<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Beyond the Pipes: Performance Management of Water Supply Systems under Uncertainty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571754</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Performance evaluation of water supply systems is essential for asset management decision-making. Most studies focus on the infrastructure systems’ performance indicators without linking them to levels of service (LOS). Although some attempted this connection, they often overlooked different infrastructure systems, raising concerns about the comprehensiveness of the performance evaluation process. The present study, therefore, developed a LOS-oriented performance evaluation framework for potable water infrastructure systems. This framework considers system-level and non-system-level performance indicators, providing a holistic and comprehensive infrastructure assessment. This framework offers a holistic performance evaluation of potable water infrastructure across 10 LOS dimensions. A five-level performance scale was established for the performance indicators within the framework. In order to address the inherent uncertainty of operational data, a fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) analytical strategy was utilized for the computations. The developed framework and FSE analytical strategy were demonstrated using case study data from a municipality in Ontario, Canada. The case study results indicated that the LOS-oriented standardized infrastructure performance varied between 0.74 and 0.92 (out of 1) across the four scenarios examined. The sensitivity analysis revealed the carbon footprint of water treatment facility operations, customer feedback, response time of unplanned interruptions, operational efficiency, field accidents, and service availability as the critical performance indicators.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2025 17:15:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571754</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tire-based microplastics: Composition, detection, and impacts of advanced oxidation processes in drinking water treatment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529397</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Microplastic pollution, particularly that from tire, presents critical environmental and public health concerns. They contribute 60 % of the total microplastic pollution. Tire-based microplastics, which contain synthetic polymers and toxic chemical additives, are significant contributors to microplastic pollution in aquatic systems. They release various hazardous substances, including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other persistent pollutants, which adversely affect ecosystems and pose risks to drinking water quality. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) such as ultraviolet based treatment, ozonation and sulfate radical based processes show potential for mitigating these microplastics by fragmenting them and degrading the leached chemicals. Radicals generated during AOP (such as sulfate radicals (SO₄•⁻), peroxide radicals (HO₂•) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), have also been successful in removing the transformation products associated with tire microplastics. This combined action of AOP has potential in mitigating the primary tire microplastics and the leached chemicals from it. AOP studies reported from the other microplastic researches (PP, PE, PVC etc.) shows promising results in mitigating them from drinking water sources. TMP appears to behave similarly to other microplastic polymers in terms of fragmentation. However, research is still lacking in quantifying this process due to the presence of complex chemicals additives in it. Additionally, studies focusing on their removal in DWTPs, particularly those that consider both TMP and their associated chemical leachates, remain limited. This review discusses the chemical composition, detection techniques, fragmentation of tire-related microplastics by AOP, and leaching of chemicals from them. This review also suggests modification of treatment techniques, challenges for implementing them to real world treatment and scopes in optimization of treatment conditions to mitigate tire wear particles and the associated chemicals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Apr 2025 09:52:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529397</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Emergency water distribution systems to improve spatial equality and spatial equity in a heterogeneous community with differing mobility characteristics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study addresses challenges in emergency water distribution systems by proposing a hybrid method that optimizes points of distribution (PODs) and mobile delivery systems. The goal is to optimally dispense emergency water to disaster-affected populations while enhancing spatial equality and spatial equity. By considering the physiological and socioeconomic status of the disaster-affected population, the hybrid method addresses the needs of a heterogeneous community. The hybrid method consists of two models: The first model seeks to determine the optimal locations of POD for populations who are deemed physiologically able to visit PODs and pick up their emergency water. In this model, socioeconomic status is incorporated to account for different mobility characteristics of these populations. The second model focuses on determining efficient routes for mobile delivery to populations who are more likely to have physiological limitations that interfere with them traveling to PODs and picking up their emergency water. The proposed method is then validated with an application to the Flint, Michigan, water crisis. The experiments demonstrate that, compared to the actual setup of PODs, the method shows a 69.30 % improvement in objective function value and a 7.05 % reduction in the average travel time for people to reach the PODs. Particularly beneficial for those