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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evolutionary Game Analysis of Carbon Emission Reduction Behaviour in Shipping Industry under Government Reward and Punishment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To promote the low-carbon transformation of the shipping industry, this study explores the impact of the government’s reward and punishment mechanisms on carbon reduction behaviours in the shipping industry. Specifically, this study constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model among the government, shipping companies and port enterprises, and examines the factors involved. The main results of this study are as follows. First, government reward and punishment mechanisms have a significant effect on the sustainable development of the shipping industry. The probability of shipping companies and port enterprises adopting carbon emission reduction behaviour will rise when the government effectively implements the reward and punishment mechanism. Second, the regulatory cost has an important influence on the decision of the government. With a decrease in the cost of conducting government regulation, the government is inclined to adopt active regulation strategies. Third, the short operational time has adverse effects on the green transition of the shipping industry. However, when the ships’ operational time is long, shipping companies are inclined to adopt proactive carbon reduction strategies. Besides, shipping companies tend to prioritise local port enterprises for the refuelling of clean energy ships. Therefore, the probability of port enterprises building clean energy refuelling stations will rise when shipping companies choose to adopt clean energy ships. The aim of this study is to offer policy suggestions for mitigating carbon emissions in the shipping industry and to help stakeholders choose the relatively optimal strategy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:50:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691517</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drivers and Barriers for Shared Mobility on the Scale of an Island: A Stakeholders’ Perspective Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579547</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The integration of shared mobility modes into the transportation systems of European cities is continuously growing, providing an alternative option for sustainable mobility. Being implemented mostly in urban environment of Europe’s context, the peculiarities of an island are not taken into account in the frame of any research and policy recommendations available. The aim of this paper is to investigate the drivers and barriers for shared mobility on the scale of an island during both the planning and the operational phase, especially focusing on the North Aegean Region. The identification of factors that enable or hinder the adoption/success of shared systems on an island, as well as the respective conclusions were based on the methodological approach that capitalizes the stakeholders’ perspective. For this purpose, an interview was delivered to 15stakeholders of the Region while the development of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) allowed for a systematic evaluation of critical parameters that affect the implementation of shared mobility. This method compared with the results of the current mobility status of the island as well as the gaps that are identified by the stakeholders provided very interesting insights of the research. Results suggest that prioritizing technological advancements and enhancing user comfort can significantly boost the acceptance and efficiency of shared mobility services while confirm the need for different approach and adaptation of shared mobility aspects to the peculiarities of an islandic context in order to ensure the operational sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579547</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Public Transport in the Center of Urban Mobility: An Impact Assessment Framework for New Mobility Services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579520</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, innovative mobility services have had a growing presence in cities around the world. As cities strive to navigate this dynamic landscape of novel mobility solutions, the need for robust impact assessment frameworks has become of high importance for public authorities and stakeholders. This paper aims to present an impact assessment framework developed for the evaluation of public transport-centered mobility solutions, such as multimodal hubs, establishment of low-emission zones, congestion charging schemes, implementation of bike sharing schemes, in 11 European Cities. It outlines the evaluation methods used to assess activities during the demonstrations, investigating the success of adopted measures in domains such as public transport ridership, user satisfaction, and environmental impact. Key Performance indicators (KPIs) tailored for each city are defined based on an extensive literature review and the specific needs of each city. The evaluation framework includes methods of measuring and monitoring the implementation of the measures while also providing guidelines for effective data collection and sharing. The unique value of the paper lies in its methodology for measuring and monitoring the impact of innovative mobility solutions in 11 European cities with diverse mobility status and urban setting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579520</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Carbon emission control considering the reward and punishment mechanism in shipping</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607020</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The control and monitoring of vessel carbon emission is gradually being a crucial task in green shipping. As stated by the International Maritime Organization, incentives are encouraged to stimulate relevant practitioners to take active strategies. In this research, a tripartite evolutionary game involving three groups of main stakeholders (port authorities, ship owners, charterers) is developed, aiming at analyzing their strategy selection under the implementation of the reward and punishment mechanism (RPM). The numerical simulation indicates that port authorities could improve the low-carbon awareness of vessel-related stakeholders