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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Use of Small UAVs for Field Measurement of Hydraulic Parameters in Small Drainage Basins</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project evaluated the feasibility, accuracy, and practical use of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for measuring hydraulic parameters, water-surface elevation (WSE), surface velocity, bathymetry, and discharge, in small to medium Missouri drainage basins. UAV-based measurements offer non-contact alternative to traditional field methods in hazardous environments or high-flow conditions. A comprehensive literature review of 522 publications (2010–2024) was conducted and found that reported errors showed radar-based WSE and hyperspectral/multispectral bathymetry as the most accurate, while Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) showed the highest accuracy with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 10.7%, while the surface velocity method (SV) yielded the lowest discharge error (MAPE = 12.4%). For the field studies in the next phase, six field sites were selected from 21 candidate locations, to represent diverse channel and hydrologic conditions. Five sites were surveyed using UAV photogrammetry, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)/PTV, and sonar-based bathymetry. Discharge was estimated using geometric method (GM) and surface-velocity approaches (SV). GM used LiDAR geometry, bathymetry, roughness, and slope, while SV used PIV/PTV at all sites. UAV-based discharge estimates showed 22.2–25.3% difference relative to USGS rating curves. SV produced more consistent accuracy across sites, while GM was highly sensitive to roughness and geometry. SV is recommended when field time is limited, and GM when detailed channel data are available.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 08:34:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680119</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Leveraging High-Resolution LiDAR and Stream Geomorphic Assessment Datasets to Expand Regional Hydraulic Geometry Curves for Vermont</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669640</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the two decades since Regional Hydraulic Geometry Curves (RHGCs) were first developed for Vermont streams, new remote-sensing data have been generated including digital elevation models derived from Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) data, and stream geomorphic assessments have been completed for more than 2,300 miles of river. Availability of these new data sets represented a cost-effective opportunity to revisit the analysis to update RHGCs for Vermont rivers without the need to engage in resource-intensive field work. We sought to improve upon the RHGCs, by (1) expanding the number of observations, and (2) reducing the variability in the relationships between drainage area and each of the response variables, bankfull width, mean depth, and cross-sectional area. To do so, we leveraged stream geomorphic data collected from 2005 through present; as well as high-resolution lidar data for estimation of basin characteristics. With the addition of 10 new sites, RHGCs have been expanded to cover drainage areas up to 396 (from 194) square miles. Additionally, stratification of the curves by channel slope at a threshold of 0.1% has improved prediction of bankfull width as a function of drainage area. Use of updated curves to design more geomorphically-compatible bridges and culverts will lead to greater resilience and durability of these transportation structures during extreme flood events. Greater longevity of structures translates to improved benefit-cost ratios when the full life cycle of these structures is analyzed and compared to that of undersized structures. Geomorphically-compatible structures also have co-benefits of supporting aquatic and terrestrial organism passage objectives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 13:24:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669640</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Regulation on L-Moments of Annual Peak Streamflow in Texas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570753</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several techniques exist to estimate annual peak-streamflow frequency for streamflows that have recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 500 years for natural (unregulated) drainage basins in Texas. Unfortunately, such techniques have limited applicability in regulated basins. There are numerous regulated basins throughout Texas, which has more than 7,000 dams that are identified by Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission permits. The effects on annual peak streamflow from reservoirs created by these dams range from negligible to the complete suppression of the flood hydrograph; also, reservoirs can artificially create flood-like hydrographs. The large number of reservoirs and their widespread distribution in Texas necessitate an assessment of flood characteristics in regulated basins. Therefore, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation, conducted a study of the effects of regulation on L-moments of annual peak streamflow in Texas. For this report, the State was divided into three regions. Four regression equations to estimate the L-moments of natural annual peak-streamflow data for ungaged sites were derived for each region from data for 367 streamflow-gaging stations in natural basins. The explanatory variables in the equations are contributing drainage area, basin shape factor, and stream slope. The effects of regulation on the L-moments of annual peak-streamflow data were determined by analysis of maximum and normal storage-capacity data from reservoirs for 96 streamflow-gaging stations in variously regulated basins. The results indicate that as potential flood storage (defined by the difference between total maximum and normal capacity) in a basin increases, the mean annual peak streamflow decreases nonlinearly. Evidence strongly indicates (despite contrary expectation) that the higher L-moments (coefficient of L-variation, L-skew, and L-kurtosis) are unaffected by regulation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Aug 2025 16:09:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570753</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of Small UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) for Field Measurement of Hydraulic Parameters in Small Drainage Basins</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548656</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project will examine the feasibility of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (aka drones) to field measure water surface elevations with corresponding velocities and water depths (bathymetry) within a 10% accuracy in calculated discharge compared to conventional methods.  