with the longest travel time to the PODs, the model indicates a significant 25.22 % decrease in travel time, equivalent to 19.49 min. Also, the method suggests the optimal delivery solution involving 20 trucks covering 191.82 km for the target populations. The authors further conduct a sensitivity analysis to discuss the potential impact of various factors on the operations of the emergency water distribution system. The results highlight that increasing the number of depots does not necessarily lead to a proportional decrease in vehicle kilometers traveled. The authors also identify that the most cost-effective vehicle type is a 16-foot truck. These findings provide emergency agencies and policymakers with valuable insights, paving the way for improved guidelines and policies to establish more effective emergency water distribution systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2025 15:11:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485724</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Social cost-vehicle routing problem and its application to the delivery of water in post-disaster humanitarian logistics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2206847</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hurricanes Irma and Maria devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017. The American territory suffered catastrophic damage in infrastructure and the vast majority of the island’s residents lost access to clean water, most roads were impassable, and the power grid was completely down. Disaster and humanitarian relief efforts were hampered by logistic complications due to loss of infrastructure. Delivering water and other critical supplies to survivors was the primary goal, and aid workers had to work to overcome these conditions. This paper seeks to determine what water delivery method, or combination of methods, minimizes the total social costs, which is the sum of logistics costs and the costs imposed on survivors waiting for water. The latter is also known as the deprivation cost, or an economic valuation of the cost of being deprived of a critical item such as water. By addressing these issues, this paper provides insights into the right format and routing of delivery vehicles that will get water to survivors in the aftermath of a disaster.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jul 2023 15:59:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2206847</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic human health risk assessment of trace elements in ballast water treated by reverse osmosis desalination plants</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Very few studies have paid attention to the transport of heavy and toxic metals via ballast water coming from different countries of the world. In the present study, ballast water samples (n = 83) were collected from ships, tankers and vessels of 21 different origins arriving at the two main ports of Qatar. Besides the basic physical parameters of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total organic carbon (TOC), concentrations of 24 elements (As, Sb, Al, Cd, Pb, Si, V, Ag, Zn, Cr, Mn, Ba, Co, Ni, Sr, Be, Cu, Tl, B, Fe, Se, Sn, Mo and U) were determined. In addition, the potential human health risks of drinking water treated by reverse osmosis (RO) were assessed using Monte Carlo simulations. Two scenarios were used to assess the risks to the general population, namely, seawater (baseline) and ballast water (worst-case scenario). The authors' results show significant differences among the tested elements, depending on the origin of the ballast water. The human health assessment showed that all hazardous quotients (HQs) were below the safety limits. However, for the ballast water scenario, thallium (Tl) HQs were 10 % above the safety level. Ballast water in Qatar does not pose risks for human health through drinking water, but ballast water discharges should take into consideration seawater catchments and potential toxic elements, especially Tl. Regular monitoring campaigns need to be performed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Mar 2023 16:45:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PFAS in drinking water and serum of the people of a southeast Alaska community: A pilot study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1936954</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become a target of rigorous scientific research due to their ubiquitous nature and adverse health effects. However, there are still gaps in knowledge about their environmental fate and health implications. More attention is needed for remote locations with source exposures. This study focuses on assessing PFAS exposure in Gustavus, a small Alaska community, located near a significant PFAS source from airport operations and fire training sites. Residential water (n = 25) and serum (n = 40) samples were collected from Gustavus residents and analyzed for 39 PFAS compounds. In addition, two water samples were collected from the previously identified PFAS source near the community. Fourteen distinct PFAS were detected in Gustavus water samples, including 6 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), 7 perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs), and 1 fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTS). ΣPFAS concentrations in residential drinking water ranged from not detected to 120 ng/L. High ΣPFAS levels were detected in two source samples collected from the Gustavus Department of Transportation (14,600 ng/L) and the Gustavus Airport (228 ng/L), confirming these two locations as a nearby major source of PFAS contamination. Seventeen PFAS were detected in serum and ΣPFAS concentrations ranged from 0.0170 to 13.1 ng/mL (median 0.0823 ng/mL). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) were the most abundant PFAS in both water and serum samples and comprised up to 70% of ΣPFAS concentrations in these samples. