from Guangdong Province, China, to evaluate the 2004 reform of China’s driver’s license test system. The authors apply a regression discontinuity design based on license issuance dates, using January 1, 2005 as the empirical cutoff that reflects the transition between policy implementation and license issuance. The results show that drivers licensed under the new test regime received, on average, 0.36 fewer demerit points for traffic violations in accidents. Mechanism analyses show that the reduction is concentrated in Type A (risk-judgment-related) violations, whereas Type B (skill-related) violations do not show a comparable reduction. This pattern is consistent with a screening-based interpretation in which the reform affected traits related to risk judgment more strongly than operational driving skills. The effect is most pronounced among drivers with no more than six years of driving experience and among younger and urban drivers. Heterogeneity analyses by vehicle, road, weather, and lighting conditions further suggest that the estimated reform effect varies across driving contexts, while estimates for small subgroups should be interpreted cautiously. These findings provide evidence on how test-based licensing reforms may affect driver violation behavior in comparable institutional settings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:01:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728389</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Managing practical driving test anxiety: Effects of a brief psychological training program on young candidates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2719566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a program specifically designed to address anxiety related to the practical driving test in the Italian context. A total of seventy candidates from a driving school course were selected from a larger group of 250 students based on their high test anxiety scores. These participants were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group, which received training from a traffic psychologist, and the control group, which served as an active control group condition and received additional driving lessons and a structured session to discuss test-related concerns with a driving instructor. The State Anxiety Scale (STAI) was used to measure anxiety levels three times: before the intervention in both conditions, immediately after, and before the driving test. The results showed that, on the day of the driving test, the psychological training group reported significantly lower state anxiety than the active control group, although their anxiety levels had returned to baseline. These findings suggest that the training may have attenuated the rise in anxiety observed as the examination approached. The study provides preliminary evidence on the effects of a psychological training program relative to an alternative structured training condition in reducing anxiety related to the practical driving test.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:49:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2719566</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Driving as a screening aid: Scenario-based cognitive assessment in older drivers from driving video</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We introduce a scenario-based video framework for cognitive assessment in older drivers using naturalistic in-vehicle video. Instead of relying on aggregate trip-level statistics, our method extracts scenario-specific visual representations from driving videos and ranks roadway scenarios based on inter-group separability in feature space. By analyzing real-world driving behavior captured by in-vehicle sensors, this study aims to extract discriminative video-based behavioral features that reveal the correlation between driving behavior and cognitive decline. We propose a framework that leverages pretrained vision models and naturalistic driving videos captured across diverse roadway scenarios to analyze driver behavior and assess cognitive status. By treating the vehicle as a “Screening Aid”, our method exploits the strong relationship between real-world driving behavior and cognitive state. Modern pretrained vision models enable the extraction of meaningful behavioral patterns from everyday driving across different scenario contexts. The results demonstrate that our approach effectively captures the link between scenario-specific cognitive load and observable behavioral patterns. This work advances a potentially scalable and non-invasive monitoring strategy for detecting cognitive decline in the aging population.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707976</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing driving performance and perceived risk among young drivers under different weather conditions in simulated traffic situations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Young drivers are overrepresented in road accident statistics, in part due to limited risk awareness and overestimation of their own driving abilities. To address this, Sweden is exploring the use of simulator-based screening tests as a complement to traditional on road assessments. This experimental study investigated how different weather conditions: daytime, nighttime, rain, and fog, affect driving performance, speed, self-assessed performance, and perceived risk among novice drivers using a validated simulator-based test. Twenty-six licensed drivers (≤7 years) completed 14 driving scenarios across the four weather conditions in a fixed-base simulator. Objective driving performance, self-evaluations, and perceived risk ratings were collected post drive for each situation. A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a statistically significant overall effect of weather conditions on driving performance, with the highest pass rates in daytime and the lowest in fog. However, no statistically significant pairwise differences were found. Participants drove significantly faster in daytime than in fog, indicating partial behavioral adaptation to visibility changes. No effects were found for self-assessed performance or perceived risk across conditions, possibly suggesting a persistent gap in self-awareness and risk perception among young drivers. These findings support the inclusion of diverse weather conditions, particularly low-visibility scenarios like fog, in a simulator-based screening test, which is discussed as a possible complement to the Swedish on-road driving test. Future research should expand scenario realism by incorporating road surface friction to simulate winter and rain conditions more effectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 16:34:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707990</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effective measures for evaluating safe driving ability with a driving simulator and eye movement tracking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704810</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stroke survivors often wish to resume driving, but objective and reliable indicators for assessing fitness to drive are lacking. The authors aimed to establish effective measures for evaluating safe driving ability in brain-injured patients by integrating driving simulator (DS) performance and eye movement analysis. Participants included brain-injured patients, classified into mild and severe groups using Trail Making Test-B scores and the presence of visual field defects, neglect, or aphasia, alongside healthy controls. Neuropsychological assessments (Trail Making Test-A/B, Kohs Block Design Test, Mini-Mental State Examination) were conducted. Driving performance was evaluated using the Honda Safety Navi DS, focusing on the standard deviation (SD) of steering angle on straight roads and the SD of velocity on curved roads. Eye movements were recorded with Tobii Pro Glasses 2 during hazard detection and dangerous situation scenes, with particular attention to saccade amplitude. Group differences were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests. The SD of steering angle on straight roads and the SD of velocity on curved roads were significantly higher in mild or severe brain-injured groups compared with healthy controls. However, saccade amplitude was significantly lower in both mild and severe brain-injured groups than in healthy controls during hazard detection scenes, indicating impaired visual exploration. To measure driving ability in both mild and severe brain-injured patients, saccade amplitude provided a promising objective indicator for evaluating driving ability instead of DS alone. These findings support the development of evidence-based fitness to drive assessments for clinical and rehabilitation applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 15:13:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704810</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determinants of Elderly Drivers' Intentions to Use Driving Aptitude Tests, Safe Driving Learning, and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674989</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated factors affecting elderly drivers' intention to use driving aptitude tests, safe driving learning, and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It examined frailty, driving experience (basic driving skills, safe driving skills, and near-accidents), life safety needs, and awareness of others. A survey of 2069 drivers aged 60+ found that physical frailty reduces basic driving skills and increases near-accidents. Social frailty has little impact on driving experience but decreases the intention to use aptitude tests and education. Driving experience has minimal effect on these intentions but slightly influences the intention to use ADAS. Awareness of others and life safety needs strongly influence the intention to use driving aptitude tests, safe driving learning, and ADAS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 11:57:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674989</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validating variations of situations in a driving simulator screening test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686700</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Young drivers' elevated crash risk is linked to inexperience, low risk awareness, and underdeveloped cognitive control. To improve driving testing, several countries use hazard perception tests, and Sweden is piloting a simulator-based screening test as a potential complement to the on-road driving test. These screening tests would have to be developed in several versions and would have to be randomized. The aim of this study was to examine whether introducing controlled visual variations into traffic situations would alter the overall difficulty structure of the simulator-based screening test, that is, whether the relative difficulty of the situations remained stable across different test versions. An experimental between-group design was used, with 127 Swedish automotive high school students randomly assigned to one of three versions of a simulator-based screening test. All versions included the same 14 traffic situations across urban, rural, and highway environments, but differed in minor design features. The screening test evaluated participants' performance in each situation (pass/fail) and the outcome from the three versions was analyzed with a Rasch analysis. The findings suggest that small variations did not compromise overall test consistency, although added pedestrians and roadside objects increased difficulty in some traffic situations. These insights support the development of fair and reliable simulator-based screening test, with potential benefits for driver testing and traffic safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 17:05:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686700</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validation of CGI hazard perception clips</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617198</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Hazard Perception Test (HPT) became part of United Kingdom (UK) driver licensing in 2002. Research shows that the HPT is a reliable method of measuring hazard perception, a crucial skill for safe driving, with higher-scoring candidates having a better safety record. In 2015, the original video hazard perception clips were converted to Computer-generated imagery (CGI), which enables easier updating. This study tested whether a set of CGI clips, used in the official driving test, can distinguish between two groups of drivers with different experience levels (that is, drivers with more than ten years experience, and learner drivers) based on their hazard perception skill. Experienced drivers and learner drivers underwent an HTP comprising sixteen clips, containing eighteen hazards. Hazard perception skill was measured by the same method as in the official driving test, indicating how soon the participants perceived the hazards. The experienced drivers scored much better on hazard perception skill than the learners, showing that CGI clips can be a valid measure of hazard perception skill. However, two clips did not show this pattern, and this should be investigated further.