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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Heavy Truck Tire and Brake Drum Temperatures from Vehicle Parameters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Heavy trucks' overheated tires and brake drums present a significant risk of blowouts and failures, which can lead to severe traffic accidents. Traditional temperature monitoring systems typically rely on thermal imaging; however, these systems can be compromised by partial occlusions or subpar image quality. This study introduces a machine learning-based model to predict tire, sidewall, and brake drum temperatures using only vehicle parameters, thereby eliminating reliance on complete thermal imaging. A Random Forest approach has been developed, utilizing vehicle load, size, and environmental factors to estimate temperatures when direct thermal data is unavailable. The proposed model achieves high predictive accuracy across all three targets, with R2 values of 0.974 (MSE = 17.318) for overall tire temperature, 0.967 (MSE = 24.839) for brake drum temperature, and 0.976 (MSE = 13.939) for sidewall temperature. This research enhances real-time overheating detection by enabling temperature prediction based solely on vehicle parameters. It significantly improves safety monitoring for heavy trucks and provides an adaptive solution for accident prevention and intelligent traffic management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:21:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Robust Framework for Fault Detection and
                    Quantification in Automotive Drum Brakes Using Vibration Measurements and
                    ANN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2590567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
                
                Passenger safety is of utmost importance in the automotive industry. Hence, the
                    health of the components, especially the brake system, should be effectively
                    monitored. On account of the significance of artificial intelligence in recent
                    times, any brake fault resulting during operation can be accurately detected
                    using a combination of advanced measurement techniques and machine learning
                    algorithms. The current study focuses on developing and evaluating a robust
                    framework to quantify and classify the faults of a general automotive drum
                    brake. For this purpose, a new experiment for a drum brake, which can be
                    operated under a controlled environment with known levels of faults, is
                    developed. The experiment is instrumented to measure the fundamental dynamic
                    signals (such as brake torque, the angular velocity of the brake drum, and brake
                    shoe accelerations) during a braking event. The response signals from several
                    experiments with various faults and operating conditions serve as the input
                    dataset for establishing the fault quantification algorithm. Multiple variants
                    of this algorithm are devised using different subsets of the input dataset. The
                    selection of features in each variant is done through sensitivity-based
                    segregation with the help of artificial neural networks. The performance of all
                    the variants is comparatively evaluated, and the best among them is determined
                    based on the fault quantification error. Finally, fault classification is
                    carried out using the best variant after establishing the classification
                    thresholds based on the confusion matrix. The following are the novel aspects of
                    this work: (i) design and development of a laboratory experiment for drum brakes
                    that can imitate a real-life braking condition; (ii) measurement of the dynamic
                    response of the system during a typical braking event with a controlled type and
                    level of brake fault using appropriate instrumentation; (iii) estimation of the
                    magnitude of multiple brake faults, in addition to their classification; and
                    (iv) identification of the critical vibration measurements necessary for
                    detecting faults in brakes. In addition, the physical insights into the brake
                    system response, selected features, and the fault quantification algorithm are
                    presented. The proposed framework can also be implemented for fault diagnosis in
                    different automotive subsystems by using an equivalent experiment. The goal of
                    the current work is to develop a simple in situ tool for monitoring the health
                    and diagnosing faults in automotive drum brakes. When integrated with other
                    smart diagnostic and prognostic features, this tool can help automotive
                    manufacturers improve passenger safety.
            ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Aug 2025 09:25:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2590567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation and Prevention of Brake Drum Freezing by Aerodynamic Measures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of drum brakes in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) offers numerous benefits, including energy efficiency, reduced brake dust emissions, and reliable performance under challenging weather conditions. The capability of regenerative braking reduces the friction brake application frequency in BEVs and therefore the brakes can be prone to corrosion and performance degradation especially considering conventional disc brake systems. The closed design of a drum brake prevents corrosion of the friction-components by sealing out water, dirt or snow. A common sealing concept is performed with a labyrinth between the gap of the rotating drum and the axle mounted backplate. A hermetical isolation of water and snow ingress into the drum cannot be achieved with this concept, so additional aerodynamic measures are necessary to deflect the air/water path and protect the inner brake components. Additionally, interfaces like wheel cylinders, electric park brake parts, brake shoe pins, and axle mountings can potentially lead to leaks on the backplate. This study highlights the impact of water/snow ingress on the example of a frozen parking brake during cold climate on-road testing. Through scientific investigation using the state-of-the-art fluorescence method, drum leakages were visualized, and the extent of water ingress was measured. Multiple multiphase CFD simulations supported the design phase of the aerodynamic measures. Subsequently, the vehicle was cooled down to -10 °C to simulate the cold climate test conditions. The frozen parking brake situation could be reproduced with this method, and beneficial aerodynamic and sealing measures were extrapolated to avoid the drum brake from freezing. The tests were conducted in the FKFS Thermal Wind Tunnel, a wind tunnel comprising a two-axle-dynamometer and water irrigation systems with UV illumination.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Apr 2025 13:56:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539707</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Motorized two-wheeler riders’ rear brake application in sudden hazardous event of animal crossing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2464716</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to quantify the riders’ performance in the sudden event of animal crossing using explanatory variables such as psychological riding conditions and socio demographic parameters. The participants were asked to ride four sessions on the motorized two-wheeler simulator in randomized order: 1) Base, 2) Distraction, 3) Time pressure, and 4) Distraction along with Time pressure. The rear brake application was classified into four groups using K-means clustering: No braking, Mild braking, Harsh braking, and Very Harsh braking. Further, a multinomial logistic regression model was developed to quantify the rear braking behavior. The results from the study revealed that the odds of applying the harsher brakes are only 0.32 times in comparison to mild braking when riders are distracted. Overall findings indicate that riders’ psychological conditions can alter rider’s behavior, and driver training focusing on several hazards can further help in improving road safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2025 15:39:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2464716</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Elevator Drum-Pad Brake Mechanisms: Redundant Constraints and Reliability Rise Opportunity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487344</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article deals with mechanical engineering, and transport machines, namely the elevator brake mechanism structure. The article aims to study the number and location of redundant constraints in elevator brake mechanisms and to depict their impact on brake reliability and transportation safety. To study the structure of the mentioned mechanisms, the authors used classical methods of applied mechanics plus the circuit method of L. Reshetov. The structure of crane disc brakes with short-stroke DC electromagnet and long-stroke AC electromagnet mechanisms was analyzed and redundant constraints were identified. It was shown that the presence of redundant constraints causes friction torque oscillation and lead to load distribution unevenness between brake elements. Based on the provided analysis, construction improvement events should be implemented to remove the most dangerous redundant constraints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jan 2025 09:42:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487344</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding the Actuation Point Stiffness of Electromechanical Drum
                    Brakes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441430</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
                
                Electromechanically actuated drum brakes are one interesting option for the
                    realization of brake-by-wire systems for future electric vehicles. A key
                    characteristic for the design and control of electromechanical brake actuators
                    is the actuation point stiffness, as this quantity relates the actuation force
                    to the required actuator position. The various known approaches for the control
                    of electromechanical brakes, which primarily focus on disc foundation brakes,
                    typically rely on the stiffness curve at least to some extent. A transfer of
                    these approaches to drum brakes is not straightforward, because the actuation
                    point stiffness for drum brakes is much more complex compared to disc brakes. In
                    particular, a strong hysteretic behavior is observed for the standing drum and a
                    considerable change of the stiffness and hysteresis can be observed for the
                    rotating drum. Although drum brakes have been used for decades these effects
                    have not been thoroughly discussed in literature, yet. Hence, this article
                    proposes a minimal model, which gives a fundamental understanding of the
                    stiffness characteristics of drum brakes. The relation to measured stiffness
                    curves is discussed in detail to provide an in-depth understanding of the drum
                    brake behavior. Additionally, prospect is given to a reduced complexity model
                    that is suitable for online identification and control.
            ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Oct 2024 10:26:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441430</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measurement and Modeling for Creep Groan of a Drum Brake in Trucks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367621</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An experiment is carried out to measure creep groan of a drum brake located in a trailer axle of a truck. The noise nearby the drum brake and accelerations on brake shoes, axle and trailer frame are collected to analyze the occurring conditions and characteristics of the creep groan. A multi-body dynamics model with 1/4 trailer chassis structures is established for analyzing brake component vibrations that generates the creep groan. In the model, the contact force between brake cam and brake shoes, the contact friction characteristics between brake linings and inner circular surface of brake drum, and the properties of chassis structure are included. Dynamic responses of brake shoes, axle and trailer frame during the braking process are estimated using the established model and the responses are compared with the measured results, which validate the model. Three conclusions of measurement and calculation are obtained. (1) The creep groan is usually generated when braking speed is lower than 5km/h and brake pressure changes smoothly. The change of brake pressure causes multiple harmonic vibrations of brake shoes, axle and trailer frame exhibited. (2) The creep groan is generated by stick-slip vibration of contact pair of the brake linings versus the inner circular surface of brake drum, and the vibration is transmitted to the axle through the path of fasteners, welded supports and elastic elements. (3) In this study, the 1st frequency of the collected noise and accelerations are approximately 212 Hz. The 2nd natural frequency of the axle is also close to 212 Hz, indicating that the creep groan is related to structures of chassis system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2024 09:52:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367621</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Low-Frequency Brake Noise for Drum Brakes on Semi-Trailers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367155</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A road test on semi-trailers is carried out, and accelerations of some characteristic points on the braking system,axles,and truck body is measured,also brake pressure and noise around the support frame is acquired.The measured data was analyzed to determine the causes of the brake noise, and the mechanism of the noise of the drum brake of semi-trailers during low-speed braking was investigated. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) Brake noise of the drum brake of the semi-trailer at low-frequency is generated from vibrations of the brake shoes, axle, and body, and the vibration frequency is close to 2nd natural frequency of the axle. (2) Brake noise is generated from stick-slip motion between the brake shoes and the brake drum, where the relative motion between the brake drum and the brake shoes is changed alternately with sliding and sticking, resulting in sudden changes in acceleration and shock vibration. A multi-body dynamic model of the semi-trailer is established for analyzing vibrations causing noise and the influencing parameters. In the model, the elastic deformation of components, such as brake drums, brake shoes, axles, and leaf springs during the braking process, is considered. The model is validated by comparing calculated data with experiment data.The simulation shows that there is a heavy stick-slip vibration between the brake drum and brake shoes, which is transmitted to the axle through the brake shoes, and then to the body through the leaf spring. As the speed of the semi-trailer increases, the stick-slip frequency between the frictional pairs increases. When the stick-slip frequency is close to the natural frequency of the axle, it resonance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2024 09:52:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367155</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparing Grade Severity Rating System Models for Trucks Fitted with
     Drum Brakes versus Disc Brakes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341902</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Excessive brake heating of trucks on downgrades is a cause of continuing concern for the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT). Brake failure on downgrades characteristically takes a catastrophic toll on lives and property. The Grade Severity Rating System (GSRS) developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recommends a maximum safe speed limit that has been identified as a feasible remedy for reducing the incidence of downgrade truck crashes. However, truck characteristics and roadway geometrics have changed over the years following the development of the GSRS. To deal with this development, a research project was initiated by the WYDOT in 2016 to update the GSRS model. The test truck used for the field tests in the prior research project was fitted with disc brakes on the front axle and drum brakes on the rear axle. However, disc brakes represent only about 20% of the brake market. This article discusses the validation of the GSRS model for trucks fitted with only drum brakes. The procedure was achieved by conducting field tests, specifically the Hill-Descent (HD) and Validation Tests with a fully loaded truck fitted with only drum brakes. The main objective of the field tests was to derive an equation for the heat coefficient, K 2, and then compare it to the K 2 obtained from the field tests conducted in 2016. The K 2 value derived from the tests was minimally different from that computed for the scenario of the test truck equipped with both disc and drum brakes. This was established by examining the maximum safe descent speeds generated by the previous updated model and the model developed in this study. They were essentially the same.