effectively through formulating a reasonable RPM, leading to the ideal situation that carbon emission can be controlled without the need of introducing external force in the future. Further, the influence of key parameters (i.e., additional cost, revenue increment, environmental benefit) on the strategy selection is thoroughly examined and evaluated, which provides insightful implications for the formulation of the dynamic and reasonable RPM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607020</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding willingness to participate in private shared parking under incentive and disincentive policies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2654638</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While shared parking offers a promising solution to alleviate urban parking challenges, its adoption in private parking spaces, particularly in residential neighborhoods, is lagging due to low market participation. Successful implementation of private shared parking mainly hinges on understanding the factors that motivate individuals to participate in sharing programs. Existing research has preliminarily investigated parking space owners’ and users’ attitudes toward private shared parking, but has often overlooked the impact of policy interventions on willingness to participate (WTP), as well as the complex nonlinear effects and interaction relationships of influencing factors. To address these gaps, formal survey data on WTP in private shared parking programs are first collected from parking space owners and users under varying monetary-linked incentives and disincentives in China. Then, the nonlinear and interaction effects of influencing variables on WTP are uncovered using XGBoost and SHAP interpretable machine learning techniques. The results reveal that compared with the baseline methods, the adopted model demonstrates superior performance in predicting WTP in private shared parking; Personal attributes, along with rewards and penalties, emerge as the most influential factor categories and exhibit significant nonlinear and interaction effects; The effect of key factors, such as reward bonus, penalty payment, education, average monthly income, parking space idle duration, concerns about sharing revenues, weekly driving frequency, having used shared parking, varies substantially across unwilling, neutral, and willing attitudes of parking space owners and users. The findings could help provide valuable insights for government agencies and management operators to further improve private shared parking initiatives and expand their markets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2654638</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A carbon emission trading system for China's road freight transport: considering reward and punishment ladders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618308</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the context of the “dual carbon” targets of China, effectively reducing carbon emissions in the road freight transportation sector is crucial. Carbon emission trading has emerged as a cost-effective strategy for mitigating carbon emissions, particularly in the context of road freight transport. Currently, the system design of carbon emission trading for road freight transport industry is still unknown. To fill this gap, this study presents a comprehensive policy framework tailored for China's road freight transport sector. The framework includes key components such as data collection and verification processes for carbon emissions, the establishment and distribution of carbon allowances, regulatory mechanisms for carbon emission trading, and an integrated reward and punishment system. Furthermore, the study employs case studies and scenario analyses to examine the operational dynamics of the carbon trading system in road freight transportation. The findings indicate that, to meet compliance requirements and generate additional revenue, freight vehicle operators are incentivized to reduce carbon emissions either by decreasing vehicle miles travelled or by investing in vehicles with lower energy consumption. The purpose of this paper was to provide the theoretical basis for the effective facilitation of carbon emission trading system for China's road freight transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 09:13:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618308</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unified merger list in the container shipping industry from 1966 to 2022: A structural estimation of M&amp;A matching</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512822</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors construct a novel unified merger list in the global container shipping industry between 1966 (the beginning of the industry) and 2022. Combining the list with proprietary data, they construct a structural matching model to describe the historical transition of the importance of a firm’s age, size, and geographical proximity on merger decisions. They find that, as a positive factor, a firm’s size is more important than a firm’s age by 9.858 times as a merger incentive between 1991 and 2005. However, between 2006 and 2022, as a negative factor, a firm’s size is more important than a firm’s age by 2.013 times, that is, a firm’s size works as a disincentive. They also find that the distance between buyer and seller firms works as a disincentive for the whole period, but the importance has dwindled to economic insignificance in recent years. In counterfactual simulations, they observe that the prohibition of mergers between firms in the same country would affect the merger configuration of not only the firms involved in prohibited mergers but also those involved in permitted mergers. Finally, they present interview-based evidence of the consistency between their merger lists, estimations, and counterfactual simulations with the industry experts’ historical experiences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Mar 2025 17:08:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512822</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Logistic Simulations to Assess the Effect of Florida Department of Transportation’s Incentive and Disincentive Specifications on Long-Term Asphalt Pavement Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2395099</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Florida Department of Transportation’s (FDOT’s) percent