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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Multimethod ergonomic assessment of waste-picking work using a human-powered vehicle in Macapá, Amapá, Brazil: A single-case study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2731985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Background Waste picking is essential to urban recycling systems in emerging economies, but it is often performed under informal conditions and high physical demands, especially when collection and transport rely on human-powered vehicles. Objective To assess the ergonomic conditions of a solid-waste picker using a human-powered vehicle in Macapá, Amapá, Brazil. Methods A mixed-methods single-case study (n = 1) was conducted during two real work routes. Direct observation was combined with NASA-TLX, RULA, OWAS, and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Ethical approval was obtained from a competent Research Ethics Committee. Results The worker reported high perceived workload, with a NASA-TLX global score of 85.33, mainly driven by physical demand, effort, and frustration. Observations showed frequent trunk and knee flexion, sustained pushing and pulling, and variable load handling under conditions of persistent mechanical instability of the cart. The representative posture showed trunk flexion of approximately 75°. Postural analysis indicated critical conditions, with a RULA score of 7 and OWAS action category 4. The NMQ revealed symptoms predominantly in the lower back, shoulders, and lower limbs. Conclusions In this case, waste picking with a human-powered vehicle showed unfavourable ergonomic conditions. Persistent traction belt instability, inadequate load handling, and irregular terrain intensified physical demands. The findings support work redesign measures, including improvements in vehicle design and task organisation, to reduce biomechanical overload and support safer work in informal settings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 15:14:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2731985</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effect of PET Bottle Compaction on the Saturation of the Waste Container</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Engineers and users are being pushed by environmental concerns to maximize efficiency while minimizing ecological damage. Waste collection vehicles require fossil fuels during their collection route, as well as when lifting and emptying the containers, even if the design of separate waste collection islands has focused on the idea of recycling. Even in a computer plan–assisted collection, saturated containers may have low waste density, meaning that a sizable portion of the container becomes unusable due to the shape of the waste. To maximize container utilization, this study will investigate the type and compaction potential of each container. The simulation study will provide an answer to the question of how the density of waste placed in the various containers changes as a result of compressing each bottle. The research and development will optimize not only the saturation of the container but also the number of collection routes; in addition to the economic benefits, the environmental load will be reduced. The frequency of lifting and emptying the container will decrease, resulting in reduced maintenance and repair costs for the vehicle's lifting system and container. It is a misconception that compaction by hand in one place, throughout the diameter of the PET bottle, is the optimum way to increase the efficiency of waste collection. Based on the tests carried out in this paper, foot diameter compaction at full height is considered to be the most appropriate method after the use of a costly compactor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 13:29:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686175</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Global trade dynamics of the shipbreaking industry: a complex network analysis approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675880</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the structural characteristics of the global shipbreaking trade network using complex network analysis and bilateral trade data for 2014, 2017, 2020, and 2023. The analysis identifies Bangladesh, India, Turkey, and Pakistan as central nodes in the network, reflecting their role as major destinations for end-of-life vessels. Indicators such as indegree, outdegree, PageRank, authority, and modularity were employed to examine connectivity patterns, community structures, and network vulnerability. The results reveal a declining number of nodes and edges, indicating growing concentration of shipbreaking activities in a limited set of countries. Modularity analysis shows the emergence of regional clusters, particularly linking South Asian and Mediterranean hubs, while vulnerability tests confirm that the removal of highly central countries significantly weakens the network. These findings suggest that although shipbreaking supports resource recovery and cost efficiency, its concentration heightens risks related to sustainability, safety, and resilience. Overall, the study adds to the limited literature on shipbreaking and suggests that geographically diversifying ship recycling under harmonised environmental and labour standards could mitigate risks and support long-term sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 13:22:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675880</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A hierarchical integrated exact algorithm for multi-level capacitated arc routing problem in waste collection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608775</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores a practical waste collection system where manually operated vehicles and compressor-equipped vehicles interact at waste collection huts. A multi-level capacitated arc routing problem is studied within this context to integrate the optimisation of travel costs for both types of vehicles. To address this issue, a flow-based mixed-integer linear programming model is established. Then, we develop a hierarchical integrated exact