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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Soil Properties Determined Using Interpretations of Dilatometric Test (DMT) and Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2201226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road design is a complex, time-consuming, and very responsible process. To develop a high-quality and viable road project, it is very important to start with an accurate geological survey in order to define the best road layout. Moreover, the geotechnical characterisation of foundation soils and construction materials as well as the analysis and assessment of geotechnical works are mandatory. Laboratory and in situ investigations are complementary and should be carried out by defining a cost-effective investigation campaign. Most often, Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) or Cone (static) Penetration Test (CPT) are performed because they are economic and quick. In addition, it is also possible to perform the Marchetti Dilatometer Test (DMT). From the obtained test results, the data are interpreted by determining the properties of the soil layers. Although all probing methods are similar, each of them gives slightly different results. The aim of this study is to analyse and compare the results of the probing test, to determine the difference between the obtained data and to find out how the obtained results affect the development of constructive solutions from the safety and economic point of view.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Jul 2023 09:28:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2201226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Volumetric Dilatometer Study of Thermoreversible Aging Properties in Crumb Rubber–Modified Asphalt Binders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2195030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the thermoreversible aging mechanism of crumb rubber–modified asphalt binders (CRMAs). In order to achieve this goal, an extended bending beam rheometer (Ex-BBR) test and volumetric dilatometer test were conducted. Additionally, isothermal crystallization kinetics (Avrami theory) and thermal stress calculation using the Hopkins and Hamming algorithm were employed to process the test data. The low-temperature properties of the asphalt specimens were characterized through calculations of creep stiffness (S), creep rate (m-value), grade loss (GL), thermal stress, and Avrami index (n). The experimental results indicate that thermoreversible aging is present in all asphalt samples during the long-term isothermal hardening process. This aging is characterized by continuous macroscopic volume shrinkage, accumulation of thermal stress, a crystallization process, and a process akin to crystallization (i.e., crumb rubber adsorbed oil at low temperatures). It was observed that CRMAs exhibit more severe thermoreversible aging and faster physical hardening rates due to their unique properties at a constant low temperature when compared with base asphalts. However, it was also observed that CRMAs can reduce the thermal stress by reducing the volumetric shrinkage coefficients and S. It is important to note that the volumetric shrinkage coefficients are not constant, which are related to the base asphalts, crumb rubber, and conditioning time. Therefore, it is not appropriate to use a single empirical constant to calculate thermal stress. Instead, multiple coefficients may need to be incorporated to account for the variability in shrinkage behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2023 16:29:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2195030</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Flat Plate Dilatometer and Finite Element Analysis in Evaluation of Settlement Induced Effects on Utilities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1594082</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flat-plate dilatometer (DMT) and ASTM D 2435 consolidation test derived constrained moduli are compared and a utility analysis is performed. For the Northwest Corridor Express Lanes project along I-75 in Georgia, utilities (sewers, water lines, etc.) were expected to be affected by new embankment construction. Because of extensive sample disturbance incurred during sampling and testing of the Piedmont residuum soil, consolidation tests measured low constrained moduli and preliminary settlement estimates predicted large and unrealistic settlements. Additional DMT in situ tests were used to measure the constrained modulus with less disturbance. At critical utility crossings, the proposed embankments were modeled using PLAXIS 2D with soil defined by the DMT constrained modulus profiles. Settlement profiles from these modeled cross-sections were applied to the utilities using an elastic beam approach. The use of the DMT and elastic beam approach confirmed many of the critical utilities would not be damaged, thereby saving construction time and tens of millions of dollars in utility remediation and relocation costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2019 15:19:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1594082</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geotechnical LRFD Calculations of Settlement and Bearing Capacity of GDOT Shallow Bridge