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Mar 2024 17:04:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341902</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Contribution of Bogie Suspension Seating Configurations &amp; V-Rod Forces on Life of Heavy Duty Bogie Rear Axle Casing – Analysis Using Road Simulator</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2334990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Heavy Duty live rear axles in commercial vehicle helps to transmit the drive to the rear wheels and also carries vehicle load. The rear axle along with wheel assembly consists of axle casing, differential unit, half shafts, wheel hub, brake drum, brake chamber and wheels. It is one of the major safety critical element in any commercial vehicle. Based on the suspension type, rear axle housing also carries V rod & radius rod mountings & Spring Seat /Wear pad / Rubber Bolster (in case of bogie suspension).This paper abbreviates the contribution of bogie suspension seating configurations & V-rod Forces on life of heavy duty bogie rear axle casing. In-service DRT hot spot observations were reported on heavy duty rear axle on few models with bogie suspension. In order to find the root cause, devising a proper testing and analysis method is of prime importance. An extensive effort was made to device test methodology based on customer application and field visits.The test methodology includes Static articulation test cases, Dynamic Pot hole and speed breaker events along with Road Load Data simulation. Vehicle with various suspension component combinations, equipped with Strain gauged Rear axles &V rod, radius rods, were tested for above test cases on road simulator and measurement of axle strain, V-rod and Radius rod forces, Axle displacements were carried out. Vehicle level Iterations with Various combinations of suspension & Seating assembly experimented to understand the Stress levels at hotspot locations.Road load data & desired articulation conditions simulated using Six poster road simulator at vehicle level. Axle vertical force, V-rod, radius rod force measurement also carried out to understand the effect of loading distribution pattern. Resolved V rod force calculation methodology adopted for comparison strain Hysteresis trend. Hysteresis between axle vertical force and strain also analyzed to observe the Trend.The above analysis resulted in identification of Load case and Suspension allied components contribution to hotspot. This experiment holistically provides solution for selection of right combination of Rear axle, suspension & allied seating parts for higher fatigue life of rear axle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Feb 2024 11:27:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2334990</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of Drum Brake System in HCVs Using Two-Way Coupled CFD Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289486</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The brake systems are given top priority by automotive OEMs in the development of medium and heavy commercial trucks and buses, which can carry increased loads. When trucks and buses are travelling at high speeds or crossing downhill, during braking operations, the friction faces (brake drum and liner) experience a significant rise in temperature due to the conversion of kinetic energy into heat energy within seconds. This lowers the friction coefficient at the interface, resulting in distortions, thermal cracks, hub grease burning, and overheating. Drum brake system designs must be improved and optimized to dissipate more heat from the brake drum assembly and prevent brake failure. Nowadays advance transient numerical simulations assist in the design, development and optimization of the brake system to visualize 3D flow physics and temperature variations throughout the brake duty cycles.In the current study, different Cases of drum brakes to improve cooling efficiency are evaluated. Modifications are done by the addition of different fin shapes on drum brake and deflector on rear axle. These Cases are assessed for continuous braking cycles followed by extended cooling. Lattice Boltzmann-based solver EXA PowerFLOW is used to carry out simulations by demonstrating a fully integrated two-way coupling approach. This coupling helped in simulating larger duration of duty cycles for heavy commercial vehicles. In this coupling approach, flow simulations (PowerFLOW) are carried out to predict HTCs and other flow parameters for different vehicle speeds. These parameters are imported into a standard thermal solver (PowerTHERM), where different brake duty cycles are run by solving radiation and conduction in detail. All brake drum parts are meshed as solids and the actual rotation of the wheel and drum brake is considered to capture all modes of heat transfer in detail.To evaluate the fins and deflector’s effect on cooling efficiency, numerous simulations are carried out. Different parameters like heat transfer coefficients (HTCs), flow rate via the ventilation slot, peak temperature attained during the duty cycles and cooling performance in an extended cooling cycle are used to compare these Cases. It has been found that brake drum with aerodynamically (curved angle) designed fins on drum surface shows relatively better results in terms of all the parameters mentioned above.