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:34:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617198</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predicting High-Risk Drivers: Skills Examination and Scoring Guidelines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611485</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report provides guidance and methods for driving skills examination and scoring that identify high safety risk drivers. The report is based on a comprehensive review of domestic and international, specifically European, driver examination policies and input from an expert panel that provided insights into best practices for driver testing and skill assessment. An experimental trial was conducted with 1,512 teenage learner drivers in which all participants completed baseline surveys, a pre-intervention hazard perception assessment, an immediate post-intervention hazard perception assessment, and a 3-month post-intervention hazard perception assessment. Participants used a smartphone app to measure driving behavior, including distraction, speeding, and hard braking. This report will be of interest to state highway safety offices and other stakeholders concerned with young driver safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 11:30:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611485</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Equality in the Driving Test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Great Britain, a higher pass rate on the Category B (car) practical driving test is achieved by males, while females pass the theory test at a higher rate than males. To understand these inequalities, the authors analyzed data from the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA), performed a literature review and interviewed examiners, instructors, learners and successful test candidates. The data analysis confirmed the gender inequalities and indicated several other factors that affect pass rates. These included age, taking the test using an automatic transmission vehicle, ethnicity, health, special requirements for a disability, and region. The literature review revealed that several other countries have similar differences in gender pass rates. In the interviews, testing procedures and the factors in candidates’ success or failure were discussed. Demography and gender differences were also covered. The interviews showed that women’s higher pass rates in the theory test are due to their greater preparation. Four reasons accounted for the male higher pass rate in the practical test: males are better prepared, have higher confidence and lower stress, and are less affected by the examiner’s presence. Several questions were suggested for further research and for future changes to help improve equality in the driving tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2025 17:02:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593914</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validation of a performance-based driving assessment: Implications for licensing young drivers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2602170</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The on-road behind-the-wheel “practical” license test is the gate by which aspiring drivers must pass in order to drive independently in many jurisdictions. Evidence linking practical test performance and future driving outcomes is mixed. In the United States, license tests are characterized by high pass rates. A more rigorous test might dissuade applicants who are not ready from attempting the test, encourage better preparation, and also sensitize aspirational drivers to their areas of strengths and weaknesses; this is especially important for young, novice drivers. The purpose of this analysis was to detail the validation and implementation of the Drivingly On-Road Driver Assessment (DORA) to inform the debate on adopting a more challenging license test for young drivers and to describe the frequency of critical errors committed. Dyads randomized to the intervention arm of the Drivingly trial and who participated in the DORA were analyzed (n = 453 adolescents). The DORA was administered in live-traffic by a certified instructor at the end of the state learner’s permit holding period. Critical errors were assessed. Drivers self-reported practice hours and number of license test attempts following the DORA. Driver licenses were authenticated by the study team. Enrollment ran from 8/18/2021 to 12/15/2023. Learner drivers passing the practical test the first-time had fewer critical errors on the DORA than those who took 3 + attempts or who delayed license-testing (p < 0.0001). Practice was inversely associated with errors (p < 0.001). Commission of critical errors was common, yet 317(70%) of learner drivers were licensed in one practical test attempt. The DORA validly assesses driving performance. Changing state practical driver licensing examinations to be more comprehensive and rigorous could enhance traffic safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Oct 2025 16:10:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2602170</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Standardised neuropsychological test correlates of driving performance in mild cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the aging population increases, and hence emergence of age-related diseases such as dementia, there is an urgent need to identify sensitive measures of reduced cognitive fitness to drive. Such knowledge can assist health practitioners to effectively triage those older adults requiring a formal fitness to drive assessment. Extending on previous work in healthy older adults, the present study synthesized evidence on the relationship between standardized neuropsychological test measures and driving performance among older adults with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this review focused on studies examining the relationship between standardized neuropsychological test measures and driving performance metrics (e.g., on-road test, driving simulator) in older adults aged 60 years and over with cognitive impairments (mild cognitive impairment or dementia).A total of 7 studies were eligible for review, resulting in the analysis of 14 standardized neuropsychological measures. Due to insufficient data, only one meta-analysis could be performed, with the remaining data being analyzed qualitatively. Based on the limited evidence available, measures of attention, processing speed and global cognition, were found to correlate with driving performance, generally exhibiting