Foundations and Retaining Walls</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1425036</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The AASHTO codes for Load Resistance Factored Design (LRFD) regarding shallow bridge foundations and walls have been implemented into a set of spreadsheet algorithms to facilitate the calculations of bearing capacity and footing settlements on natural soils in the State of Georgia. Specifically, the approach applies to soils exhibiting drained behavior during loading, including clean to silty and clayey sands and granular soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and residual silty sands to sandy silts of the Appalachian Piedmont and Blue Ridge geologies. The methodology permits the sizing of foundations based on site-specific data input for a given project, using in-situ field data obtained from either: (a) standard penetration tests (SPT), (b) cone penetration tests (CPT), and/or (c) flat plate dilatometer tests (DMT). This report provides the background information concerning the equations, calculation procedures, and reference sources that are used. Specifically, the technical review covers the calculations of bearing capacity from limit plasticity theory, settlement predictions using elastic continuum solutions, and geoparameter evaluations from SPT, CPT, and DMT, as well as examples for each of these tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 09 Oct 2016 16:49:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1425036</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Low Silicon Carbide Free Bainitic Steel for Automotive Industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1313855</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main objective of this work is to design a cold rolled Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) for the automotive industry with a carbide-free bainite microstructure. Three experimental grades with three Chromium contents were obtained at a pilot plant scale. For this purpose, dilatometry experiments were performed in a Bahr 850 A/D dilatometer on cold rolled material in order to define the optimum annealing cycle. Afterwards, simulations of continuous annealing were carried out to achieve carbide free bainitic microstructures with an optimum combination of in-use properties. Finally, the materials were subjected to an advanced microstructure characterization. The desired microstructure consisting of mainly fine lath-shaped bainitic ferrite and thin retained austenite was obtained in the specimens submitted to a simulated industrial continuous annealing cycle and accordingly, an excellent combination of elongation to fracture tensile strength was achieved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2014 09:44:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1313855</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geology and Properties of Earth Materials 2008</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/871614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This collection of 9 papers is concerned with various aspects of geology and the properties of earth materials.  Specific topics discussed include the following:  frost and thaw depth predictors for variable load restrictions; climate change impact on low volume roads; sensor technology for spring load restrictions; fly ash with calcium chloride for stabilization of base and subgrade courses; time domain reflectometry and micromechanics for determining moisture content of soil layers; field and laboratory suction measurements of expansive clays; computerized cone penetration test for soil classification; correlations between PENCEL pressuremeter, cone penetrometer, and dilatometer parameters; and correlation between resilient modulus and plastic deformation for cohesive subgrade soil under repeated loading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Oct 2008 14:48:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/871614</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Correlations Between PENCEL Pressuremeter, Cone Penetrometer, and Dilatometer Parameters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/847927</link>
      <description><![CDATA[PENCEL pressuremeter (PPMT), cone penetrometer (CPT), and dilatometer (DMT) tests were performed at three Florida sites. Two were sands and the third was clay. The PENCEL was pushed to the test depth using CPT equipment. During PPMT testing, both a smooth cone tip and a cone tip with a friction reducer were evaluated. Standardized testing procedures were followed for all tests. Initial or lift-off pressures (po), elastic moduli (E), and limit pressures (pL) were determined from the PPMT, whereas po and E values were determined from the DMT. CPT testing produced friction and tip resistances. Manual plus digital pressures and volumes were recorded during pressuremeter testing. Correlations were developed within the engineering parameters obtained from the PENCEL and between the PENCEL, cone, and dilatometer engineering parameters. All correlations matched published values. The PENCEL produced excellent correlations between the initial E and pL as well as the initial E and the reload E. Correlations based on digital elastic and reload moduli, from software called APMT, were higher than those based on the other recorded data. From the comparisons, promising correlations were developed between PPMT initial E values and CPT tip resistances. Promising correlations were also developed between PPMT pL and CPT tip resistances. Consistent ratios existed between PPMT and DMT po values as well as PPMT and DMT initial E values. Smooth and friction reducer cone tips evaluation indicated that soil disturbance, associated with the