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed PFAS concentrations in water and sera were moderately and positively correlated (r = 0.495; p = 0.0192). The authors' results confirm a presence of a significant PFAS source near Gustavus, Alaska and suggest that contaminated drinking water from private wells contributes to the overall PFAS body burden in Gustavus residents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Apr 2022 10:06:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1936954</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing access to drinking water in remote areas. Application to Nepal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1918738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study is motivated by the need to restore part of the Nepal water distribution network that was destroyed by the Gorkha and Dolakha earthquakes in April and May 2015. The problem consists of two hierarchical subproblems: locating water taps to ensure a good coverage of the population, and connecting these water taps to water sources by means of a pipe distribution network. Both subproblems are subject to a variety of accessibility and technical constraints that make the problem unique and highly complex. Namely, because Nepal is highly mountainous, elevations must be taken into account in the distance calculations, and the distribution network is gravity-fed, meaning that pumps are not used. The problem is solved by means of a two-phase matheuristic: the first subproblem is a constrained location–allocation problem which is solved exactly by integer linear programming, while the second subproblem is tackled by means of a cluster-first, tree-second heuristic. Several variants of the heuristic are developed and compared. The network design problem is of very large scale, being solved on a graph with as many as 29,900 vertices and 75,200 arcs. Tests are performed on real-world data, obtained by satellite imagery, from the Suspa Kshemawati and Lapilang communities in the Dolakha district. Extensive computational results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and enable an identification of the best parameter settings and algorithmic tactical choices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:40:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1918738</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2021: Planning a Resilient Future along America's Freshwaters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1866086</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This collection contains 104 peer-reviewed papers that discuss the latest innovative research, case studies, and best management practices in water resources and the environment with a focus on fresh water sources.  Topics include: drinking water; groundwater; wastewater; stormwater; irrigation and drainage infrastructure; waterways; sustainability and smart water; and security and systems analysis.  This proceedings will be of interest to engineers and scientists addressing challenges to drinking water and freshwater resources around the world.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jul 2021 15:26:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1866086</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-depot vehicle routing problem for large scale disaster relief in drought scenarios: The case of the Brazilian northeast region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emergency water trucking (EWT) is the reactive response to address droughts most adopted by developing countries. Consequently, as droughts are becoming more frequent, severe, and longer due to climate change, there has been an increasing demand for EWT. However, when applied on a large scale to geographically dispersed rural populations, EWT requires the use of a significant vehicle fleet, leading to higher operational costs. It thus becomes crucial to propose solutions that guarantee EWT's financial and technical viability. Therefore, this paper proposes a two-step procedure to address the problem of large-scale water distribution to drought-affected populations. In step one, the authors use the transportation problem to assign a set of demand points to water sources, and, in step two, they model the problem as Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problems. Moreover, the authors also explore in this paper possibilities of using a new hybridizing Ant Colony Optimization metaheuristic with Random Variable Neighborhood Descent (MACS-RVND) to search for efficient solutions, in terms of the total distance and number of vehicles used, for large scale EWT. Hence, in the second step of the developed procedure, results from the MACS-RVND are compared with those obtained by Clarke and Wright heuristics with 2-opt, and with results from an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search approach proposed by Erdogan. The procedure was then applied to a real water distribution case in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Results are compared with the actual procedures adopted in Brazilian water distribution, showing that the developed procedure can promote more efficient, economic, and equitable water distribution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 May 2021 20:14:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Affordable On-Demand Testing of Water Contamination Using a Portable Nanoelectronic Lead Detector</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent issues regarding lead in urban drinking water system have arisen. Specifically, the water distribution system in Newark, NJ has attracted a great deal of attention prompting the City and State DEP to conduct widespread testing and even distribution of water treatment devices and bottled water. The water distribution is aged and contains lead fittings that may impact water quality. The primary goal of this study is to develop and deploy a rapid, accurate lead sensing system for lead analysis in drinking water. In addition to accuracy, it is expected to demonstrate that the system can be used to sample a high volume of samples in a field setting with all of the difficulties that may come along with it.

