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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Radical calm in aviation security: profiling controlled dissociation and behavioral ambiguity at checkpoints</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Background In the context of aviation security, the display of extreme calmness by potentially dangerous individuals presents a behavioral paradox. While appearing non-threatening, such demeanor may reflect controlled dissociation or intentional affect suppression. Despite global advancements in behavioral detection, this specific form of ambiguity remains underexamined in risk profiling frameworks. This paper introduces “radical calm” as a novel construct within behavioral profiling, highlighting its relevance for identifying concealed threats that evade traditional detection models. Methods This study integrates established psychological theories of dissociation with analysis of real-world incidents, including behaviors exhibited by 9/11 hijackers Mohamed Atta and Ziad Jarrah, as well as comparative profiles of drug couriers and ideologically driven actors. A targeted literature review (2020–2024) was conducted alongside qualitative behavioral assessment using psychophysiological indicators and threat-context variables. Results Findings reveal that controlled dissociation—characterized by emotional neutrality, inhibited microexpressive output, and suppression of physical agitation—is a recurring trait among high-risk individuals at aviation checkpoints. These behavioral patterns often bypass standard stress-detection protocols, but become detectable through integrated contextual and kinetic profiling. Conclusion The phenomenon of “radical calm” warrants formal classification as a distinct risk marker in aviation security. This study introduces a foundational behavioral model to support frontline personnel in identifying deceptive calmness and decoding subtle nonverbal anomalies. Enhancing profiler awareness of dissociative suppression may significantly improve early threat recognition and intervention capabilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Nov 2025 09:00:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of RAP Dissociation and Agglomeration on Recycled Asphalt Binder Availability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2394798</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A milled recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) particle can be a cluster of one or more aggregates coated with an aged RAP binder. While RAP material is added to virgin aggregates and binder in a pugmill, the RAP cluster undergoes dissociation or agglomeration, depending on the cluster size and thermo-physical conditions inside the pugmill. The degree of dissociation or agglomeration of RAP material has an important relation with the degree of RAP binder availability. The RAP binder availability in mix design depends on the exposed surface area of dissociated coarse RAP particles and also on the agglomeration tendency of fine RAP particles. In the present study, the degree of RAP binder availability (DoAv), cluster dissociation of course RAP, and agglomeration tendency of fine RAP particles were examined at different mixing durations inside an asphalt pugmill—60 s, 120 s, and 180 s. The study examined whether the RAP cluster dissociation and postmixing agglomeration has any effect on the RAP binder availability. The degree of RAP binder availability of RAP mix was found by determining the virgin binder requirement of RAP mixes in excess of optimum binder content determined for the control mix prepared using virgin aggregates. Cluster dissociation and agglomeration was studied by hot mixing of RAP fractions in a pugmill with abrasive charges, followed by sieving. The statistical analysis of data found that RAP mixes incorporating fractionated fine RAP material exhibited higher DoAv at every mixing duration. For mixes incorporating fractionated coarse RAP, cluster dissociation index was positively correlated with DoAv, which implied that RAP cluster dissociation is a possible reason for RAP binder availability. In mixes incorporating fractionated fine RAP fractions, the RAP particles got agglomerated. The agglomeration index was found to correlate well with RAP binder availability, thereby establishing that agglomeration tendency in fine RAP fractions can be considered as an indicator of RAP binder availability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Aug 2024 16:17:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2394798</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Temperature on Safety and Stability of Gas Hydrate During Coal Mine Gas Storage and Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1627485</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Knowledge of the dissociation kinetics of gas hydrate is essential for evaluate the risk of coal mine gas (CMG) during CMG hydrate storage and transportation. In this study, the hydrate dissociation experiment is conducted by using visual hydrate formation and dissociation experimental device for two kinds of CMG samples under four different temperatures. The thermal stimulation method (above the equilibrium temperature) is applied for hydrate dissociation. Based on the experimental data, it is found that the pressure curve during gas hydrate dissociation is mainly composed of three stages, including rapid dissociation, slow dissociation, and stable stages. Temperature has a significant effect on the average dissociation rate for the gas system, where a higher temperature is related to greater average dissociation rate. The maximum average dissociation rate is determined to be 4.34 ∙ 10−3 mol/min (System II-4). The mole number of methane increases obviously with the increase of temperature, while nitrogen and oxygen change slightly. It demonstrates that methane hydrate has higher risk in storage and transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 