friction reducer, decreases the engineering parameters, and the friction reducer is not recommended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Mar 2008 08:16:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/847927</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Concrete Materials 2007</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/844318</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This collection of 11 papers on concrete materials addresses the following topics:  evaluating static segregation resistance of hardened self-consolidating concrete; alkali-silica reactivity of concrete evaluated by the dilatometer method; saw cutting requirements of concrete pavements; shrinkage of very early strength latex-modified concrete; effect of the coefficient of thermal expansion test variability on concrete pavement performance; determining the air void characteristics of fresh concrete; potential of potassium acetate deicer solution as a cause of alkali-silica reaction; freeze-thaw resistance of concrete; self-consolidating concrete for drilled shaft applications; bulb-T beams with self-consolidating concrete; and influence of mix design and environmental factors on continuously reinforced concrete pavement cracking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jan 2008 11:27:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/844318</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Use of In-Situ Testing to Optimize Retaining Wall Design in the Marquette Interchange Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/810667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the practical use of in-situ testing to optimize retaining wall design of the $810 Million Marquette Interchange Project in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.  Approximately 42 retaining walls will be constructed between 2004 and 2008, of which the majority are cut walls up to 12.2-meter (40-foot) high.  The in-situ testing performed for this project supplemented a conventional geotechnical investigation and included pressuremeter tests, dilatometer tests, and piezometric cone penetration tests with soil electrical conductivity measurements.  Pressuremeter and dilatometer test results were used to develop categorized p-y curves in modeling passive soil resistance and to estimate undrained shear strengths and anchor bond strengths of clayey soils.  Sounding results from cone penetration tests with soil electrical conductivity measurements were used to evaluate the groundwater conditions, estimate the in-situ soil properties, and perform direct settlement analyses of fill walls on soft ground conditions.  In-situ testing results were compared with soil parameters developed from Standard Penetration Tests and laboratory tests.  Results were also validated from three full-scale lateral pile load tests conducted during the design phase and from anchor load tests conducted as part of construction quality control/quality assurance.  This paper illustrates how the in-situ testing results were incorporated to optimize the retaining wall design and reduce overall construction costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Jun 2007 09:18:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/810667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preliminary Characterization of Aggregate Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Gradation for Paving Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/805677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is primarily focused on measurement and modeling of aggregate coefficient of thermal expansion (COTE) and its effect on early-age crack patterns. This report also covers the aggregate gradation effects on early-age concrete properties. A new mineralogical approach is introduced to predict the COTE of aggregate and concrete. Basically, a modeling approach is developed based on the assumption that the COTE of aggregate and concrete can be predicted from the COTE of their constituent components. Volume percentage, COTE, and elastic modulus of each constituent mineral phase are considered as inputs for the aggregate COTE model, whereas the same properties for coarse aggregate and mortar are considered for the concrete COTE model. Methods were formulated to calculate the mineral volume percentage from bulk chemical analysis for different types of rocks commonly used as aggregates in Texas. A dilatometer testing method was established to measure the COTE of aggregate and pure minerals. Calculated aggregate COTE based on the determined COTE of pure minerals and their respective calculated volume percentages show a good resemblance to the measured aggregate COTE by use of dilatometry. Similarly, predicted concrete COTE based on the calculated COTE of aggregate and mortar and their respective volume percentages compared well with the dilatometer measured concrete COTE. Such a favorable comparison between predicted and measured COTE provided a basis to establish the composite model to predict aggregate and concrete COTE. Aggregate gradation effects on cracking-related displacements of concrete were investigated in the laboratory using the German cracking frame. Concrete workability was assessed by use of the slump and drop tests (German DIN 1048) for two different concrete mixtures consisting of gap-graded and dense-graded aggregates. Shrinkage strain, cracking frame strain, and concrete strain were measured and compared with strength gain and creep development. The measured and calculated strains