moderate-to-large effects. Future research utilizing standardized neuropsychological test measures in assessing the relationship between cognitive function and driving in MCI/dementia, is warranted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 10:55:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583187</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lane-keeping ability evaluation for driving skill tests: A multi-indicator fusion approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2590581</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traditional driver's skill tests primarily assess whether candidates meet specific standards in prescribed tasks, which often fails to fully reflect their overall driving performance in real-world scenarios. This can lead to suboptimal driving outcomes. Lane-keeping ability is a key indicator for evaluating a driver's overall competence, as it reflects their proficiency in vehicle control, road environment perception, and emergency handling. However, due to the complex and varied factors influencing lane-keeping ability, there is currently a lack of effective methods for assessing this skill during drive skill tests. To address this gap, this paper proposes a multi-indicator fusion (MIF) method for evaluating lane-keeping ability in driver skill tests. First, to accommodate real-world lane-keeping scenarios in drive skill tests, multidimensional indicators representing lane-keeping ability are extracted from real low-speed naturalistic driving data, considering both lateral and longitudinal safety and stability. Next, by analyzing the distribution characteristics of these indicators using the K-means clustering method, groups of indicators with similar characteristics are identified. Furthermore, the Youden index, Boxplot, and statistical measures are then employed to determine the threshold values for each indicator, enhancing the accuracy of the evaluation. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation model for lane-keeping ability is constructed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on a combination of subjective and objective weightings. The proposed MIF-based lane-keeping assessment method for drive skill tests was effectively validated in terms of its rationality and feasibility using naturalistic driving data. This study provides valuable reference points for assessing lane-keeping ability in the context of future autonomous driving environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2025 12:23:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2590581</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The validity of self-assessment predicts on-road driving performance beyond the effects of age and sex in older drivers with and without MCI</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Higher age is often seen as a key factor in the decline of driving skills. Moreover, there is some evidence that overestimation is related to both higher age and poorer on-road performance in older drivers. However, it is unknown how the extent of overestimation or underestimation affects on-road driving performance beyond age.  112 older drivers with and without mild cognitive impairment participated in this prospective on-road study. All participants underwent a standardized on-road driving assessment, neuropsychological testing, collection of driving-related data and different self-assessments. Statistical analyses included a hierarchical regression analysis to predict on-road driving performance by adding age and sex in the first step and the validity of self-assessment (VSA) in the second step. Correlation analyses focused on the association between VSA and cognitive and driving-related behavioral factors. Results revealed that the combination of age and sex significantly predicted on-road driving skills (R2adjusted = 0.320). The inclusion of VSA led to a significant increase of explained variance in the criterion (R2adjusted = 0.639). Moreover, the degree of overestimation correlated with higher age, lower cognitive performance and more risky driving behavior. The results highlight the importance of the VSA for on-road driving performance beyond the effects of age and sex. Moreover, the VSA appears to decrease towards overestimation with increasing age and decreasing cognition and should thus be a focus of safety research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Aug 2025 15:29:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583176</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Older adults’ perspectives on annual medical assessments for driving: A qualitative investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534464</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite their importance, annual medical assessments for driving (AMAD) can be considered stressful or confronting for older adults. A driver’s license represents a sense of freedom and independence, both of which are needed for optimal quality of life. This qualitative study explored older adults’ experiences and opinions regarding these assessments, focusing particularly on cognitive function and how it relates to driving. A total of 34 (14 females) older adults aged 60 years and over (Mage = 73 years, SD = 9, range = 60-93) were included in this study, and underwent an interview via telephone. Seventeen participants (50%) reported having experience with AMAD due to meeting the age requirement of 75 years, with an additional two participants having prior experience with assessments due to a health condition. The data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Five themes and 2 subthemes were produced from the data: (1) AMAD are important for road safety; (2) AMAD produce a variety of emotional responses; (3) AMAD appear to be ineffective with little face validity; (4) there are inconsistencies in how AMAD are performed and (5) AMAD require improvement; (5a) AMAD should involve practical skills testing; and (5b) mixed opinions exist as to whether an independent assessor should conduct AMAD. While participants recognized the importance of AMAD for public safety, they expressed they should not be conducted on the basis of chronological age. Concerns were also raised regarding the standardization and face validity of AMAD, with several suggestions for improvement being reported. This study provides a deeper insight into how older adults perceive AMAD and highlight potential ways in which they could be improved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 May 2025 09:33:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534464</guid>
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