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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Structural analysis and operational implications of a dry dock separator</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665357</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dry docking operations play a critical role in shipyards, where timely repairs are essential due to high freight rates. Therefore, the efficient utilization and capacity enhancement of dry docks are vital for maximizing operational productivity and economic returns. This study examines the structural feasibility and operational benefits of incorporating a modular steel separator into a dry dock to accommodate multiple vessels simultaneously. Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis was conducted using ANSYS Workbench to evaluate the mechanical behavior of four steel beam cross-sections under hydrostatic pressure. Among the tested profiles, the rectangular tube demonstrated the most efficient load-bearing performance, with acceptable stress and deformation values across all cases. Beyond structural integrity, the separator offers notable gains in operational efficiency. Energy saving is changing between 25 % and 60 % per year from the discharging process when graving docks can service multiple vessels simultaneously. Economic analysis demonstrates that under conservative assumptions (5 % capacity increase), the system achieves payback within 5 years, while moderate utilization scenarios (50 % capacity increase) yield payback in approximately 6 months. These findings provide a foundational basis for future studies involving 3D modeling of separator and real implementation of modular dry dock systems in shipyards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 08:42:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665357</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Governing Seismic Design Scenarios for Graving Docks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is no modern design code specific to the seismic design and evaluation of graving docks. However, many of these facilities are in regions of high seismicity. Consequently, there is a need to develop resources providing guidance to engineers engaged in the seismic assessment or design of these docks. This paper presents the results of a study evaluating three design scenarios (Empty, Docked Vessel, and Flooded) that have the potential to govern the seismic performance of graving docks. These scenarios are evaluated for three generic docks defined for the study, including a gravity dock and two pressure-relieved docks. The evaluations identify the scenario that is likely to govern each type of graving dock. In general, the Empty scenario is found to be the most likely to govern seismic performance; however, for certain pressure-relieved graving docks, the Flooded scenario governs instead.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 15:53:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559495</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Dry Port Location Factor Determination using Delphi in Peninsular Region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Locating  a  dry  port  depends  on  various  criteria  such  as  distance,  modes  of  transport,  cost  associated,  environmental,  geographical, and social concerns. The paper's primary purpose is  to  identify  the  location-specific  attributes  impacting  dry  port  locations,  particularly  in  peninsular  India,  where  seaports  are  very close to each other. The paper's objective has been achieved through a four-cycle Delphi survey and criticality through linear ranking   and   consistency   through   Kendall’s   ‘W’.   Initially,   the   criteria are identified through a systematic literature survey. They are  then  sieved  within  a  focus  group  consisting  of  five  experts  with  experience  of  more  than  twenty  years  in  port  operations.  Final vetting of the criterion is done through a Delphi survey; the experts  with  a  mutual  interest  in  the  subject  but  from  different  backgrounds are included. The final vetted list is determined. In the last two rounds of the survey, the rankings were determined, a  consensus  was  reached,  and  the  final  rank  was  obtained.  The results indicate that proximity and economic criteria are the most crucial in the chosen geography, which contradicts the developed regions, where the environmental criterion dominates. However, the environmental criteria have been ranked third. Even though the Delphi method is an age-old method used in many literatures in  different  contexts,  it  is  not  used  in  a  dry  port  problem  in  the  peninsular  region.  Consensus  building  is  significant  in  strategic  decisions,   like   dry   port   location   selection.   Since   this   study   involves  multiple  stakeholders  from  diverse  backgrounds  and  a  subjective  opinion  was  required,  the  Delphi  method  and  linear  ranking have been adopted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 11:23:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093288</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Use of DELPHI-AHP Method to Identify and Analyze Risks in Seaport Dry Port System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093448</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The    dry    port    concept    has    recently    gained    rising    consideration  in  the  multimodal  transport  context  from  the  point of view both of researchers and stakeholders related to the benefits  of  the  seaport  dry  port  system.  Given  the  relevance  of  the  topic,  the  present  paper  aims  to  identify  the  potential  risk  factors  of  the  three  major  parts  that  constitute  the  seaport  dry  port system and present a conceptual framework to facilitate risk factors  analysis.  Based  on  a  three-step  approach,  starting  with  a  systematic  literature  review,  which  resulted  in  204  collected  and  examined  papers,  which  allowed  identifying  181  potential  risk factors with an average of 60 risk factors in each major part of  the  studied  system.  In  addition,  we  used  a  survey  based  on  the  Delphi  technique  to  ensure  a  good  extraction  of  data  from 12  selected  experts  related  to  the  seaport  dry  port  system;  then,  we  used  the  MCDM  (Multiple-Criteria  Decision-Making)  method  AHP  (Analytic  Hierarchy  Process)  in  order  to:  1)  present  a  hierarchy  that  simplifies  the  complexity  of  the  studied  system  in an organized structure; 2) analyze and assess risk factors based on  the  identified  criteria.  