2019 09:30:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1627485</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Study on the Stratum's Responses Due to Natural Gas Hydrate Dissociation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1498993</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Natural gas hydrate (NGH) dissociation can cause many kinds of potential hazards. Dimensional analysis is used first to obtain the controlling factors for NGH dissociation-induced stratum's responses. And then the effects of the controlling factors on the deformation and stress distribution have then been numerically investigated. A simplified critical condition for judging the instability of gentle inclined stratum after NGH dissociation was proposed. It is shown that the maximum settlement is located near the upper part of the slide body while the soil uplifts near the lower part. The fast change of the stress and deformation is located at the interface between hydrate-bearing stratum (HBS) and over layer. The slope angle has the largest effects on the responses of the stratum. The effects of modulus and water depth on the stratum's instability are small. There is a critical extension length of dissociation zone over which landslide will occur which is determined by the strength parameters, slope angle, friction coefficient and height of the over layer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2018 11:16:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1498993</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Psychological Impact of Motor Vehicle Accidents on Emergency Service Workers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1086560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article studies the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on emergency service personnel responding to motor vehicle accidents. The authors note that emergency service personnel at motor vehicle accident sites -- due to their exposure to stressful conditions involving trapped motorists, dead bodies or body parts, and dangerous situations -- are as susceptible to developing PTSD as the survivors of motor vehicle accidents. Their research studies 59 nurses and medical doctors, based at Portugal's National Institute of Medical Emergency, through a series of surveys and questionnaires. The study correlates demographic information (e.g., sex, age, time spent in emergency service) with exposure to traumatic events, peritraumatic dissociation, distress symptoms, coping skills, and psychological adjustment. Participants report high exposure to traumatic events. However, those events show a low prevalence of PTSD symptoms. Further evaluation of results show that peritraumatic dissociation and distress are the only predictors of PTSD symptoms. The authors conclude that emergency service workers, though routinely confronted with traumatic situations, need not be assumed to always develop PTSD symptoms. Education, information and training in coping skills together can serve to mitigate the psychological effects of exposure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Jan 2011 11:22:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1086560</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acute Stress Symptoms, Dissociation, and Depression among Rescue Personnel 24 Hours after the Bet-Yehoshua Train Crash in Israel: The Effects of Gender</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/925030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study of acute stress symptoms, dissociation, and depression among rescue personnel after the Bet-Yehoshua train crash in Israel.  In June 2006, a train heading from the city of Tel-Aviv, northbound to Haifa, collided with a pickup truck that was trapped on the rails.  The impact derailed the train, causing two railway cars to turn over, killing five and injuring 79 people.  The authors hypothesized the rescue personnel who had a history of previous exposure to dead bodies would exhibit higher levels of acute stress symptoms, dissociation, and depressive symptoms within the 24 hours following a traumatic event.  There were 23 rescue personnel involved in the search and excavation of dead and mutilated bodies following the train crash.  The study investigated the rescue personnel’s reactions and exposure to dead bodies at a point 24 hours after the crash.  The authors found that, among rescue personnel, those with previous exposure to dead bodies did not differ in their levels of acute stress symptoms, dissociation, and depressive symptoms from those who were not previously exposed to dead bodies.  The study also considered the possible impact of gender; no significant gender differences were found at the 24-hour post-crash time frame.  The authors discuss two possible conclusions that could arise from their findings: the possibility that the impact of exposure to dead bodies does not emerge in the acute stress reactions (ASR) phase but rather somewhat later when people have time to process the trauma; or the rescue coping mechanisms of detachment may serve as a buffer for the sights encountered during the ASR period.