of the different aggregate gradations were compared with each other. Gradation effects on strength and stress development relative to tensile cracking at the saw-cut tip were also investigated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Apr 2007 16:17:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/805677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Alkali–Silica Reactivity Potential of Aggregate and Concrete Evaluated by Dilatometer Method: Performance-Based Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/802613</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Undesirable expansion of concrete due to a reaction between alkalis and certain type of reactive siliceous aggregates known as alkali–silica reactivity (ASR) continues as a major problem worldwide. Renewed interest in minimizing distress resulting from ASR emphasizes the need to develop predictable modeling of concrete ASR behavior under field conditions. Current test methods are either incapable of that or need long testing periods, which offer only limited predictive estimates of ASR behavior in a narrow band of field conditions. Therefore, an attempt was made to formulate a robust performance approach based on basic aggregate and concrete ASR material properties derived from dilatometry and a kinetic-based mathematical expression for ASR behavior. Since ASR is largely an alkali as well as a thermally activated process, the use of rate theory (Arrhenius relationship between temperature and alkali solution concentration) on the dilatometer time–expansion relationship provides a fundamental aggregate ASR material property known as activation energy. Activation energy is an indicator of aggregate reactivity, which is a function of alkalinity, particle size, crystallinity, calcium concentration, and so on. The studied concrete ASR material properties represent combined effects of mixture-related properties (e.g., water–cementitious material ratio, porosity, presence of supplementary cementitious materials) and maturity. A performance-based approach provides direct accountability for various factors affecting ASR, such as aggregate reactivity, temperature, moisture, calcium concentration, solution alkalinity, and water–cementitious material ratio. From test results, it was determined that the proposed model provides a means to predict ASR expansion development in concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Mar 2007 07:01:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/802613</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Alkali-Silica Reaction Potential of Aggregate Using Dilatometer Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/794410</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Existing test methodology for alkali silica reactivity (ASR) are applicable to only a narrow band of accelerated conditions and doubts remain whether these methods have any relevance to concrete performance under field conditions.  Aggregate reactivity is a key factor in predicting the concrete ASR and is a function of alkalinity, temperature, size and crystallinity.  Recently developed at the Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, a testing apparatus called a dilatometer has been used to measure aggregate ASR expansion and introducing activation energy as a single parameter to represent ASR reactivity.  The expansion-time characteristics as a function of temperature can be expressed by the term activation energy (Ea).  The rationality of the dilatometer test procedure is explored by conducting comprehensive laboratory experiments related to the effects of test solution (NaOH) alkalinity, temperature Ca(2+) contents on Ea.  Dilatometer measures the volumetric expansion due to ASR and accounts the direct measurement of expansion produced by the reaction products.  Based on the test results, it is observed that this test method will be useful to evaluate ASR potential of aggregates based on their Ea within a very short period of time (e.g., within 3 days).  The dependency of  Ea on alkalinity, Ca(2+) content and aggregate size provides a means to evaluate ASR potential of concrete relative to levels of alkali and temperature that occur under field conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Dec 2006 08:10:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/794410</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Standardizing the Pressuremeter Test for Determining p-y Curves for Laterally Loaded Piles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/790432</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The control unit of the Roctest® Pencel Pressuremeter (PPMT) has been instrumented to enable digital pressures and volumes to be recorded.  This digital information is now acquired through a stand-alone software package, called APMT that incorporates the required calibrations to provide engineers with instantaneous reduced data along with pertinent engineering strength and stiffness parameters.  Pushed-in PPMT tests were performed in Florida sands and clays to standardize the testing procedure for the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT).  PPMT tests were conducted in soundings advanced using the FDOT Cone Penetrometer (CPT) testing rig.  Pushing the PPMT combined with the automation allows engineers to efficiently use reduced stress-strain data to determine elastic moduli, limit pressures and lift-off pressures.  These parameters were evaluated and proven to be realistic when compared to conventional pressuremeter (PMT) and dilatometer (DMT) data.  