algorithm that leverages the structure of logic-based Benders decomposition. The problem is decomposed into a master problem, which determines the trips for manually operated vehicles, an assignment problem that constructs the multi-trip routes, and a subproblem that determines the routes for compressor-equipped vehicles. Logic-based feasibility cuts and optimality cuts are generated from the assignment problem and the subproblem, respectively, to restrict the master problem. To tackle complex subproblems, we design an elaborate branch-and-price algorithm. Additionally, several dedicated acceleration strategies are implemented to further enhance the algorithm. The experimental results are conducted on 225 instances derived from two types of well-known benchmarks. The proposed algorithm efficiently solves this problem and significantly outperforms the commercial optimisation software. The results also demonstrate that the acceleration strategies notably reduce computation time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:14:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608775</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental Impacts of Micromobility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Globally, the e-scooter/e-bike network has already spread to more than 500 cities, 60 countries, and five continents, with the largest scooter rental companies counting tens of millions of registered trips. However, it is important to evaluate the environmental impact of these micromobility vehicles. Are these transportation options really as eco-friendly as the media and social networks claim? The fact that e-scooters/e-bikes do not emit gases from exhaust pipes does not necessarily mean that they do not create emissions and are completely eco-friendly. The environmental impact of these micromobility modes depends on their lifecycle, including production, distribution, and disposal. More than half of the emissions are generated from the extraction of necessary raw materials and the manufacturing process. Moreover, e-scooters/e-bikes require batteries that contain rare metals and whose production processes are energy-intensive. Shared e-scooter/e-bike services also involve energy-consuming charging and maintenance processes. Furthermore, e-scooters have a short lifespan, and improper disposal can pose environmental risks. E-scooters/e-bikes are frequently thrown into bodies of water, dropped from buildings, set on fire or otherwise damaged. The positive impact on the climate from manufacturing and using e-scooters/e-bikes could become a reality if significant attention is given to recyclable materials and sustainable development. Choosing renewable energy sources and optimizing every step of the service supply chain is also crucial for maintaining an efficient servicing system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580789</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Optimization of Sustainable Reverse Logistics Network for Medical Waste</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701108</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the increase in the amount of medical waste, its inadequate disposal has emerged as a significant threat to environmental pollution and jeopardizes public health. This paper provides new ideas for the optimization of the medical waste reverse logistics network (MWRLN) from the perspective of sustainable supply chain management. First, a multilevel MWRLN is constructed, grounded in the classification criteria outlined in the Medical Waste Classification Catalog. Second, a multiobjective optimization model integrating economic, environmental, and social sustainability is developed and solved using the NSGA-III algorithm. Finally, validation in the Xi’an case study: 1) the multiobjective optimization proposed in this paper can provide scientific and comprehensive suggestions for the MWRLN; 2) compared with infectious waste-only networks, the proposed system reduces social sustainability by 55.58%, emphasizing the necessity of separate disposal of medical waste; and 3) during public health emergencies, the capacity of existing centralized disposal facilities can meet actual needs, but the capacity of storage centers is not enough to support the development of graded collection and transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2026 08:51:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701108</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of the Dumping Dredged Material in the Offshore of Dung Quat Seaport, Vietnam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606214</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To maintain navigational channels, ports routinely undertake dredging operations, resulting in significant volumes of sediment that must be properly disposed of offshore. This study evaluates the environmental impact of offshore dumping of dredged material near Dung Quat Seaport, Vietnam. A coupled numerical model integrating hydrodynamics (MIKE 21 HD), wave (MIKE 21 SW), and sediment transport (MIKE 21 MT) modules was applied to simulate the dispersion of dredged materials over a 90-day disposal period involving a total volume of 540,000 m³. The model was calibrated and validated using field data, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations were analyzed at various monitoring and coastal points. Results indicated that TSS levels remained below Vietnam's regulatory threshold of 0.05 kg/m³, suggesting negligible impact on the surrounding marine and coastal environments. This study provides a scientific basis for environmentally sound dredged material management and disposal planning in Vietnam's coastal waters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 16:35:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606214</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AI-Assisted Dismantling of Electric Vehicle Batteries – A Case Study on Technology Networking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684114</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Advancing electric mobility is essential for meeting worldwide climate objectives. Yet, this advancement will lead to a surge in battery systems, sparking concerns over their sustainable