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Aug 2010 07:42:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/925030</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dissociation between driving performance and drivers' subjective estimates of performance and workload in dual-task conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/887310</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current study measured how concurrent driving and in-vehicle activities of different levels of engagement varied in terms of performance and subjective estimates of demand and performance. In this test track study, 41 younger and older drivers completed a series of cognitive tasks while driving an instrumented vehicle. One task involved an engaging guessing game where drivers tried to guess the identity of an object. The other task involved a simple mental arithmetic task. We observed some dissociation between drivers' performance and their subjective reports. For instance, drivers tended to estimate their performance as better for the more engaging guessing task than the arithmetic task, though their performance was actually worse. At the same time, subjective estimates of workload across the two tasks did not vary in the dual-task condition even though they did in the single-task baseline conditions, suggesting that drivers failed to account for the added demands in dual-task situations. We discuss the implications of these findings for driver safety. Crashes due to distraction can carry tremendous costs for employers, in terms of injury, disability, and loss of potentially productive work years, whether these crashes occur on or off the job.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2009 14:58:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/887310</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acute Stress Symptoms, Dissociation, and Depression Among Rescue Personnel 24 Hours after the Bet-Yehoshua Train Crash: The Effects of Exposure to Dead Bodies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/886662</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The immediate impact of exposure to severe wounds, dead bodies, and immediate threat to life has been understudied. Most studies focus on the acute stress disorder and/or post-traumatic stress disorder phases in order to assess rescue personnel’s symptomatology, and tend to neglect the immediate exposure to elements of the disaster. It was hypothesized that rescue personnel who had a history of prior exposure to dead bodies would exhibit higher levels of acute stress symptoms, dissociation, and depressive symptoms within the 24 hours following a traumatic event. 23 rescue personnel participated in the search and excavation of dead and mutilated bodies following the Bet-Yehoshua train crash in Israel. The rescue personnel group was divided based on prior exposure to dead bodies. Each participant completed a demographic questionnaire, which included a question on perceived threat to life, the impact of event scale revised, the dissociative experience scale, and the center of epidemiologic studies depression questionnaire. Student’s t-tests, along with multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were conducted in order to learn which factors are related to psychiatric symptomatology following the immediate exposure to such stressors. Among rescue personnel, those with prior exposure to dead bodies did not differ in their levels of acute stress symptoms, dissociation, and depressive symptoms from those who were not previously exposed to dead bodies. These results may suggest the possibility that the impact of exposure to dead bodies does not emerge in the acute stress reactions (ASR) phase (up to 24 hours after the event), but later when people have time to process the trauma. Another possibility is that the rescue coping mechanisms of detachment may serve as a buffer for the horrific sights encountered during the ASR period.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2009 14:58:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/886662</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Heart Rate of Motor Vehicle Accident Survivors in the Emergency Department, Peritraumatic Psychological Reactions, ASD, and PTSD Severity: A 6-month Prospective Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/811534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This brief report investigates relationships between the heart rate of motor vehicle accident survivors presenting in the emergency department (ED) and acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Also examined are relationships between survivor's ED heart rate and peritraumatic dissociation and peritraumatic distress reported 2 weeks post-trauma. 50 motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors were assessed 2 weeks and 1 (N=42), 3 (N=37), and 6 months (N=37) post-MVA. Heart rate in the ED predicted self-reported ASD symptom severity and clinician-rated PTSD symptom severity at 6 months, but not at 1 or 3 months. Survivors' heart rate in the ED was significantly correlated with peritraumatic dissociation but not with peritraumatic distress. Findings support the role of elevated ED heart rate as a predictor of both ASD and chronic PTSD symptom severity and may help to clarify the discrepant findings of prior research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jul 2007 09:55:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/811534</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DISSOCIATION AND DRIVER BEHAVIOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/116304</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE CONCEPT OF DISSOCIATION IS DISCUSSED WITH REFERENCE TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF DRIVERS AND AS A CONTRIBUTORY OR EVEN CAUSAL FACTOR IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS. EXAMPLES OF ACTUAL DRIVING BEHAVIOR ARE GIVEN WHERE DRIVERS SHOWING DISSOCIATIVE PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR HAVE CARRIED OUT UNNECESSARY MANEUVERS, TAKEN RISKS AND HAD NEAR-ACCIDENTS. POSSIBLE FUTURE LINES OF RESEARCH IN THIS AREA ARE INDICATED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/116304</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>METHANOL REFORMERS FOR FUEL CELL POWERED VEHICLES: SOME DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/356853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fuel cells are being developed for use in automotive propulsion systems as alternatives for the internal combustion engine in buses, vans, passenger cars.  The two most important operational requirements for a stand-alone fuel cell power system for a vehicle are the ability to start up quickly and the ability to supply the necessary power on demand for the dynamically fluctuating load. Methanol is a likely fuel for use in fuel cells for transportation applications.  