A  case  study  involving  the  Moroccan  seaport dry port system of Casablanca illustrates that the seaport part  is  critical  and  any  major  risk  factor  in  this  part  can  even  paralyze  the  operations  of  the  whole  system,  especially  if  that  risk  factor  belongs  to  the  human  factors  category  or  economic  risk  category,  which  is  also  considered  in  the  study  as  a  critical  category.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 11:23:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093448</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dry-docking performance measurement model – multi criteria non parametric approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1986302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this paper is to introduce a multi criteria performance measurement model for newbuilding dry-docking purposes as a managerial tool. The dry-docking is presented as a process with multiple inputs and outputs, containing various technical and cost data related to the dry-docking project. The data envelopment analysis models with constant and variable returns to scale were used in this research along with the efficiency decomposition method to determine possible sources of inefficiency on the data sets available. The seven criteria to be used for dry-docking performance measurement. Research results determined the best practice/efficient vessels which create the efficient frontier. Projections to the efficient frontier, efficiency decomposition and sources of inefficiency recognition with improvement propositions were provided for the inefficient vessels. Due to the performance assessment carried out, the results represent benchmarks for dry-docking performance and a guideline to future dry-docking improvements on data set researched.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 2022 15:02:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1986302</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of Cargo Transportation Plan Considering Carbon Emissions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1756764</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid development of global economic integration, the world’s seaborne trade volume is increasing year by year. This creates higher requirements for port construction and distribution system construction. The collection and distribution of goods through efficient systems can not only improve the circulation of goods, but also reduce and alleviate pressures such as port congestion. In view of this, it is significant to target the dry port as a transit node and consider the carbon emission optimization of cargo transportation. The paper considers the difference between the transit time constraint, the road capacity constraint, the storage capacity of the transit node, and the internal, and foreign trade in the node clearance. It establishes a mathematical model with the minimum sum of transportation, customs clearance, storage, and carbon tax cost. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified and provides an optimization plan for the carrier’s choice of cargo transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Mar 2021 17:47:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1756764</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dry ports: research outcomes, trends, and future implications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1721038</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The concept of dry ports has gained significant interest among practitioners and researchers in the last decade. Consequently, publications on this topic have followed this development, and today there are more than 100 papers available in the Scopus and Science Direct databases, compared with only two papers in 2007. The purpose of this paper is to summarize current scientific knowledge on the phenomenon and to identify research outcomes, trends, and future research implications by conducting a systematic literature review (SLR). SLR is an explicit and reproducible method that ensures the reliability and traceability of the results. The selection of relevant papers was performed independently by each author using Rayyan QCRI software; the coding and analysis were conducted with the help of NVivo qualitative data analysis software. Findings show that the research area is largely represented by qualitative cases and optimization studies covering various aspects of dry ports. Dry port examples around the world differ based on location, functions, services, ownership, and maturity level. Although the research area is young and discrete, five main thematic areas are identified: debate on the concept, environmental impact, economic impact, performance impact, and dry ports from a network perspective.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2020 09:39:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1721038</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Asset Bubbles in Shipping? An Analysis of Recent History in the Drybulk Market</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1413103</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to investigate the hypothesis that the freight market boom in the drybulk freight market between 2003 and 2005 caused asset values in the second-hand market to deviate from underlying fundamentals. We test the instantaneous equilibrium relationship between the markets for second-hand ships, newbuildings and freight in a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework. We also estimate and account for the time-varying delivery lag in the newbuilding market. Our empirical results suggest that the second-hand market was closely cointegrated with the fundamental freight and newbuilding market with no evidence of a short-term asset ‘bubble’.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2016 10:03:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1413103</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Review of Dry Ports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1413084</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this article is to present the previous research on the dry port concept and to review the world's existing dry ports, that is freight terminals that use the term ‘dry port’ in their name. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to clarify the concept by showing potential discrepancies or agreements between theory and practice. Starting from a literature review on the dry port concept, this article presents a review of existing dry ports in the world. A number of qualitative criteria regarding the range of services at dry ports or their features could be theoretically established, although the same may vary depending on customer demand. However, the ultimate purpose of dry ports is the same, irrespective of that range. This article contributes to the study of dry ports by synthesizing a literature review on the subject of dry ports; moreover, it provides an overview of dry ports in the world and as such makes a contribution to the scarce research on the dry port concept.