PPMT and DMT data from the Florida soils was used to determine p-y curves based on Robertson's methods (1986, 1989).  These curves were compared and produced similar results.  Seven historical field sites with instrumented and tested laterally loaded piles; PMT and DMT tests were evaluated.  PMT, mostly from PPMT tests, and DMT p-y curves, again based on Robertson's methods were developed and used with the FBMultiPier software to develop ground-line load-deflection data.  The PMT and DMT predicted data was compared to measured load-deflection data from the instrumented piles.  The PMT testing from these historical sites was performed without following a standard procedure and the resulting comparisons showed that the inconsistent testing produced highly variable predictions, highlighting the need for a standard PPMT test procedure.  Regardless of these inconsistencies, both the PMT and DMT predictions were comparable to the measured data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2006 11:26:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/790432</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Activation Energy of Alkali–Silica Reaction and Dilatometer Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/777531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) continues to be a detriment to the long-term performance of concrete. Certain initial conditions related to material alkalinity, aggregate reactivity, humidity, and temperature conditions are known to initiate ASR. A key factor in the prediction of ASR in concrete over time is the reactivity of the aggregate, but current test methodology is largely simulative in nature and yields mainly empirical results that apply to only a narrow band of conditions, and leave many questions as to whether these methods have any relevance to concrete performance under field conditions. Improvement can be found by using a performance-based approach that can address the ASR potential of concrete at levels of alkali, temperature, and moisture that are realistic and representative of actual field conditions. In the present study, the concept of ASR-related activation energy is introduced as a representative single parameter of the ASR. An attempt has been made to introduce the dilatometer test method as a part of a performance-based testing protocol for predicting potential ASR aggregate reactivity in terms of activation energy. It is observed that this new test method can categorize minerals and aggregates based on their reactivity within a short period. The use of the activation energy provides a unique parameter for evaluating ASR susceptibility of minerals and aggregates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Mar 2006 11:03:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/777531</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Barge Impact Testing of St. George Causeway Bridge Geotechnical Investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/771789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study reports on the insitu investigation, site stratigraphy, field monitoring, data reduction and subsequent time domain analysis of soil-structure interaction at St. George Island Causeway Pier 1S and 3S subject to barge impacts.  The insitu investigation involved Standard Penetration Testing, Electric Cone Penetration Testing, Dilatometer Testing and Pressuremeter Testing.  The insitu testing was used to identify soil stratigraphy, engineering properties (i.e., strength, & moduli), as well as axial T-z and lateral P-y nonlinear soil-pile spring behavior.  The field instrumentation included soil total stress and pore pressure gages in front and behind the embedded pile cap as well as a fully instrumented (strain gages along length) pile attached to the lead row of the Pier 1S group (5 x 8 layout).  The pier was struck multiple times with a Jumbo barge at different velocities resulting in varying  peak loads (100 supra kips, 800 supra kips, 900 supra kips).  The resulting pile cap displacements, soil pressures, and pile moment & shears, as well as dynamic soil-pile resistance was obtained for each impact.  The field impact data suggests that significant inertia and damping resistance from the soil occurs besides static resistance for barge impact.  The field tests were subsequently modeled with both LS-DYNA and FB-MultiPier in time domain analyses.  The soil-pile damping resistance was characterized through viscous dampers as identified by Smith & El Naggar.  In the case of Smith, the ultimate lateral soil resistance, Pu, was multiplied recommended Smith Damping, Js (0.1) for granular soil and the layer thickness.  Group reduction factors, i.e., P-y multipliers were used for both the static as well as damping resistance.  The predicted deflections, pile head shears, and soil resistance agreed reasonably with the field measurements.  Analyses of Pier 1S & 3S revealed that at peak load, anywhere from sixty to seventy percent of the resistance may be attributed to damping and intertia.  The latter suggests that time domain analysis may result in greater resistance (vs. current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)) as well as more accurate analysis of bridge response to vessel impacts.  However, further laboratory and field-testing are warranted for soil damping characterization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2006 16:39:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/771789</guid>
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