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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Measuring Pavement Profile at the Slip-Form Paver</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/760156</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavement profile or smoothness has been identified nationally as a good measure of highway user satisfaction.  This has led highway engineers to measure profiles of both operating and new highways.  Operational highway profiles are often measured with high-speed inertial profilers.  New highway profiles are usually measured with profilographs in order to establish incentives or disincentives for pavement construction.  In most cases, these two processes do not measure the same value from the "cradle to grave" life of pavements.  In an attempt to correct the inconsistency between measuring techniques, lightweight profilers intended to produce values to be used for construction acceptance are being made that measure the same profile as high-speed inertial profilers.  Currently, two profiler systems have been identified that can measure pavement profile during construction.  This research has produced a field evaluation of the two systems.  The profilers evaluated in this study are able to detect roughness in the final profile, including localized roughness and roughness at joints.  Dowel basket ripple is a significant source of pavement surface roughness.  The profilers evaluated in this study are able to detect dowel basket ripple with enough clarity to warn the paving crew.  String-line disturbances degrade smoothness.  The profilers evaluated in this study are able to detect some string-line disturbances during paving operations.  The profilers evaluated in this study are not currently able to produce the same absolute International Roughness Index (IRI) values on the plastic concrete that can be measured by inertial profilers on the hardened concrete.  Construction application guidelines are provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Feb 2006 16:47:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/760156</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REVIEW OF USES OF VERTICAL SAND DRAINS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122013</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE REVIEW PRESENTED INCLUDES A THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF AVAILABLE THEORETICAL DESIGN METHODS AND OF EXPERIENCES IN THE USE OF VERTICAL SAND DRAINS. REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL MATERIAL SHOWS THAT THE RELIABILITY OF SAND DRAIN DESIGN ANALYSES IS LIMITED PRIMARILY BY THE CLOSENESS WITH WHICH THE ASSUMPTIONS MADE AS TO SOIL BEHAVIOR AGREE WITH THE ACTUAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL. THESE ASSUMPTIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES INCLUDE THOSE TERZAGHI'S CONSOLIDATION THEORY AND OTHERS SUCH AS: (1) THE EFFECT OF DISTURBANCE OF THE SOIL CAUSED BY INSTALLATION OF THE DRAINS ON THE COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION, AND (2) THE EFFECT OF MORE RAPID CONSOLIDATION, AND HENCE SETTLEMENT, OF SOIL NEAR THE SOIL DRAIN IN CAUSING ARCHING OF THE OVERLYING FOUNDATION SOIL AND FILL. THE FOLLOWING SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTING SAND DRAIN DESIGN METHODS ARE ANALYZED: COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION, DISTURBANCE, SECONDARY COMPRESSION, AND STRATIFICATION. THE REVIEW OF INSTALLATIONS WITH UNSATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE RECORDS SHOWED THAT THE REASONS WERE: (1) FAILURE TO MAKE COMPLETE STABILITY ANALYSES, (2) IMPROPER DESIGN OF THE SAND DRAINS INCLUDING DETERMINATION OF ANTICIPATED RATES OF CONSOLIDATION, (3) LACK OF CONTROL REQUIREMENTS IN THE SPECIFICATIONS ON THE CONTRACTOR'S OPERATIONS, AND (4) VIOLATION OF THE DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS BY THE CONTRACTOR, OR INADEQUATE INSPECTION. THE REVIEW FORCIBLY DEMONSTRATES THE NEED FOR A THOROUGH INITIAL DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF SAND DRAINS ON OTHER THAN A PURELY EMPIRICAL BASIS. THE USE OF SAND DRAINS INVOLVES MANY MINOR UNCERTAINTIES WHICH NEED TO BE RESOLVED ON THE BASIS OF FULL-SCALE FIELD INVESTIGATIONS. THESE INCLUDE: (1) SMEAR, (2) DISTURBANCE, (3) PERMISSIBLE SIZES AND SPACINGS OF DRAINS INSTALLED BY DRIVEN CLOSED END MANDRELS, AND (4) SECONDARY COMPRESSION.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122013</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OBSERVATIONS ON THE LUNAR SURFACE DISTURBED BY THE FOOTPADS OF SURVEYOR I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121096</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DIFFERENCES IN MEAN PARTICLE SIZE OF DISTURBED VERSUS UNDISTURBED MATERIALS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SURVEYOR 1 FOOTPADS EXPLAIN THE ALBEDO DIFFERENCES SEEN IN SURVEYOR 1 FOOTPAD PHOTOGRAPHS. DECREASE OF ALBEDO WITH INCREASE IN PARTICLE SIZE IS SHOWN BY LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS REPORTED ELSEWHERE AND AGREES WITH THE SURVEYOR 1 OBSERVATION THAT THE DARKER EJECTA IS COARSER THAN THE SURROUNDING FINER GRAINED BRIGHTER MATERIAL. THIS INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA ALSO IMPLIES THAT, AT THE LOCATION OF SURVEYOR 1, THERE EXISTS A LUNAR SURFACE LAYER WHICH IS VERY FINE GRAINED AND LESS THAN 5 CM THICK. THE MATERIAL AT THE LANDING SITE IS BASIC OR ULTRABASIC IN COMPOSITION. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:38:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121096</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF SOIL TYPE ON THE SINGLE PROBE GAMMA RAY TRANSMISSION METHOD FOR MEASURING IN-SITU DENSITIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/120147</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE SINGLE PROBE TRANSMISSION ARRANGEMENT FOR MEASURING THE IN-SITU DENSITY OF SOIL CONSISTS OF A PROBE CONTAINING A GAMMA RAY SOURCE, WHICH IS INSERTED INTO A HOLE IN THE SOIL, AND A DETECTOR IS AT THE SURFACE A FIXED DISTANCE FROM THE SOURCE. THE ATTENUATION OF GAMMA BEAM AT THE DETECTOR IS A FUNCTION OF THE BULK DENSITY OF THE SOIL UNDER TEST AND ALSO DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF SOIL. THIS INVESTIGATION SHOWS THAT, AFTER ALLOWING FOR THE ADNORMAL ABSORPTION OF GAMMA RAYS BY HYDROGEN, THE EFFECT OF THE SOIL TYPE HAS TWO CAUSES. THE MINOR ONE IS THE PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORPTION OF LOW-ENERGY SCATTERED GAMMA RAYS, WHICH DEPENDS ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOIL. THE MAJOR CAUSE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIFFERENT DENSITY DISTURBANCES GENERATED IN SOILS OF DIFFERENT GRADING WHEN THE PROBE HOLE IS MADE BY HAMMERING IN A SPIKE. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:34:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/120147</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN THE DYNAMICS OF CAR FOLLOWING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/117076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE VELOCITY OF A CAR AT TIME T IS SOME (NONLINEAR) FUNCTION OF THE SPATIAL HEADWAY AT TIME T-DELTA, SO THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR A SEQUENCE OF CARS CONSISTS OF A SET OF DIFFERENTIAL-DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS. THERE IS A SPECIAL FAMILY OF VELOCITY-HEADWAY RELATIONS THAT AGREES WELL WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR STEADY FLOW, AND THAT ALSO GIVES DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WHICH FOR DELTA=0 CAN BE SOLVED EXPLICITY. SOME EXACT SOLUTIONS OF THESE EQUATIONS SHOW THAT A SMALL AMPLITUDE DISTURBANCE PROPAGATES THROUGH A SERIES OF CARS IN THE MANNER DESCRIBED BY LINEAR THEORIES EXCEPT THAT THE DEPENDENCE OF THE WAVE VELOCITY ON THE CAR VELOCITY CAUSES AN ACCELERATION WAVE TO SPREAD AS IT PROPAGATES AND A DECELERATION WAVE TO FORM A STABLE SHOCK. THESE CONCLUSIONS ARE THEN SHOWN TO HOLD FOR QUITE GENERAL TYPES OF VELOCITY- HEADWAY RELATIONS, AND TO YIELD A THEORY THAT IN CERTAIN LIMITING CASES GIVES ALL THE RESULTS OF THE LINEAR CAR- FOLLOWING THEORIES AND IN OTHER CASES ALL THE FEATURES OF THE NONLINEAR CONTINUUM THEORIES, PLUS A DETAILED PICTURE OF THE SHOCK STRUCTURE. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Aug 2004 18:56:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/117076</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SYSTEM DESCRIPTION FOR THE AIRBORNE-OMEGA DATA BANK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/162091</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Airborne-Omega Data Bank has been established at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center. Its main objective is to provide a centralized repository for operational airborne-Omega data so that performance which is representative of the majority of production airborne-Omega navigation equipments under various ionospheric conditions (including high solar activity) may be evaluated. Details of the methods developed for data collection, processing, and reporting are documented in this report. Current status and plans for the near future are discussed. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/162091</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANNUAL REPORT OF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY TO THE FAA ON THE HIGH ALTITUDE POLLUTION PROGRAM-1979</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/169011</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This annual report documents the progress made on research in support of the High Altitude Pollution Program (HAPP) during FY-1979. The primary research emphases at LLNL are numerical modeling of the atmospheric response to stratospheric perturbations and processing and analyzing satellite data to determine stratospheric ozone concentrations. The modeling effort at LLNL covers four major research areas: photochemical kinetics, coupled kinetics and transport, radiative transfer, and meteorological analysis. Tasks completed during the past year included: comparison of model simulations of stratospheric composition with observational data, simulations of past perturbations to the stratosphere, and assessments of potential changes resulting from aircraft engine emissions and other perturbations. The satellite data processing task has three major areas of effort: (1) radiative transfer and ozone retrieval methodology, (2) data processing, archiving, and distribution, and (3) data analysis, interpretation, and quality assurance. Progress in each of these areas is reviewed toward the goal of implementing the retrieval methodology during FY-1980. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Jul 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/169011</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THEORETICAL FEASIBILITY OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION OVER OCEAN AREAS BY HIGH FREQUENCY RADIO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144195</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The theoretical reliability of digital data transmission via high-frequency radio is examined for typical air traffic routes in the Atlantic and Pacific areas to assist the U.S. Department of Transportation in the evaluation of a system for improving air traffic control over ocean areas. The expected performance of a reference high-frequency data transmission system of 1200 bits per second with a permissible error rate of one in a thousand binary error is expressed as a percentage of time that a given theoretical reliability will be equaled or exceeded. The expected performance of air-to-air HF systems is also considered, and it is concluded that these systems should work for the reference communication system out to the line-of-sight range of about 800 km for high-flying aircraft. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144195</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL WORKSHOP ON METEOROLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS TO AVIATION SYSTEMS (3RD) HELD APRIL 3-5, 1979, UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE SPACE INSTITUTE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144180</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This workshop was jointly sponsored by NASA, NOAA, and FAA and brought together many disciplines of the aviation communities. The major objectives are to satisfy such needs of the sponsoring agencies as the expansion of our understanding and knowledge of the interaction of the atmosphere with aviation systems, the better definition and implementation of services to operators, and the collection and interpretation of data for establishing operational criteria, relating the total meteorological inputs from the atmospheric sciences to the needs of aviation communities. Full-length papers from invited speakers addressed the topics of Training, Flight Operations, Accident Investigation, Air Traffic Control, and Airports and are contained in the proceedings. Other committees examined: Winds and Wind Shear; Icing and Frost; Atmospheric Electricity and Lightning; Fog, Visibility and ceilings; and Turbulence. Committee chairmen's reports on the results and conclusions of the committee meetings are given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 Mar 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144180</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MANAGING EMC PROBLEMS ON RAILWAYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/539105</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance is now an essential feature  of any product development for railway applications given the stringent requirements for reliability and safety.  In some territories such as Europe there are legal obligations for demonstrating conformity with essential requirements for EMC.  The challenge for designers is to achieve the EMC objectives in addition to the functional specification requirements.  The article discusses the ways this complex issue can be managed effectively by the application of tried and tested control methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/539105</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RANDOM RESPONSE TO PERIODIC EXCITATION WITH CORRELATED DISTURBANCES. DISCUSSION AND CLOSURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/487095</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A discussion of a paper with the aforementioned title by Z. Hou, Y. Zhou, M.F. Dimentberg, and M. Noori, published in this journal (Volume 122, Number 11, November 1996), is presented. The discussers conclude that the Wong-Zakai (WZ) terms were neglected in the paper and provide some numerical results to demonstrate the significance of WZ terms in the moment responses.  Discussion is followed by closure from the authors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/487095</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A NEW DISTURBANCE QUANTIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR SELFBORING PRESSUREMETER TESTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/476487</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a numerical methodology to quantify the disturbance generated during the insertion process of the selfboring pressuremeter, trying to optimize the routine carried out in the field.  