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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Computer simulation to aid the risk assessment of wheelchair and special seating systems used in transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115993</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The crashworthiness of occupied proprietary wheelchairs, which are transported in motor vehicles, is currently assessed by physical crash testing in accordance with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 7176-19. If such wheelchairs are modified to meet the needs of the occupant, e.g. the addition of special seating, environmental control systems or life support equipment, then those making the modifications take on the manufacturer's responsibilities, one of these being the assessment of the modified wheelchair's ability to withstand vehicle crash forces. Destructively testing bespoke wheelchair designs is not practical so, currently, the transport-related risk is assessed using best engineering judgement. To improve this process virtual crash testing of the wheelchair and occupant was used. A modified crash criteria from ISO 7176-19 is proposed to enable assessment of the wheelchair's crashworthiness and provide the clinical engineer with an informed judgement of how both wheelchair alone and occupant and wheelchair together will behave in a crash.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Sep 2011 11:13:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115993</guid>
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      <title>Basic Rights for Special Needs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/889137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although momentum for universal access - a key human rights issue that involves meeting mobility needs irrespective of passenger gender, ethnicity, or disability - is growing, South African public transportation is still a long way from being able to respond sufficiently to basic mobility for passengers with special needs. The author examines specific special needs, noting that people with them are often dependent on public transportation. It is estimated that about 40% of South Africa's population would be considered people with special needs, since the definition includes those unfamiliar with the transportation system, women in the last stages of pregnancy, people with strollers or very young children, the elderly, and children. Policy processes currently underway are examined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2009 07:41:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/889137</guid>
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      <title>National Disability Policy: A Progress Report, July 26, 1996-October 31, 1997</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/863794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On July 26, 1996, the National Council on Disability (NCD) released a forward-looking report that set an agenda for public policy affecting people with disabilities as we approach the millennium. The report, entitled Achieving Independence: The Challenge for the 21st Century, was the product of a historic summit of diverse disability community leaders and policy makers charged with reviewing recent progress and developing policy recommendations to facilitate inclusion, empowerment, and independence of people with disabilities. Achieving Independence included more than 120 recommendations for change in the areas of policy coordination, civil rights, education, employment, social security and other income maintenance, health insurance and health care, long-term services in the community, technology, housing, transportation, and international issues. The purpose of the report that follows is to provide an update on progress made in advancing disability policy consistent with the vision of Achieving Independence and to offer recommendations where necessary. For ease of reference, recommendations appear in italics. This report is required by Title IV of the Rehabilitation Act, which calls for NCD to issue a progress report every October 31. The current progress report covers the period from July 26, 1996 to October 31, 1997. Achieving Independence served as NCD's progress report for 1996.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2008 09:23:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/863794</guid>
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      <title>National Disability Policy: A Progress Report, November 1, 1997-October 31, 1998</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/863796</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Council on Disability (NCD) is an independent federal agency charged with advising the President and Congress on public policy issues affecting people with disabilities. Consistent with this mission, NCD is required to report annually on the progress made in federal policy for people with disabilities and to make recommendations for how public policy might better meet the needs of the disability community. Given the diverse nature and large size of the disability community and the range of public policy issues affecting this community, NCD has tried to focus on issues that could affect large segments of the disability community in the United States. As indicated on the title page, the following report covers the period from November 1, 1997, through October 31, 1998. NCD assesses developments in multiple areas of public policy against the yardstick of NCDs previous reports and recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2008 09:23:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/863796</guid>
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      <title>National Disability Policy: A Progress Report, November 1, 1998-November 19, 1999</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/863797</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1999, public policy results in an unemployment rate for people with disabilities exceeding 70 percent. Public policy and expenditures give priority to institutional placements and segregated housing over independent living with appropriate support services. For households including youth with disabilities, 68 percent of the households had incomes of less than $25,000, while in the general population--households with nondisabled youth--only 18 percent had incomes of less than $25,000. A majority of the nations 6 million students with disabilities are not receiving special education and related services in regular education environments. State and local governments are challenging the constitutionality of civil rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Future public policy affecting health care, work, transportation, technology, and all other aspects of the lives of all Americans must be directed by the principles of inclusion, independent living, economic self-sufficiency, and civil rights protections in law that are protections in fact. The third edition of National Disability Policy: A Progress Report by the National Council on Disability (NCD) identifies the painfully incremental public policy changes that occurred in the past year that support these principles. On December 17, 1999, President Clinton signed the Work Incentives Improvement Act (WIIA), the last act to become law in the millennium. This legislation gives people with disabilities the opportunity to move into employment and reduce their dependence on benefits and other assistance. The WIIA improves access to health care by (1) expanding states ability to provide a Medicaid buy-in to people with disabilities who return to work; and (2) extending Medicare coverage for people with disabilities who return to work. The WIIA also attempts to improve access to health care by creating a new Medicaid buy-in demonstration to help people with a specific physical or mental impairment that is not severe enough to qualify for health assistance, but is likely to lead to a severe disability in the absence of medical treatment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2008 09:23:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/863797</guid>