within limits (PWL) specification for acceptance and payment of asphalt materials was first implemented in 2002. The objective of this study was to determine the effect that FDOT’s PWL specification has on the long-term performance of asphalt pavements. In this study, multinomial logistic regression analysis (MLRA) was used to assess the effect of FDOT’s PWL specification on long-term asphalt pavements. The MLRA results were used to determine the probability of a pavement section showing a higher level of long-term distress as a function of the composite pay factor (CPF). This probability indicates that FDOT’s CPF is cost-effective (i.e., the higher the CPF, the lower the probability of distress). Moreover, it was shown that CPF has a profound effect on cracking and raveling of both dense and open graded mixtures. The results of additional logistic simulation for dense graded mixtures indicate that FDOT’s new CPF weightings, implemented in the 2019 specification, may result in improved mixture quality and significantly reduce the probability of long-term cracking and raveling, compared with the original weightings in the 2002 specification. For open graded mixtures, although FDOT’s CPF original weightings, implemented in 2002 (and still being used), are cost-effective, the results indicate that the probabilities of cracking and raveling may be reduced further by updating the weightings for percentage passing a 3/8-in. sieve and percentage passing a No. 8 sieve.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2024 15:12:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2395099</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>lmpact of lncentive/Disincentive Specifications on Long-term Asphalt Pavement Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[FDOT’s Percent Within Limits (PWL) specification for acceptance and payment of asphalt materials was first implemented in 2002. The objective of this study was to determine the level of impact that FDOT’s PWL specification has on the long-term performance of asphalt pavements. To meet this objective, Multinomial Logistic Regression Analyses (MLRA) were performed. The results indicated that FDOT’s Composite Pay Factor (CPF) is cost-effective (i.e., the higher the CPF, the lower the probability of distresses). Moreover, it was shown that CPF has a profound effect on cracking and raveling of both dense and open graded mixtures. According to the results of MLRA, it is recommended that FDOT continue to use the AQC weights revised and implemented in 2019 for dense graded mixtures. For open graded mixtures, it is recommended that FDOT explore the option of increasing the weight of Percent Passing 3/8 Inch Sieve (PF_P3.8) by 5 percent and reducing the weight of Percent Passing No. 8 Sieve (PF_P8) by 5 percent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Jun 2024 09:38:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389238</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Natural barriers facing female cyclists and how to overcome them: A cross national examination of bikesharing schemes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2377908</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Worldwide, the gender gap in urban cycling is considerable, with most cyclists being young to middle-aged men. In the current study, the authors first capture the suite of cycling barriers facing women before empirically investigating whether and how much three natural barriers (inclement weather, hilliness, and darkness) impact female users of bikesharing systems. For the analysis, they spatially integrate gender for more than 200 million bikesharing trips with fine-grained weather, gradient, and sunset/sunrise data. Computing a suite of the generalized additive models for ten cities worldwide covering a period of 14 years, the authors find that wind and precipitation disincentivise cycling, and more so for women than for men. Similarly, steeper gradients are a significant barrier for female bikeshare users for many cities. In every city, women make fewer trips in the dark (i.e., before sunrise and after sunset) compared to men. In higher-cycling cities, regardless of natural barriers, cycling declines less with age for women compared to other cities. To overcome the barriers presented by inclement weather, hilliness, and darkness the authors recommend (a) partial electrification of bikesharing fleets, (b) reduced exposure along bicycle paths (through manufactured shelters or tree canopies), and (c) adequate nighttime lighting along cycling paths. In the spirit of open science, all data and code on which this paper is based have been provided on Mendeley:https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/vmy42hywwx/1.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Jun 2024 09:38:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2377908</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation-based policy evaluation of monetary car driving disincentives in Jerusalem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2366352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effectiveness of congestion charges and parking prices as monetary disincentives to reduce car traffic and alleviate congestion in highly demanded urban areas is investigated, focusing on Jerusalem's diverse and congested city center. A tailored MATSim agent-based simulation model was used to examine various payment scenarios and assess the congestion level impacts of entry charges to the city center. Entry charges directly influence the number of vehicles entering the area; parking prices mostly the dwell time. Implementing a moderate daily payment of €10, either as a combined charge or separately, resulted in a substantial 25% reduction in congestion and potentially a reduction of 7.5% to 30% of emissions in the city center. Parking pricing advantages are augmented as the charged area expands. Strategic implementation of these monetary tools can effectively allow cities to manage traffic congestion, reduce pollution, and encourage a shift to sustainable transportation modes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2024 10:31:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2366352</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modal dynamic equilibrium under different demand management schemes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2352347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Congestion pricing and License Plate Rationing (LPR) are