and eco-friendly recycling practices. The disassembly of these systems is a critical step for either recycling or repurposing them. To enhance both cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency, there is a pressing need to automate the disassembly process. Existing disassembly lines highlight the requirement for a system that can adapt to handle multiple battery model variants efficiently. As the number of batteries needing disassembly is expected to grow exponentially with the rise in electric vehicle sales, continuing with current manual methods may soon become impractical. Addressing this challenge, this paper introduces a new approach using artificial intelligence to disassemble a broad range of battery models efficiently down to the module level. The article further elaborates on the integration of the technology into the demonstrator system, including the object and camera-based recognition components, and presents initial training data utilized in the system’s development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684114</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Autonomous Mining Transportation Systems: Integrating 4D mmWave Radar for Enhanced Detection of Obstructed Static Objects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610725</link>
      <description><![CDATA[‘‘Mining 5.0,” in response to “Industry 5.0,” requires autonomous haulage systems to operate fully autonomously in open-pit mines. Current autonomous mining transportation systems rely on wireless transmission for edge dumping operations, which is inefficient and poses risks of potential communication loss and cybersecurity issues. Sensors such as LiDAR, cameras, and 3D mmWave radar do not support autonomous haulage to complete automation of edge dumping, as they struggle to detect obscured static obstacles and operate in harsh mining environments. We propose an innovative approach to address this challenge: integrating 4D mmWave radar into autonomous haulage systems. We have collected the world's first 4D mmWave radar dataset in the open pit mine to evaluate this approach, including four haulage operating scenarios under various lighting conditions. To quantify the precision of the 4D mmWave radar, we induce three points cloud comparison methods, a static object tracking algorithm, and point cloud image comparison to assess the system's ability to detect obscured static obstacles. Based on our findings, we conclude that using 4D mmWave radar enhances the autonomous haulage system's ability to detect obscured static obstacles in open pit mines, particularly at dumping sites.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 16:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610725</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cross-domain decision support system for spoil dumpsite selection in mega transportation infrastructure projects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636373</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Spoil dumpsite selection (SDS), a representative complex decision problem in mega transportation infrastructure (MTI) projects, is crucial for ensuring the project sustainability. However, conventional single-domain or purely data-driven methods cannot fully address the multi-objective conflicts and cross-domain knowledge heterogeneity in SDS. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes a cross-domain decision support system (CDDS) with three progressive modules: (1) criteria system and alternatives identification, (2) domain division and ontology representation, and (3) two-stage knowledge fusion, together forming a systematic decision process. Case study of a mega railway project in western China demonstrates that CDDS can produce viable and robust results, verifying its effectiveness and applicability. Applying this tool, project stakeholders can enhance the interpretability of their decisions in complex environments. Furthermore, this system expands the theoretical and methodological boundaries of knowledge fusion decision and can guide practical complex system engineering decisions in similar contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:32:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636373</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Two-Echelon Collaborative Location Routing Problem With Intuitionistic Fuzzy Multi-Demands for Sorted-Waste Collection and Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores a novel model for sorted-waste transportation, defined as the two-echelon collaborative location routing problem with intuitionistic fuzzy multi-demands. It considers a reverse logistics network organized in two capacitated echelons: the first echelon aims to build routes for trucks visiting every node for different strains of pick-up requests under intuitionistic fuzzy multi-demands, and the objective of the second echelon is to ascertain the number and position of cooperation clusters from waste transfer stations to treatment facilities. Due to the complexity of the proposed model, the instances that can be solved to optimality are usually small to medium-sized and face computational difficulties in solving larger instances. To overcome this problem, we fashion a distributed heuristic based on fuzzy bi-means and adaptive large neighborhood segmented search to address this novel model. A refined Shapley model for profit allocation and the best coalition combination is constructed for each participant. Extensive computational findings and a practical case study are conducted to show the efficiency of the proposed model and approach. Several relevant managerial insights are also derived to aid decision-making in waste sorting management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2025 17:13:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553251</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electric Vehicle Routing Optimization for Postal Delivery and Waste Collection in Smart Cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses two important smart city logistics problems, i.e., Postal Delivery and Waste Collection, using Electric Vehicle Routing Problems. To this aim two Mixed Integer Linear Programming problems are formulated with the objective of