Conventional methods would include surveying each section and using some form of a current meter such as the USGS Type AA Current Meter to determine streamflow velocities.  Conventional methods for determining discharge require surveying and can be time consuming, costly, and unsafe during flooding events, thus is seldom undertaken for smaller drainage basins.  Any high-water marks recorded are hard to determine what the corresponding discharge was for that elevation, hence, unreliable for the calibration of hydraulic models.  Being able to efficiently and safely determine an accurate water surface elevation with the corresponding velocity and water depths across a section can help calibrate hydraulic modeling when it comes time for replacing the structure. If used during a flooding event, it could provide more useful information than a typical high-water mark or extreme high-water mark as an associated discharge can be connected to that elevation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2025 09:13:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548656</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Precision Issues in Determining Areas of Water Catchment Basins When Designing Highway and Railroad Bridges and Pipes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407833</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents a new method of the precise determination of physical boundary parameters of water catchment basins. In comparison with existing methods employed in designing highway and railroad culverts, the method the authors suggest improves the precision of determining the physical area of water catchment basins by 20%. The authors have deduced formulas for calculating the area of a water catchment basin that demonstrate the efficiency of the method developed. The latter is also efficient with designs based on the digital terrain model (DTM).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2025 16:02:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407833</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Basin Characteristics and Point Locations of Road Crossings in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island for Highway-Runoff Mitigation Analyses using the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model
[supporting dataset]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449444</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This data release documents the location of intersections between roads and streams, referred to as road crossings, and associated basin characteristics to support highway-runoff mitigation analyses using the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM, Granato, 2013) in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. The data set of road crossings was generated from the intersections of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Transportation Dataset (roads) and the StreamStats modified National Hydrography Dataset (streams) and in addition to the three-state study area, includes areas of New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire that are within drainages that cover the three states. Pertinent basin characteristics were defined for sites within CT, MA, and RI and include the following: drainage area, 10-85 slope, longest flow path, number of road crossings by road class, impervious cover, length of roads by road class, and length of streams. Coordinates, street name, and road classification associated with the road crossing point also are included. Users can delineate basins and compute these characteristics, among others, on the USGS StreamStats web application. This data release contains one shapefile in a zipped folder and two tables: RoadCrossingsShapefile.zip, BasinCharacteristics.txt, and BasinCharacteristics_Definitions.txt. The basin characteristics are included in the metadata file and as a separate table for the user’s preference.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:41:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449444</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of Energy Dissipation Using Staggered Weirs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Energy dissipation at culvert outlets is necessary for preventing excessive scour that can result in damage to the outlet structure, adjacent roadway, or downstream channel. Energy dissipation basins have long been used for this purpose because of their simple design and effectiveness, but these basins take a lot of space and result in stagnant water pools. Improvements to dissipation structures can help reduce the size of these basins, which results in reduced project cost and helps eliminate stagnant pools.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Jun 2024 16:29:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rainwater Harvesting, Low Impact Development Strategies, and Meeting the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Discharge Standards</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2274194</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) was established to control development generated pollutants that are discharged into natural drainage systems. NPDES regulates point source pollution that enters surface bodies of water including water pollutants such as effluent from factories, power plants, sewage treatment plants, large construction sites, storm sewer systems, and stormwater runoff. Stormwater runoff—the main subject of the paper—is listed with these other toxic water sources because it too can have extremely poor water quality by picking up and removing toxins from an urban environment as it moves through a developed site. The larger the development, the more essential it is to deal with its generated pollutants. Rainwater harvesting deals with the rain that falls on a site and can be either a passive system allowing gravity to do the work or can be an active system where the rainwater is collected in cisterns for future use. Stormwater can be collected off rooftops or ground level catchments. The water can be used for either non-potable or potable uses. Water collection alone can not remove the threat of stormwater pollutant transport however; combining collection with low impact development strategies increases the potential