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      <title>Better Planning for the Transportation Disadvantaged</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/842104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper consists of a critical examination of the existing pertinent research which has been done on the physically handicapped. It also introduces a disaggregate research concept for discussion. Furthermore, specific problems related to the methodology of surveying this extremely difficult target group are to be dealt with. Until now, we have been confronted with the fact that due to errors made in forming random samples, determining addresses and inadequate survey instruments, as well as samples which were too small and non-comprehensive analysis of data, such distortions in results appeared that one has to assume that most of the empirical data is incorrect. In view of the increased, and frequently very costly, political attempts to better transportation offers and thus improve mobility, these empirical deficits are a cause for concern. The time has come when one must ask oneself if one does not need an empiricism which is relevant for planning, even if it is expensive, in order to examine the task, breadth and structure of future measures taken to improve mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Dec 2007 09:50:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/842104</guid>
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      <title>A Refreshing Change!: First Great Western's Intercity 125 Fleet Looked Tired and Old-Fashioned-But a Radical Upgrade Means These 30-Year-Old Trains Are Now Better Than Ever</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813429</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author examines the upgrading of Britain's First Great Western's (FGW's) 200 km/h diesel Intercity 125 (IC125) fleet. FGW, the largest operator of IC125 trains, set out to upgrade trains a final time before retiring them around 2015, awarding the £53 million contract to Bombardier. FGW is trying to follow a growing trend to "refresh" trains rather than to refurbish them, due largely to costs associated with disability access regulations. Lighting, seating, legroom, buffet facilities, and restroom facilities for disabled passengers are some of the areas of improvement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jul 2007 07:30:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813429</guid>
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      <title>Bus and Paratransit Conference and International Bus Roadeo, 2007</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/810758</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 2007 Bus and Paratransit Conference and International Bus Rodeo was held in Nashville, Tennessee, from 5/5/2007 through 5/9/2007.  Over forty plus (40+) sessions, tours, seminars, general forums designed to answer requests from previous conference participants for more interactive/ "how to" sessions applicable to making transit work for your community will be on the program. The International Bus Roadeo is a competition where bus operators and mechanics from transit systems across North America participate in separate competitions which showcase their skills in safe driving and vehicle maintenance. For the second year the Customer Service competition will join the traditional Operator and Mechanic competitions. The Customer Service competition will allow bus operators to test their customer service skills in some typical customer interface scenarios.  The showcase will highlight the latest products and services for the bus and paratransit industry from business members. The papers presented at this conference include the following categories: (1) Quality Service; (2) Safety/Security; (3) Workforce/Career Development; (4) Maintenance/Technology; (5) Operations/Accessibility; and (6) Fuel/Energy Demand Efficiency/Green Transit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jun 2007 13:44:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/810758</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Working with the Disabled Community to go Beyond the ADA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/810907</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how the Memphis Area Transit Authority (MATA) works closely with the Memphis Center for Independent Living (MCIL) on a variety of issues that relate to transit service for persons with disabilities. The common goal of the two agencies is to provide the best and most cost effective service possible for these persons. MATA is the public transportation provider for the Memphis area, operating fixed route bus, vintage rail trolley and paratransit services for people with disabilities. MCIL is a community based non-profit organization whose primary mission is to facilitate the full integration of persons with disabilities into all aspects of community life. MATA's paratransit service, called MATAplus, has an average weekday ridership of about 1,000. On the fixed route systems about 98% of the trips are accessible to wheelchair users. Like many transit agencies, MATA is faced with rapidly growing demand for paratransit service at a time of rising costs and limited funding. In order to face these challenges, MATA and MCIL have created a new partnership and have moved beyond the past, sometimes adversarial, relationship to work together for the good of the community.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jun 2007 13:44:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/810907</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety of Movement on Stairs: Recent Research Findings, Consumer Concerns, and Regulatory Developments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/810264</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how walking is the common form of movement and it is considered to be the prime way of getting from an origin to a destination.  On longer trips walking can be an essential part of intermodal transfers.  Sometimes walking may also be an important activity within a transportation component such as on a train or on an escalator whether moving or stationary.  Stairs are often encountered in many of these situations; they are found in transportation terminals and in most buses, trains, and ships; many passenger aircraft have integral stairs for access, egress, and even internal circulation.  In addition to impeding people with mobility impairments, stairs are often a handicap element for all users.  Stairs are disruptive to all normal circulation in terms of the extra energy expenditure and awkward gait required.  Stairs can also sites of serious accidents, some of which can lead to permanent disabilities.  These problems are especially serious for elderly people who are more likely than younger people to be seriously injured, permanently disabled, or killed.  This paper focused on several key aspects of stair design that relates to the fundamental problems in stair use that is faced by all users including perceiving the stairs, getting adequate footing, and having a hand hold for guidance, balance and arresting falls.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 15:14:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/810264</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Need for Public Transport Accessible to the Disabled</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/809607</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how Hong Kong, which is a small territory of 400 square miles with a population of 5-1/2 million people, first became aware of the problem of rehabilitating the handicapped when the Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation was formed in 1959.  