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Nov 2023 16:15:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289486</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>“Evaluation of an electromagnetically actuated drum brake concept”</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2185967</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In publications and conferences on the subject of wheel brakes, different concepts of electromechanically actuated wheel brakes can be found, as well as investigations into their suitability for the use in passenger cars. The vast majority of these brakes are disc or drum brakes, which are actuated by an electric motor. In the present publication, a brake concept is considered, that combines an electromagnetically actuated full-pad disc brake with a 10″ duo-duplex drum brake. The brake concept is researched in a project regarding brakes for autonomous shuttles and thus dimensioned using vehicle data of an example shuttle. The electromagnet was designed using finite element methods and the overall brake prototypically realized. The validation of the system design is carried out in component and system tests. The results show the suitability of the concept for the selected vehicle in terms of dynamics, installation space and energy requirements. However, there is a strong dependence of the braking torque output on the frictional sliding speed. Using hypothesis-based testing, electromagnetic effects like eddy currents are ruled out as a possible cause and the friction coefficient within the full-pad disc brake is identified as the main cause for the loss in torque. Consequently, the associated development conflict is identified and lies in the double function of the flux-carrying material in the electromagnet, which also acts as a friction partner for the braking disc.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jun 2023 09:31:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2185967</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Low Frequency Drum Brake Squeal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1802008</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Low frequency drum brake squeal is often very intense and can cause high levels of customer complaints. During a noise event, vehicle framework and suspension components are excited by the brake system and result in a violent event that can be heard and felt during a brake application. This paper illustrates the experimental and analytical studies on a low frequency drum brake squeal problem that caused high warranty cost. First the environmental condition was identified and noise was reproduced. Vehicle tests were performed and operating deflection shapes were acquired. The sensitivity of the lining material to different environmental conditions was investigated. With the use of complex eigenvalue method, models were constructed to obtain further understanding of the phenomena. Finally, the squeal mechanism of a drum brake system is discussed and various solution techniques for low frequency drum brake noise are evaluated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Mar 2023 09:22:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1802008</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Truck Brake Hub Temperature Rising Model Based Slope Design for Long Longitudinal Downgrade Section in Expressways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2019079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The brake hub temperature of the truck at the toe of the slope, and the distances of the truck to the top of the slope at a brake hub temperature of 200°C and 260°C were studied separately using the brake hub temperature rising model proposed by PIARC. The authors used two profile design schemes of long and longitudinal downgrade section in expressways: a gradient slope scheme and a unique slope scheme. Also, the heating rate of brake hub, the correlation between the temperature rising and the truck weight, and the temperature rising characteristics at different velocities were analyzed under the two different schemes. Results obtained are as follows: the brake hub temperature of the truck on the slope with a unique slope is lower than that with gradient slopes, and the heating rate is linearly dependent on the travel distance; the temperature difference of the brake hub temperatures at two different downgrade sections decreases with increasing truck weight at a same velocity; and the temperature difference under two different sections changes little with the variation of velocity at a same truck weight. Both the distances of the truck to the top of the slope at a brake hub temperature of 200°C and 260°C change with different slope length, and two threshold lengths are obtained for the two temperatures: 15km and 20km. The distance of the truck to the top of the slope at unique slope scheme is greater than that at gradient slope scheme when the slope length is less than threshold length. When the slope length is greater than the threshold length, the gradient slope scheme is superior to the unique slope scheme.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Nov 2022 10:15:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2019079</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studying the Contact Analysis Behavior of Vehicle Drum Brake Using Finite Element Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1809425</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An approach to study the contact analysis of drum brake squeal noise is presented based on three-dimensional Finite Element analysis using Ansys Program. The effect of friction material compressibility, coefficient of friction, and line pressure on the interface contact is examined. The modal analysis of the vehicle drum brake is also studied to get the natural frequency and instability of the drum. It is shown that the Unsymmetric modal analysis is efficient enough to solve this linear problem after transforming the non-linear behaviour of the contact between the drum and the friction material to a linear behaviour. A linear element which is Matrix27, used in the modal analysis is transferred to non-linear elements which are Targe170 and Conta173 to study the contact analysis. The contact problems are highly non-linear and require significant computer resources to solve it, however, the contact problem give two significant difficulties. Firstly, the region of contact is not known based on the boundary conditions, line pressure, and drum and friction material specifications. Secondly, these contact problems need to take the friction into consideration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2022 11:32:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1809425</guid>
    </item>
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