for eliminating stormwater transport of pollutants. Low impact development strategies deal with the way a site is designed and graded and deals with strategies such as reducing impervious areas, using permeable pavements, eliminating curbs or allowing stormwater to move through curbs, or installing strategies such as rain gardens and bioswales. Responsible stormwater management incorporates rainwater harvesting and low impact development strategies to help streamline NPDES requirements. This paper discusses a common goal in green building development projects, which is to generate "no net" increase in runoff from a site and improve water quality of stormwater that must leave the site. This goal is met with two basic concepts: rainwater harvesting and low impact development strategies. Along with a description of the two basic concepts, a stormwater case study is provided at the end of this paper to demonstrate applicability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2024 11:29:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2274194</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaporation — A Tool for Sustainable Drainage Management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2273778</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Where the use of orthodox controlled hydraulic discharge to watercourse is not possible for the management of urban runoff, alternative strategies need to be considered. At Jersey Airport (Great Britain) the development of a new Fire Training Ground facility was constrained by a prohibition on the disposal of surface runoff to watercourse or ground water (because of low levels of persistent pollutants in the runoff) so a system using evaporation and water re-use was developed to create a unique surface water drainage system without a surface water outfall. Surface runoff from the training ground catchment, excluding that generated during practice, is contained and stored beneath the permeable paved surface in a storage cell and managed either through evaporation or through harvesting for use in fire fighting practice. Evaporation is achieved using a patented system of 20 water jets placed around the fire training ground that apply water from the cell to the paved surface. They are automatically switched on when the on-site weather station indicates that there is sufficient evaporative potential. Wind speed and direction are measured to enable the sprays to cover the paved areas within the site boundary. Further research has been undertaken that has demonstrated that significant evaporation is achievable in patented designs of underground storage cells. This paper describes the development and modelling of the use of evaporation as a runoff management tool with particular emphasis on spray-on-pavement systems and enhanced passive evaporation from underground storage cells. The use of spray on pavement systems has been proven as viable and the use of in-cell evaporation is under development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2024 11:29:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2273778</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kentucky Transportation Cabinet Best Management Practices for Maintenance Activities in and around Streams</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2154676</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public concern about the environment, a commitment to environmental stewardship, environmental laws and regulations, and a desire to increase operational efficiency are prompting state and local governments to mitigate, reduce and eliminate the environmental impacts of highway maintenance. At the same time, these agencies must remain focused on their fundamental mission of providing a safe driving condition, offering the level of service customer's desire, and preserving the highway infrastructure. Public accountability also requires cost-effective use of public funds. One major area of maintenance involves work in and around streams and rivers. Drainage structures and channels must be kept open and clear of debris to minimize the possibility of wash outs and undermining of adjacent embankments. Additionally, emergency repairs to structures and roadway fills caused by flooding have to be accomplished to protect the integrity of the structure and the roadway. All these activities have the potential to damage streams and subsequently degrade the water quality through the action of erosion and sedimentation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Feb 2024 16:35:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2154676</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Elevation, Flow Accumulation, Flow Direction, and Stream Definition Data in Support of the Illinois StreamStats Upgrade to the Basin Delineation Database [supporting dataset]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315280</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Illinois Center for Transportation and the Illinois Department of Transportation, prepared hydro-conditioned geographic information systems (GIS) layers for use in the Illinois StreamStats application. These data were used to delineate drainage basins and compute basin characteristics for updated peak flow and flow duration regression equations for Illinois. This dataset consists of raster grid files for elevation (dem), flow accumulation (fac), flow direction (fdr), and stream definition (str900) for each 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) area in Illinois merged into a single dataset. There are 51 full or partial HUC 8s represented by this data set: 04040002, 05120108, 05120109, 05120111, 05120112, 05120113, 05120114, 05120115, 05140202, 05140203, 05140204, 05140206, 07060005, 07080101, 07080104, 07090001, 07090002, 07090003, 07090004, 07090005, 07090006, 07090007, 07110001, 07110004, 07110009, 07120001, 07120002, 07120004 (0712003 was combined into this HUC), 07120005, 07120006, 07120007, 07130001, 07130002, 07130003, 07130004, 07130005, 07130006, 07130007, 07130008, 07130009, 07130010, 07130011, 07130012, 07140101, 07140105, 07140106, 07140108, 07140201, 07140202, 07140203, and 07140204.