classical transportation policies targeting travel demand. Travelers are constrained to reduce their cars’ usage to improve traffic conditions or decrease exhaust gases emissions. They have already been proven effective in the field but have also received some criticism for being unfair or badly perceived by users. On the other side, Tradable Credit and Permit Schemes (TCS/TPS) have been investigated in the literature for more than a decade but have never been implemented in practice. In this paper, we present a large-scale dynamic simulation study, corresponding to the morning peak hour for the Lyon city (France) to benchmark pricing, LPR, TCS, and TPS in terms of modal shift from personal cars to Public Transportation (PT), over a horizon of several days and with different charging schemes. Congestion dynamic in the transportation system is reproduced using a trip-based Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) framework. We compute the modal assignment at equilibrium by iteratively solving a Quadratic Problem (QP). The initial formulation, presented in previous work for a single day and a uniform TCS, is extended to account for different days, validity cycles, charging schemes, and TPS. The benchmarking shows that the TCS outperforms LPR in terms of both social cost and carbon emissions. Making credit valid over multiple days reduces the price variability while keeping the same system performances and gain distributions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 2024 16:52:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2352347</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Increasing the occupancy rates of cars: Carrot, stick or both?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2313145</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper uses the Belgian national transport demand model for an analysis of measures to promote a higher occupancy rate for cars: (a) ‘carrot only’ policies that make carpooling more attractive (b) ‘stick only’ policies that make driving alone more expensive (c) a combination of both. An occupancy rate of 1.5 is obtained with a combination of a road charge of 4 EUR cent per km with a support measure for carpool that reduces the variable generalized costs of carpooling for commuting to work by almost 50%. Overall revenues from the road charge lie around 3 300 million EUR, while the monetary equivalent of the support to carpoolers lies around 1 300 million EUR. As the result of reduced car travel, revenues from fuel taxation decrease by around 700 million EUR. Combining road pricing with targeted support measures for carpooling can improve its public acceptance. However, the policies with the largest impacts on occupancy rates do not pass a cost-benefit test. Existing travel behavior suggests that carpooling has intrinsic drawbacks despite being one of the cheapest travel options, which explains why even measures with far-reaching budgetary implications fail to induce stated policy objectives in Belgium.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Jan 2024 08:54:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2313145</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field factors impacting incentives of quality control for performance (QCP) and pay for performance (PFP) specifications for hot-mix asphalt in Illinois</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2167159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) developed two hot mix asphalt (HMA) pay specifications, quality control for performance (QCP) and pay for performance (PFP). These specifications assign pay incentives and/or disincentives based on air voids, voids in mineral aggregate, and in-place density. The paper investigated the pay disincentive sources in QCP and PFP projects. Eleven construction contracts were evaluated during the 2018 construction season. First, on-site field observations of contracts were conducted on HMA production, construction, sampling, coring, and testing procedures. Then quality acceptance data were analyzed. Results indicate mix production and construction issues were the main cause of pay disincentives to the contractors. The production issues found were related to aggregate quality, handling, variability, and contamination as well uncontrolled mix switches. However, there were cases where testing issues compromised the contractor’s pay. The issues observed included: sample reheating, lab-gyratory compaction bias, and inconsistent volumetric test weights.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 17:09:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2167159</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Can Rebates Foster Equity in Congestion Pricing Programs?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2065632</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Congestion pricing improves economic efficiency, but it may lead to inequitable outcomes. A key policy priority in California is identifying ways to avoid the hardship of congestion pricing on low income or other vulnerable populations. This study uses data from a congestion pricing experiment in the Seattle metro area to examine the feasibility of using revenue from congestion pricing to compensate those harmed by the policy. Results indicate that the initial burden of congestion pricing is highly inequitable, with the lowest income drivers paying an average of 7 percent of their weekly income in congestion charges. There are also considerable differences in burdens within income groups. The authors show that policymakers face a tradeoff in ameliorating these two types of unequal burdens. Returning an equal fraction of the toll revenue to all drivers can make a policy progressive on average, but doing so leaves many drivers either over-compensated or under-compensated. The authors then show that while compensation packages based on basic demographic information could improve targeting, many low-income drivers would be left with large proportional burdens because of the fundamental difficulty in predicting individual-level tax burdens. Survey data on travel behavior from Seattle and California metro areas show that the difficulty of designing equitable transfers would be similar in the California metro areas most likely to consider adopting some form of congestion pricing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2022 14:15:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2065632</guid>
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