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2016 10:03:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1413084</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gant Chart of Vessel Docking onto a Floating Dry Dock</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1403775</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vessels and other types of maritime objects after spending a specific amount of time in exploitation, or due to some special circumstances such as accidents, must undergo repair in a repair yard. Vessels are usually docked due to the execution of different types of work related to the underwater part of the hull or due to periodical inspections by classification society experts. Examples of those works include repairs of damaged hull, propeller work, rudder work, anti-corrosive treatment of the underwater hull part. Repair is usually performed on the floating docks upon which the vessel or some other maritime object is relatively easily raised from the sea. With the help of floating dry-docks, repair work can be performed relatively easily and efficiently. This paper explains the detailed process and activities needed for successful execution and suggests realistic improvements to improve the efficiency of the entire dry-docking process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Apr 2016 10:48:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1403775</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Cost Forecasting Model for a Vessel Drydocking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1341168</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Approximately every 3 or 4 years, vessels have to be drydocked, either in accordance with specific rule requirements or to gain an overall view of the vessel's condition. These drydockings can incur considerable expense because they involve the inspection, overhaul, and, where necessary, the modification of existing equipment. It is imperative for ship managers and operators to monitor and control drydockings because lower drydocking costs do not just affect sound financial performance, but are also a requirement for it. This article proposes a method for forecasting the actual cost and the cost at completion of vessel drydockings based on the Gray system theory. Results show that the accuracy of the GM (1, 1) forecasting model is highly efficient.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2015 10:27:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1341168</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COATING CRUISE VESSELS: CHALLENGES AND TARGETS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/689004</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cruise ships are high profile, high cost, and high maintenance floating resorts. The shipyards must consider costs and the applicability of the products and systems into their often quite tight building and maintenance schedules. This article attempts to summarize some of the challenges faced by the shipyards in applying coatings to original new construction and by operators in maintaining the vessels. Three key areas presenting major challenges for coating the ship while also reducing the ship's maintenance and preserving the environment are addressed. Suitable coating types for new construction are also discussed, including underwater, above water, and tank coatings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Feb 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/689004</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HOW ONE SHIPYARD IS MAKING PAINT REMOVAL CLEANER AND GREENER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/663114</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Removing old paint from ship hulls during maintenance drydocking is extremely labor-intensive, environmentally sensitive, and must be performed within a short period of time to reduce costs and loss of revenue. This article discusses how, through the use of innovative surface preparation technologies combined with advanced wastewater treatment, a significant improvement has been made to the paint removal process at the Blohm-Voss Repair Shipyard in Hamburg, Germany.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/663114</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REPAIR GRAVING DOCK CAISSON SEATING SILL, GRAVING DOCK - NAVAL STATION SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/684490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Graving dock facility is a reinforced concrete structure used to dry dock a variety of small-to-medium size naval ships for repair purpose.   The structural integrity of the concrete surfaces supporting the vertical sides of the caisson of the graving dock facility at Naval Station San Diego was finally questioned after 50 years of service.  This paper describes the challenges and methodology used for the field investigations, design issues and construction difficulties successfully addressed during repair of the inner and outer seats.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/684490</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INSPECTING SHIP HULLS WITH REMOTE UNITS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/503886</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inspecting the thickness of underwater hull coatings is an important part of ship hull maintenance.  To avoid unnecessary drydocking time, or to plan the docking work package, it is desirable to perform a comprehensive underwater survey of the hull before entering drydock.  A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) can be used to obtain a complete measurement of the thickness of the hull coating, or dry film thickness (DFT), before drydocking. The advantages of using an ROV to deploy DFT sensors underwater are the automated acquisition of the DFT readings and the information on the location of these readings received from the ROVs.  This article describes the procedures used when an ROV was deployed on U.S. Navy ships in an industrial harbor environment, the ROV unit itself, and results from actual deployments.  The results show that the data collection method is valid and that the probe can be used to obtain a paint thickness profile of the hull.  This information was used to assist in planning the drydock maintenance package for a ship.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 13 Jun 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/503886</guid>
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