Since then there has been a growing recognition of the rights of the disabled.  Major areas of Hong Kong and Kowloon have dropped curbs and beeping signals for the blind at street junctions.  New buildings must be accessible in accordance with the Code of Building Practice and employers are slowly beginning to realize the work potential of the handicapped.  But the largest problem yet to be solved is the establishment of a satisfactory means of transporting the handicapped.  There are probably more double-decker buses to the kilometer in Hong Kong than in any other city of the world.  In addition to these buses, the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is an underground railway system with trains running every 3 minutes to 37 stations.  There is also a large fleet of 14-seater minibuses.  However, none of these means of transportation are accessible to wheelchair users and other people with mobility problems.  Even the ferries, much used by commuters, have limited accessibility.  Therefore, In 1977 after a study of transport needs of the disabled in Hong Kong was undertaken in order to find an acceptable form of transport for the disabled and this paper discusses the results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 15:14:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/809607</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Car Restraints for Handicapped Children and Small Adults</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/810241</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how restraint systems for able bodied children have become safer over time.  Federal standards ensure their safe performance while the individual provinces are responsible for enforcing their use.  Provincial laws have clauses that exempt disabled children from a requirement to use a restraint system.  Therefore, children and small adults unable to use a production restraint or seat belt or those who require a specialized seating device are often unprotected while riding in the family car.  This paper presents an estimate of the number of specialized car seats that are sold annually in Canada and the paper examines the protection alternatives offered to people who require special devices when traveling in a motor vehicle.  The paper also presents the results of a dynamic crash test program that was conducted by Transport Canada.  A number of special restraints for disabled children and small adults were tested as part of the program.  The safety performance of the special restraints is analyzed with respect to the provisions of the child restraint regulations.  The results suggest that it would be possible and beneficial to prepare recommended guidelines or a standard that would increase the safety of the devices and encourage their use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 15:14:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/810241</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Crosswalk Design for Elderly and Disabled Pedestrians</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/810263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the results of an international study on pedestrian crosswalk design techniques and traffic signal technology that could assist in reducing the high rate of accidents involving the elderly and handicapped pedestrians.  The objective of the study was to provide specifications for improved safety in crosswalks for the elderly and handicapped.  The main conclusion of the study was that most of the needs for the elderly and handicapped pedestrians can be met by improving urban crosswalk systems for the benefit of all pedestrians.  The paper discusses new and emerging technologies that are being utilized by traffic authorities in Canada, the United States and abroad and the paper also discusses the potential benefits of a more intensive applications of existing and new technology.  The paper reviews related urban design guidelines and traffic safety programs and suggests ways in which professional and trade associations could assist in developing such programs and technology.  The paper includes a description of a student design competition for improved pedestrian crosswalks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 15:14:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/810263</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Contribution of a Driving Simulator in the Driving Evaluation of the Stroke and Disabled Adolescent Clients</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/810221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how driving is considered to be an important privilege for individuals in our society.  This privilege takes on monumental importance to a disabled individual who may be unable to use transportation independently in pursuit of vocation, leisure or personal freedom.  Following a review of current literature, it is evident that training disabled drivers to provide their own transportation with a minimum of assistance will be more cost effective than developing expansive mass transit systems for the disabled.  The driving program conducted in the Occupational Therapy Department at the Royal Ottawa Regional Rehabilitation Centre (RORC), has been in existence for eleven years.  The paper describes how a major tool that was used in the driving evaluation has been a Doron Driving Simulator.  Occupational therapists have posed many questions regarding the usefulness of the simulator as an assessment and training tool.  A study of the simulator is important to consumers who are investing in the costly simulator equipment without a justification of its value.  It is also important to clinicians who need to know whether and how, the simulator can be used as an effective tool for assessing a patient’s potential to learn or relearn driving activity.  Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine how the simulator contributes to the assessment and training of disabled adolescent and stroke clients.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 15:14:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/810221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ergonomics Requirements for Minibus for Disabled and Elderly People</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/810303</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how, in Britain, minibuses are extensively used to transport the disabled and elderly.  These vehicles can transport up to 16 passengers.  They are sometimes fitted with lifts for wheelchairs and for passengers who have difficulty climbing stairs.  The ergonomic requirements of elderly and disabled people using full sized buses have been established by a number of previous studies.  However, the small size of minibuses generally makes it impossible for them to satisfy all of these known requirements.  Many minibus operators report complaints from passengers, drivers and attendants regarding difficulties of boarding and alighting and also of discomfort while traveling.  For these reasons the British Department of Transport decided to determine the practicability to improve the ergonomic design of such minibuses for elderly and disabled.  This paper describes how, it is hoped that the project will lead to substantial improvements in the design of minibuses for elderly and disabled people without significant increase in cost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 15:14:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/810303</guid>
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