carrying out the collection or delivery activities by minimizing the route length, respecting the working time, and considering the Electric Vehicles (EVs) battery charge constraints. While satisfying the customer needs under the mentioned traveling constraints, the proposed models take into account the implementation of smart charging strategies to minimize the demand peaks on the power grid both at district and charge station levels, that is suitable in large scale problems. To address the complexity of the models, a heuristic algorithm implementing clustering and routing strategies is proposed. Two case studies are implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models for Postal Delivery and Waste Collection activities in large systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Nov 2025 08:39:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Where Do Batteries Go When They Die? An Assessment of Battery Disposal Strategies for Battery Electric Buses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608477</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report assesses the current and near-future conditions related to the disposal of Battery Electric Buses, specifically their batteries. The report begins by explaining the reasons and legislation in the current day which is pushing the adoption of zero emission buses as well as the growing interest in exploring new reuse and recycling methods. The subsequent section consists of interview responses from various transit agencies currently planning on electrifying their fleet, cataloging their concerns and options for disposal that are currently being considered. Following is a section with interview content from bus manufacturers on the current state of battery design and policies, as well as an exploration of future services possibly offered by these companies. The report then focuses on summarizing general trends in the US battery recycling and reuse market, as well as resources for transit agencies, to determine which disposal strategy is right for them. Finally, the report closes with recommendations for all stakeholders on how to best prepare for future disposal needs, from both the manufacturer and transit agency perspective, and some recommendations to increase battery recycling/reuse capacity domestically addressed to the state and the federal government.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Oct 2025 16:47:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608477</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Toxicity of two different size classes of tire particles from mixed end-of-life car tires to the springtail Sinella curviseta</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604546</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tire particles (TPs) are one of the biggest contributors to microplastic pollution, with reported soil concentrations exceeding 1 % close to busy roads. Little research has been done on the impact of TPs on soil organisms. In this study, two size classes of tire particles, 0-75 mcm and 75-180 mcm, were compared to determine if size does influence their toxicity to the springtail Sinella curviseta. Adult springtails were exposed for three weeks to TPs spiked in LUFA 2.2 natural soil at concentrations between 0.0016 % and 4 % (w/w). TP addition caused an increase of soil pH at the two highest concentrations, and a dose-related increase of soil Zn concentrations, which were higher for the larger TPs. Available (0.01 M CaCl2 extractable) Zn concentrations also increased, but were far below toxic levels in all cases. Springtail survival was not affected, but reproduction was decreased by 59 % and 39 % at the highest concentration (4 %) compared to the control for the 0-75 mcm and 75-180 mcm classes, respectively. EC50s were 3.50 % TPs in soil for the 0-75 mcm class and 6.36 % TPs for the 75-180 mcm class, and differed significantly between the two size classes (chi2df = 1 > 3.84, p < 0.05). These results suggest that smaller sized tire particles (0-75 mcm) are more toxic to S. curviseta than larger ones (75-180 mcm). It may also be concluded that long-term exposure to tire particles may threaten springtail populations at the highest concentrations currently found near roadsides.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Oct 2025 09:08:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604546</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A comprehensive analysis of the scrapping and abandonment of fiber-reinforced polymer vessels at sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604540</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), also known as fiberglass, is a widely used composite material in marine, transportation, and construction industries because of its high strength, lightweight properties, and corrosion resistance. While FRPs are advantageous for these applications, the disposal and recycling of FRPs, especially in boats, remain challenging. The global FRP market valued at $3.9 billion USD in 2022. An increasing number of FRP vessels are reaching the end of their lifecycle, amounting to a global total of 250,000 to 500,000 tons of end-of-life vessels each year, contributing to environmental concerns. FRP boats, which have been popular since the 1950s, are often disposed of in landfills, as recycling methods are limited. Abandoned vessels pose hazards to navigation, ecosystems, and human health, releasing pollutants and breaking down into microplastics. Countries are exploring alternatives such as pyrolysis and recycling programs, although progress varies. An extended producer responsibility (EPR) system, which funds boat recycling, is an example of a proactive policy. However, broader efforts are needed to improve the recycling infrastructure and research sustainable materials. Addressing the environmental impact of FRP vessels requires collaborative research, policy development, and innovative solutions such as eco-design and improved recycling methods, especially as the global demand for boats and FRP materials continues to grow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Oct 2025 09:08:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604540</guid>
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