This optimization will allow the engineer to fast select the optimum insertion variables, hence reducing costs involved with the deployment of this tool.  An initial usefulness of the numerical quantification of disturbance is also given herein with the discussion of some selfboring pressuremeter testing examples in a granular deposit in Vancouver.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/476487</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COPING WITH CONSTRUCTION IN OPERATIONAL AIRPORTS: SFIA CASE STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475446</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Renovation projects are characterized by their complexity, especially when they interfere with a facility's ongoing operations.  These operations constrain the performance of construction in a number of ways, including scheduling, cost, safety, security, quality, and regulations.  Renovation of airports is often associated with challenging problems, because airports are normally required to remain fully functional or minimally disturbed during renovation.  This paper addresses these challenges and outlines a new concept, called the "disturbance concept," to develop a prototype decision support system aimed at minimizing the disturbance elements between a construction project and aircraft operations.  This is done by adopting a total disturbance cost model through the integration of stochastic airport simulation and project management packages. The disturbance model is validated in a case study, a runway reconstruction at San Francisco International Airport (SFIA). Results indicate substantial savings in renovation and facility operations costs, show important trends and tradeoffs between cost and time, and yield useful recommendations to airport authorities, contractors, airlines, and air traffic control. Only the issues associated with the airside portion of airports are emphasized in this paper, but other portions such as the landside and ground access can be addressed using the same approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475446</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION ON CWR LONGITUDINAL RESTRAINT BEHAVIOR IN WINTER RAIL BREAK AND SUMMER DESTRESSING OPERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/471938</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents the results of investigations on the rail anchor/fastener effects on rail movement and the resulting rail force distribution in continuous welded rail (CWR) track during rail breaks and destressing operations.  Two types of tests are used, one for simulating winter rail break and another for destressing operations in summer.  The winter rail break test is used to determine the size of the rail gap and the length of the disturbance zone in rail neutral temperature that occur when the rail breaks.  The summer rail destressing test is used to determine the deanchored zone length and the rail length to be cut when the rail is destressed.  The results are correlated with analyses.  The results will be useful to the industry in optimization of their destressing operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Dec 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/471938</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALYSIS OF STRESS-CHANGE DISTURBANCE CAUSED BY IDEAL DRILLING OF CLAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/575207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Soil sampling and pressuremeter testing involve drilling boreholes.  As a result of the removal of overburden pressure, the stresses in the soil surrounding a borehole are altered from their initial states, resulting in certain disturbance to material properties.  This paper presents two different numerical approaches in evaluating the stress and strain changes associated with an idealized drilling.  In this evaluation two finite-element procedures incorporating two different elastoplastic soil models were used.  In the first approach, the stresses on the boundaries of a preformed borehole were gradually withdrawn from their in-situ values, and in the second approach, the borehole is formed on-line by remeshing.  The results of the analyses show that for a typical soft clay, the ultimate extent of the zone influenced by the idealized drilling extends to depths approximately three borehole diameters below the terminus of the borehole, and the region immediately adjacent to the borehold wall undergoes a significant increase in the deviatoric stress ratio, indicating that this region is highly disturbed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Jul 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/575207</guid>
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