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jan 2024 15:51:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315280</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Scaling Issues in Design Flood Estimation for Ungauged Catchments: A Case Study for Eastern Australia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2271573</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Design flood estimation in smaller ungauged catchments is often required in hydrologic design of water infrastructures such as bridge, culverts and water retention weirs. Regional flood estimation methods, which are generally developed using data from medium to large catchments, are often applied to very small catchments. The question often remains unresolved whether these regional flood estimation methods are applicable to very small catchments since independent testing cannot be undertaken in most situations due to absence of recorded streamflow data for these very small sized catchments. This paper uses data from 429 catchments in eastern states of Australia, which are grouped into a number of class intervals based on catchment size. It has been found that smaller catchments generally produce a larger unit area runoff. A method is developed to account for this incremental unit runoff in the developed regional flood prediction equations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Dec 2023 08:47:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2271573</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterisation of Urban Stormwater Quality in the Auckland Region (New Zealand)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2271505</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes characterisation of urban sediment and stormwater quality derived from a range of field studies undertaken over the last 10-years in the Auckland region, New Zealand. The most comprehensive field work involved monitoring of eight sub-catchments in the Auckland City in 2000–1. The monitoring included three single land-use control sub-catchments: (1) commercial, (2) industrial and (3) residential, while the remaining five sub-catchments were of mixed land use. Other sampling involved monitoring runoff components within sub-catchments: roads and motorways; carparks and industrial sites Urban sediment and stormwater quality yields by land use, material (principally roof runoff) and activity level (principally traffic volume) were derived. Stormwater contaminants characterised included three heavy metals of concern in the Auckland region: zinc, copper and lead; and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) and enterococci were characterised from the sub-catchment monitoring. Particle size distributions (PSD) were generated from available data and distilled into `typical' PSDs for (1) urban streams, (2) urban pipe networks and (3) construction (earth work) sites. Auckland regional yields generally are similar to United States and Australia studies. Zinc yields generally are high owing to runoff from a large quantum of older, galvanized roof material yet lower than some northern hemisphere studies. The PSDs of sediment in the Auckland region lie between the United States (which has a larger fraction of larger sized particles) and Australia (which has a larger fraction of smaller sized particles).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Dec 2023 08:46:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2271505</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing hydrological connectivity for natural-artiﬁcial catchment with a new framework integrating graph theory and network analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264855</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anthropogenic activities alter the underlying surface conditions and arrangements of landscape features in a drainage basin, interfering with the pollutant (e.g., dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus) transport network configuration and altering the hydrological response. Assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities on hydrological connectivity for natural-artiﬁcial catchment is critical to understand the hydrological-driven ecosystem processes, services and biodiversity. However, quantifying this impact at catchment scale remains challenging. In this study, a new framework was proposed to quantify the impact of anthropogenic activities on hydrological connectivity combined with graph theory and network analysis. This framework was exemplified in a natural-artiﬁcial catchment of the Yangtze River basin of China. Based on remote sensing and field-investigated data, three transport networks were constructed, including natural transport network (N1), ditch–road transport network (N2), and terrace–dominated transport network (N3), which reflected the different human intervention. The results showed that human intervention improved the connectivity of the nodes and enhanced the complexity of the catchment transport network structure. Anthropogenic activities significantly decreased the hydrological structural connectivity of the catchment. In particular, compared with the N1 network, the critical nodes for hydrological connectivity which were judged by connectivity indexes were reduced by 92.94% and 95.29% in the N2 and N3 network, respectively. Furthermore, the ditch–road construction had a greater impact than terraces in decreasing hydrological structural connectivity at catchment scale. This framework has proven effective in quantifying the hydrological connectivity analysis under different human intervention at the catchment scale and facilitates the improvement of catchment management strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Oct 2023 09:36:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264855</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Surface Geometry to Identify Potential Hydroplaning Locations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2262748</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydroplaning occurs because of a series of unfortunate events that result from a combination of driver behavior, vehicle characteristics, and roadway features. Surface geometry and roadway texture are two variables within the control of the managing agency. This study identified hydroplaning vulnerable areas using mobile light detecting and ranging (LiDAR) measurements to measure the roadway surface and map roadway drainage basins. Identifying these areas allows managing agencies to develop a hydroplaning mitigation plan, addressing the geometric variables within the agency’s control. This study first displayed the technological ability to collect, process, and analyze data necessary to identify vulnerable hydroplaning locations. Initially, this process used multiple software tools. The second part of this study streamlined the process to limit manual intervention and expedite analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Oct 2023 13:25:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2262748</guid>
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