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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Dynamic syncrolift dock scheduling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dry-docking plays a crucial role in the overall maintenance process of ships, enabling maintenance, repair, and inspection operations to be carried out without the constraints of being in the water and allowing merchant ships to renew their safety certificates. As the global merchant fleet continues to grow, the need for regular dry-docking services is also increasing. In response to these pressing needs, the operational efficiency of dry docks, the specialized facilities for these services, has become crucial. This study addresses this challenge by formulating a dynamic scheduling problem for a syncrolift dock, a modern dry-dock facility featuring a lifting platform, a rail-based transfer system, and multiple onshore berths. The proposed model accounts for the dynamic arrival of ships and incorporates time-dependent nature of ship arrival time uncertainty, reflecting the real-world phenomenon that uncertainty diminishes as actual arrival approaches. To generate the dynamic scheduling for the syncrolift dock, we propose an efficient rolling-horizon decision framework. At each decision epoch, this framework iteratively produces an immediate operational plan by solving a robust subproblem aimed at minimizing the worst-case total departure delay cost of ships based on the time-dependent arrival time uncertainty. Each robust subproblem is solved using a column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) method, whose performance is further enhanced by incorporating a novel cycle-and-path-based iterative method for the master problem and utilizing a dedicated network flow formulation for the subproblem. Extensive computational experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and provide practical insights for enhancing the operational management of syncrolift dock facilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 15:14:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-objective optimization design of floating dock gate structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2589460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The floating dock gate (FDG) is a core component of shipyard facilities. Its weight and center of gravity position not only affect the smoothness of opening and closing but also relate to buoyancy distribution and overall safety. This study focuses on optimizing the lightweight design and center of gravity control of the FDG. A coordinated optimization strategy involving stiffener quantity and spacing is introduced, combined with sensitivity analysis to identify key structural parameters as design variables for the surrogate model. A multi-objective surrogate model based on radial basis functions (RBF) is constructed, and the optimal solution is identified using TOPSIS ranking. Results show that, under strength and stability constraints, the optimal design reduces the dock gate's mass by 17.09 % and lowers the center of gravity height by 3.4 %. This study improves the FDG structural performance while balancing optimization accuracy and engineering feasibility, providing a useful reference for the design optimization of similar structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2589460</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>BAE Systems Jacksonville Ship Repair—Shiplift Dry-Docking Complex</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559521</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently, under final construction, the BAE Systems (BAE) Jacksonville Ship Repair (BAEJSR) is poised to revolutionize ship docking in Florida and globally with its groundbreaking ship lift system, one of the world’s largest, boasting a remarkable lifting capacity. Amidst an ambitious expansion initiative totaling over $200 million, BAE’s latest endeavor involves the establishment of a state-of-the-art vertical ship lift and dry-docking complex. This cutting-edge infrastructure enhancement aims to bolster the industrial capacity vital for national security and the sustained growth of the US and international maritime sectors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jun 2025 15:24:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559521</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NAVFAC Dry Dock Repairs: Dynamic Soil Structure Interaction Analyses Confirmed Design Solution in Real Time</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559511</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The US Navy (Navy) completed an accelerated progressive design-build (PDB) retrofit of three dry docks in the Pacific Northwest. The retrofit design followed conventional limit equilibrium analyses to provide design solutions in real time to allow construction to commence, continue, and finish to meet deadlines for drydocking of Navy vessels. In combination with the traditional analyses, the Navy authorized the team to complete two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D), dynamic, soil-structure interaction modeling to provide a more robust evaluation of the permanency of the construction. The modeling showed that the dry docks would survive the design earthquake ground motions, meeting the no-collapse and repairable damage criteria.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jun 2025 15:24:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559511</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Displacement-Based Seismic Design for Graving Docks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Displacement-based design is the standard approach for seismic design of marine structures. The method has been well developed for freestanding structures, such as piers and wharves. However, no standard exists for applying displacement-based seismic design to graving docks, which are buried structures influenced heavily by the surrounding soil. This paper introduces a displacement-based design method for graving docks. This method integrates soil-structure interaction (SSI) into the development of a seismic demand curve that can be paired with traditional pushover analysis to determine design structural displacement. In addition, the paper extends the method to 3D to provide a more comprehensive design approach that can be used for detailed design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jun 2025 15:24:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559508</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Naval Base Kitsap Dry Dock Emergency Seismic Retrofits: Innovative Design and Fully Integrated Design Delivers Flawlessly and Fast</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559505</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In January 2023, the US Navy requested Kiewit-Alberici Joint Venture (KAJV) to undertake an emergency design and construction for the seismic retrofit of multiple dry docks on the Kitsap Peninsula, Washington Naval Base. The KAJV Team quickly developed a design concept consisting of installing ground anchors through the dry dock walls into very dense glacial soils. Structural design used first principles and rational assumptions design methods. Structural detailing accommodated construction preferred methods and available materials. The design addressed earth pressures on the walls (including seismic loading), liquefaction, anchor testing, and corrosion of ground anchor elements. After the design was completed, a time-history