The intended outcome of the project is a new portable electronic sensing platform for rapidly testing lead in water samples. The prototype developed during this research will be a potentially marketable product that will tap into a global market for water testing and analysis instruments valued at $3.5 billion in 2019. An on-site demonstration will be scheduled at the end of this project for various stakeholders to inform them of the availability and potential to this type of sensing system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Dec 2020 16:27:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757057</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preliminary Design of a Drinking-water Carrier for
Water Supply to the Croatian Islands</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1718993</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An analysis of drinking water supply to the Croatian islands indicates an unsatisfactory situation with drinking water on inhabited and occasionally inhabited islands, as well as frequent shortages of drinking water. Besides the fact that this constitutes an obstacle to the economic development of the islands, the scarcity of drinking water further complicates the everyday life of islanders, especially during the summer months when scarcities are more frequent. A particular problem has been observed on islands where the drinking water is supplied by drinking-water carriers. There are four such ships in Croatia, with an average age of over sixty years, which often fail to meet the island’s drinking water demands on time and in sufficient quantity. For strategic reasons, the renovation and strengthening of the Croatian fleet of drinking-water carriers should be definitely considered in order to ensure a secure long-term supply of drinking water to the islands. In the paper a preliminary design of a drinking-water carrier suitable to supply water to the Croatian islands is presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2020 09:19:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1718993</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A procedure to support the distribution of drinking water for victims of drought: the case of the Brazilian semi-arid region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1703707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although there has been an increase in the number of researches involving humanitarian logistics, few studies address slow disasters, such as drought. Although this phenomenon is one of the worst types of disaster in terms of casualties, water distribution to those affected by the drought still lacks academic development, and few studies guide local public managers regarding the efficient use of available resources, guaranteeing a high service level to the population. This paper presents a procedure for the implementation of transport and routing of water delivery. By this procedure, the authors can evaluate the strategy of complementary use of the water supply of drilled artesian wells. It also provides a contextualized routing tool for the practices and policies of motorized water distribution, commonly found in scenarios of water shortages. The algorithms have been implemented considering the capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP), providing a friendly-user tool that helps choosing water sources to be activated and in the definition of the routes between these and the points supply. Results have been validated in the Brazilian Semi - arid region, showing improvement in the current logistical performance of drought coping, in advantageous scales of operation in terms of costs and efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Jun 2020 14:19:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1703707</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploration of contributing factors of different distracted driving behaviours</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1686358</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The motivation of this research is to explore the contributing factors of driving distraction and compare the contributing factors for three typical distracted driving behaviours: drinking water, answering a phone and using mobile phone application (APP) while driving. An online survey including a driving behaviour scale and the Theory of Planned Behaviour Questionnaire (TPB Questionnaire) was conducted to obtain data related to these driving distractions. An integral structural equation model based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was established to explain the factors causing three typical distracted behaviours, and the causes of differences for three typical distracted behaviours were compared. The result shows that the attitudes and perceived behaviour control are the main factors causing distracted behaviours, and the subjective norm has a significant impact on answering a phone while driving. The occurrence of a distracted driving behaviour is the consequence of behaviour intention and perceived behaviour control. These conclusions provide insights for implementing behaviour modification and traffic laws education.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2020 16:39:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1686358</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Infrastructure Solutions: Drinking Water Advances</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1589377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. drinking water sector faces many challenges, among them treatment and distribution systems that are showing signs of age. Innovations in how utilities procure projects, conduct operations, and assess and repair pipelines offer solutions for an industry looking to improve the condition of its critical assets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 2019 16:37:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1589377</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airport Community, Water Quality Events, and the Aircraft Drinking Water Rule</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1497780</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drinking water quality events that affect airports can trigger a spiral of operational challenges for the airports, airlines, and other tenants. A drinking water quality event is one in which consuming the water presents a potential or certain risk to public health. Regardless of where the event originates, an effective airport notification process for all drinking water quality events is important. Airports, airlines, ground service providers, and ice and food caterers as well as other food service establishments take measures to ensure that their operations have safe drinking water. Receiving prompt and accurate information about a drinking water quality event allows airport management and tenants to address and mitigate potential adverse effects. Airlines have reported that it is often difficult for them to obtain information about a drinking water quality event and determine if it affects an airport they serve. Airport management fill a critical role by distributing the essential information and minimizing the time it takes for notification of an event to reach the airport’s tenants.  This report synthesizes:  general practices by which water utilities notify airports and other customers of drinking water quality events; observations from airports and airlines about their experiences learning of a drinking water quality event, either by receiving notification from the water utility or from other means; and procedures by which airport leadership notifies their airport community of drinking water quality events. One primary finding from this study is the need for outreach to airport management to increase awareness of the value of active airport participation in the drinking water quality event notification process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jan 2018 09:01:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1497780</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>