It is a commodity chemical that is manufactured from coal, natural gas, and other feedstocks.  For use in a fuel cell, however, the methanol must first be converted (reformed) to a hydrogen-rich gas mixture.  The desired features for a methanol reformer include rapid start-up, good dynamic response, high fuel conversion, small size and weight, simple construction and operation, and low cost.  This paper presents the design considerations that are important for developin such a reformer, namely: (1) a small catalyst bed for quick starting, small size, and low weight; (2) multiple catalysts for optimum operation of the dissociation and reforming reactions; (3) reforming by direct heat transfer partial oxidation for rapid response to fluctuating loads; and (4) thermal independence from the rest of the fuel cell systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/356853</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FUEL METHANOL - A DECADE OF PROGRESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/343913</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The publication concentrates on recent technological advances in the use of methanol as an alternative fuel.  It presents research developments impacting this area and provides an overview of the progress that has been made throughout the last decade.  This all-inclusive reference also features an extensive bibliography of related reading. Contents include: Fuel Supply and Marketing;  Fuel Formulation and Properties; Light Duty Engines and Vehicles; Direct Injection Engines and Vehicles; Exhaust Emissions and Air Quality;  Cold Starting; Lubricants and Engine Wear; Materials Compatibility; Health and Safety; and Dissociated Methanol.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/343913</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESISTIVELY HEATED METAL MONOLITH AS A COLD START ASSIST FOR A METHANOL ENGINE. INTERIM REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/293120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Light-duty M100 neat methanol-fueled engines are difficult to start and run in cold weather because of the high boiling point of methanol, methanol's high heat of vaporization (5.5 percent of the heat of combustion compared to less than 1 percent for gasoline), and the increased fuel flow needed for methanol.  Gasoline-fueled engines start with less difficulty under the same conditions partly because of the easily ignitible light ends of this fuel such as butanes, which are vaporized at relatively low temperatures.  The goal of the project was to construct and test a methanol dissociation system that could provide hydrogen and carbon monoxide gaseous fuels in quantities that could be used as a cold start assist for a methanol-fueled engine.  This dissociator would utilize resistively heated metal foil technology to provide the energy necessary to bring the catalyst to operating temperatures quickly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jun 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/293120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NEAR-CYLINDER DISSOCIATION OF METHANOL FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/291567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report describes the design analyses and experimental evaluation toward developing a system of dissociating methanol for use in a spark-ignited passenger car engine. Maximum dissociation of methanol fuel attainable using exhaust gas heat was the basic goal of the project.  The heating value of dissociated methanol is about 20 percent higher than that for liquid methanol.  Therefore, significant energy savings appear to be attainable if a large percent of the engine fuel needs can be dissociated by use of the otherwise wasted heat of the exhaust gas.  A heat exchanger consisting of a methanol evaporator, an injection system to provide fuel to the evaporator, and a dissociation reactor was designed, fabricated, and tested.  The dissociation efficiency of the initial reactor was not as good as expected.  The relative poor performance of the dissociation reactor apparently was associated with fuel injector nozzle heating, blockage of passageways in the dissociation reactor, and an ineffective dissociation catalyst.  The heat exchanger was redesigned to incorporate improvements, and four heat exchangers were fabricated using the final design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Mar 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/291567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF COLOROLL METHANOL DISSOCIATOR FOR COLD START ASSIST APPLICATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/286396</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Light-duty M100 neat methanol-fueled engines are difficult to start and run in cold weather because of the single boiling point characteristics of the fuel.  Gasoline-fueled engines start with less difficulty under the same conditions partly because of the easily ignitable light ends of the fuel such as butanes, which may be vaporized before the cylinder at relatively low temperatures.  Some state-of-the-art methanol engines require the addition of gasoline to the fuel to improve their startability.  Other methanol engines utilize separate cold start assist.  Some researchers have suggested that a combination of mechanical aproaches may produce reliable cold starts of a neat methanol-fueled engine at relatively low ambient conditions. The project evaluates a methanol dissociator supplied by Coloroll, plc, for use as a cold start assist to a methanol engine.  The dissociator operation, supporting equipment, program design, test results and conclusions are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/286396</guid>
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