soil-structure interaction analysis was completed to assess the performance of the retrofitted condition for the dry docks. Within 4 months, 695 ground anchors were installed and now provide seismic resilience to three critical dry docks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jun 2025 15:24:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559505</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Governing Seismic Design Scenarios for Graving Docks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is no modern design code specific to the seismic design and evaluation of graving docks. However, many of these facilities are in regions of high seismicity. Consequently, there is a need to develop resources providing guidance to engineers engaged in the seismic assessment or design of these docks. This paper presents the results of a study evaluating three design scenarios (Empty, Docked Vessel, and Flooded) that have the potential to govern the seismic performance of graving docks. These scenarios are evaluated for three generic docks defined for the study, including a gravity dock and two pressure-relieved docks. The evaluations identify the scenario that is likely to govern each type of graving dock. In general, the Empty scenario is found to be the most likely to govern seismic performance; however, for certain pressure-relieved graving docks, the Flooded scenario governs instead.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 15:53:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559495</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic and Mooring Retrofit of Existing Mooring Wharf</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559434</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Naval Base San Diego Mole Pier South has served as a berth for Navy vessels and is presently undergoing retrofitting to accommodate a new 700-ft (213.4 m) Floating Dry Dock (FDD). The primary objective of this project involved upgrading the existing facility to meet new seismic and mooring standards. The introduction of the new seismic clusters designed for pile plunging and pull-out yielded a significantly stiffer response compared to traditional plumb piles and led to a more cost-effective solution, resulting in construction savings for the Navy. Given that numerous piers constructed in the 1970s and 1980s share similar structural characteristics, this approach offers a promising cost-saving alternative to conventional plumb pile seismic retrofits. This paper discusses utilizing batter piles designed for pile plunging and pull-out, aimed at reducing costs for seismic retrofits. Additionally, there is a discourse on implementing a fuse between the FDD and Mooring Pier to eliminate vessel-structure interaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 15:53:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559434</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dry Dock Wall Seismic Loads: A Comparative Study of SSI Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559428</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a case study of the seismic behavior of a graving dry dock, considering the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI). The paper describes the site conditions of the subject facility, including the structural and geotechnical configurations for both offshore and upland transverse sections as well as the design seismic event (2,475-year return period). Two methods for evaluating the seismic demands on the dry dock are applied and compared: an equivalent static force method and a dynamic time-history analysis method. The paper shows how the two methods differ in terms of the predicted dynamic soil pressure and inertial load on the dry dock walls, highlighting the different results calculated by each approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 15:53:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559428</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UFC Comprehensive General Dry Dock Seismic Analysis Methodology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559399</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address extreme seismic events, maintain mission readiness, and support the US Navy’s future needs, Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command (NAVFAC) is implementing seismic improvements at dry docks facilities. For effective and efficient execution of this program, NAVFAC, with support from industry experts, developed a standardized and comprehensive general dry dock seismic analysis methodology in high- and low-seismic regions. The methodology is applied to existing and new dry docks with an emphasis on creating a consistent analysis approach. The outcome of this effort is to revise/update UFC 4-213-10 Graving Dry Docks to include seismic analysis methodologies and seismic design criteria requirements. The new methodology includes geotechnical recommendations, structural evaluation parameters, and analysis methods for dry docks at low- and high-seismic locations. For low-seismic locations, relatively simple analysis methods are allowed. Geotechnical seismic evaluation parameters include inertial load factor, seismic earth pressure, hydrodynamic pressure, dry dock sliding resistance, and soil springs. Structural seismic evaluation parameters include demands, load combinations, and force-based seismic factors. Seismic modeling and analysis considerations include boundary conditions, two-dimensional (2D) analysis of dry dock cross-section for forces, 2D longitudinal analysis for displacement, three-dimensional (3D) analysis, consideration for piles, gravity dry docks, and pressure-relieved dry docks. Geotechnical, structural, and modeling requirements at high-seismicity locations include the same methodology described above. In addition, detailed nonlinear time history analysis is required due to the greater complexity. Related discussions are included in the paper, such as fully coupled soil-structure interaction (SSI) analysis, including a soil continuum and structural elements in the same model; decoupled analysis, including a detailed structural model with springs representing the near field SSI; 2D versus 3D modeling; recommended computer analysis software for geotechnical and structural modeling; and constitutive models for soils.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 15:53:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559399</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Syncrolift dry dock scheduling with a capacitated ship transfer system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554442</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the rapidly increasing maintenance demand driven by an aging fleet and the growth of global fleet size, optimizing dry dock operations remains an underexplored area in academic research. This study addresses this gap by focusing on enhancing efficiency through improved dry dock scheduling, aiming to alleviate the growing disparity between maintenance needs and limited dry dock resources. The authors propose a practical syncrolift dry dock scheduling problem that incorporates a capacitated ship transfer system, which requires determining the optimal sequence of ship maintenance services to minimize total waiting time. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to effectively tackle the challenges of this problem, particularly the ship transfer system—a critical bottleneck involving the syncrolift and railways—by modeling it as a series of segments with varying capacities and transfer restrictions. The model accommodates the complexities of the scheduling process, such as limited transfer capacity, diverse segment characteristics, bidirectional ship transfer flows, ship compatibility constraints, and sequence-dependent setup times. Recognizing the NP-hard nature of the problem, the authors introduce a novel column-generation-based heuristic method to solve the MILP model efficiently. The efficacy of the proposed solution method is validated through extensive numerical experiments using real operational data from the NOSCO shipyard. Results demonstrate significant improvements in operational efficiency, with ship waiting times reduced by 32.5% compared to first-come-first-served scheduling solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 11:58:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554442</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Panama Canal expansion and Florida seaports: the role of seaport preparation and dry ports in post-expansion success</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2419921</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bigger and better is the way of the supply chain. Increases in consumer demand have played a significant role in the development of our transportation system and customer satisfaction. As demand increases, so does the need for larger vessels to carry the goods. Prior to the opening of the expanded Panama Canal in 2016, U.S. East Coast ports began their expansion to handle the new, larger container vessels. Florida was no exception. Various public-private interests also began to develop dry ports to provide hinterland support. This study examined the role of dry ports as a solution to the change in container traffic along the U.S.'s East Coast with a closer look at Florida's port system, the impact on the supply chain, and progress in the development of hinterland dry ports.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Sep 2024 16:24:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2419921</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The dry dock scheduling problem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335412</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dry docks are essential facilities for ship maintenance and thus are critical assets of a shipyard. In this paper, the authors study a dry dock scheduling problem that arises from shipyard operations and management. The problem involves decisions on assigning ships to a set of dry docks and sequencing the ships in each dry dock, subject to complicated but realistic operational constraints such as parallel ship service, sequence-dependent setup times, and compatibility between ships and dry docks, to minimize the total departure tardiness cost of ships. Because accurate ship service times are not available until ships have been mounted on the placing blocks of dry docks and have undergone detailed inspections, the uncertainty of ship service times should be taken into account in dry dock scheduling. The structure of the problem enables us to develop a two-stage robust optimization model to capture ship service time uncertainty. The authors show that given the first-stage decisions, i.e., ship assignment and sequencing, the optimal second-stage decisions, i.e., the service start times, setup times, service times, and departure tardiness of the ships in the worst-case scenario, can be obtained by a dynamic programming algorithm that runs in pseudo-polynomial time. The authors incorporate this dynamic programming algorithm into an iterative solution method to generate an optimal solution to the two-stage robust optimization model. Through computational experiments on problem instances generated from the operational data of a shipyard in Singapore, the authors show that the robust optimization approach ensures the shipyard operator’s resilience against uncertain ship service times and significantly outperforms the current practice for dry dock scheduling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Feb 2024 15:54:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335412</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Logistics Service Quality of Dry Ports Within Land-Based Transport Corridors: A Case Study “Khorgos Gateways”</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974681</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to develop the assessment tool of logistics service quality of dry ports. Based on this, evaluations was aimed to assess the “Khorogos Gate-ways” dry port. Dimensions of assessment tool includes the availability of physical infrastructure; the reliability, safety and security, timeliness of operations and processes; the responsiveness of management and staff; the appropriating price; the comprehensive use of ICT applications; the multimodality and availability of value-added services. Based on the expert panel assessment, weights of these sub-dimensions were determined. Further, the semi-structured interview was conducted with the port-users, the quality of the dry port logistics services was assessed. According to the results of this study, practical recommendations for further research and development of the dry port of “Khorgos Gateways” were proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2023 09:12:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974681</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated planning of asset-use and dry-docking for a fleet of maritime assets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2079317</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In maritime industry, moving assets (e.g., naval ships, dredgers, pilot vessels) are subject to obligatory inspections based on calendar time. These inspections consist of exhaustive operations that need the assets to be towed into specialized facilities referred to as dry-docks. In addition, there are maintenance operations needed as a result of usage-related deterioration of the assets, also requiring the assets to be dry-docked. In practice, a common approach for a fleet of assets is to synchronize these inspection and maintenance operations to avoid unnecessary dry-dockings. However, when and how these operations, some of which are calendar-based and some of which are usage-based, should be synchronized, and whether synchronizing them is always optimal remain as important questions. Since how an asset is used influences when it requires maintenance, answering these questions requires solving an integrated planning problem that combines the planning of asset-use and the planning of dry-docking. Operational constraints such as the locations of assets, limited dry-docking capacity, and the requirement to meet the demand for asset-use in each location make the problem even more challenging. This real-life problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming model which minimizes the total discounted cost for a finite time horizon and ensures the full satisfaction of the demand in every time period. The resulting optimal policy is compared with a sequential planning approach to quantify the economic benefit of integrated planning for asset-use and dry-docking. Additionally, two alternative planning approaches are presented for large problem instances. Results of the numerical analysis show that integrated planning can save up to 28.5% of the total cost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:27:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2079317</guid>
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