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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>An analytical approach for the solution of the hydrodynamic diffraction by arrays of elliptical cylinders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567361</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a semi-analytical solution methodology for the linear hydrodynamic diffraction induced by arrays of elliptical cylinders subjected to incident waves. The solution of the Laplace equation in elliptic coordinates for both the incident and the diffracted waves is formulated analytically in terms of the even and odd periodic and radial Mathieu functions. The main contribution herein is the employment of the so-called addition theorem for Mathieu functions, which for the purposes of the present work is properly modified and eventually expressed in terms of the even and odd periodic and radial Mathieu functions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2025 13:38:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567361</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Automated detection of weld defects in TOFD images for steel bridges using generative adversarial networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559953</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) has been widely adopted for weld defect detection in bridge steel quality assurance due to its harmlessness to the human body, real-time performance, and satisfactory detection accuracy. Most deep learning-based methods for automated weld defect recognition rely heavily on defect samples. In practice, such samples are scarce in steel bridge applications because modern welding technologies significantly reduce defect occurrence. To address this limitation, the authors propose a two-stage defect detection method for TOFD weld images based on an enhanced generative adversarial network (GAN) that operates without requiring defect-containing samples. In the first stage, the Region of Interest (ROI) which contains potential defects is localized using YOLOv8. In the second stage, the extracted ROI is sliced into patches and analyzed by a GAN architecture enhanced with a self-attention mechanism, which improves the encoding and aggregation of local defect features. The integration of the self-attention GAN with the slicing strategy further enhances defect recognition performance. The proposed method is evaluated on a self-constructed TOFD dataset of steel bridge welds. Experimental results demonstrate that their approach achieves an AUC of 86 %, outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods by 5 %.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559953</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Non-destructive Test for Control of the Surface Quality of Semi Product at the Automotive Industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973408</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of the research is to develop a measurement method that can determine the degree of decarburization on the surface of heat-treated or even on finished parts, without any damage, with high reliability. Several times the decarburization is revealed only in the semi-finished or finished state when the surface of the component does not have the required parameters. In this case, a cut from the sample has to be used to verify the process, while the component becomes waste. Centerless X-ray diffractometers have been developed primarily for non-destructive, residual stress measurement. Internationally unique, two such diffractometers, at the Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metal Forming and Nanotechnology and in the 3D Laboratory are available. The basic idea of the present research is to determine and to use the characteristics of the interference function detected by the diffractometer, which goes far beyond the residual stress test [1]. One such feature is the broadening of the peaks on the interference function, which correlates with the chemical composition of the diffracting phase and the micro stresses [2–5]. Changes in chemical composition occur, for example, as a negative consequence of the heat treatment in component during decarburization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 09:20:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973408</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Characterisation of crystalline wax in asphalt binder by X-ray diffraction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2096614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To develop a rapid measurement method for the wax in asphalt, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) tests were performed on asphalt binders. In addition, a simple temperature control system was developed. Different laboratory aging tests were carried out. What’s more, asphaltene structural parameters were calculated using the model developed by Yen et al. and pure wax doped asphalts were prepared. The results show that scan rate and temperature will affect the intensities of diffraction peaks. Oxidative aging has a complex effect on the crystalline wax in asphalt binders derived from different crude oils and several possible mechanisms are proposed. The positions of n-alkane characteristic peaks in the molten state are in good agreement with the positions of the wax peaks found in the asphalt binders. XRD is a promising method to measure wax in asphalt as it is fast, accurate and sensitive to high molecular weight pure wax.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2023 08:49:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2096614</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Glass beads for road markings and other industrial usage: Crystallinity and hazardous elements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1977066</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road markings, a necessary road safety feature, always contain a layer of glass beads that deliver retroreflectivity for driving at night and simultaneously protect the underlying paint layer. Even though such glass beads were generally considered as harmless, their analysis for the presence of crystalline silica was not reported so far. To fill the knowledge gap and to confirm the common perception, representative types of glass beads (11 samples from 6 manufacturing plants worldwide) were evaluated for the presence of crystalline phases by X-ray diffraction and their surface was analysed under scanning electron microscope. The study has not indicated the presence of a crystalline phase in amount higher than environmental background and no irregular shard-like surface features were found under microscope. In addition, analysis with inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry revealed only marginal content of hazardous elements. The same results were obtained with glass beads manufactured in identical process but used for other industrial applications. This assessment confirmed that the analysed classes of industrial glass beads are fully annealed and amorphous material that is free from hazardous ingredients.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2022 11:30:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1977066</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Mechanism to Interpret Diesel Fuel Atomization as it is Injected into an Engine Combustion Chamber</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1828485</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding the disintegration mechanism, spray penetration, and spray motion is of great importance in the design of a high quality diesel engine. The atomization process that a liquid would undergo as it is injected into a high-temperature, high-pressure air, is investigated in this work. The purpose of this study is to gain further insight into the atomization mechanism, the variation over time in droplet size distribution and spray penetration. This is done based on effect of chamber pressure, injection pressure, and type of fuel. A laser diffraction method is used to determine droplet mean diameters, single injection with synchronized time mechanism allowed the time dependent studies. Obscuration signals are obtained through a digital oscilloscope from which arrival time of spray can be measured. The spray penetration correlation obtained is compared to other correlations obtained from different other techniques used in the literature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2022 10:09:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1828485</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantifying glass powder reaction in blended-cement pastes with the Rietveld-PONKCS method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899434</link>
      <description><![CDATA[X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a prominent technique to characterise cement-based materials. The combination of the Rietveld refinement with the Partial Or No Known Crystal Structure (PONKCS) approach now enables the quantification of both crystalline phases and amorphous contribution of SCMs. This paper describes the application of Rietveld-PONKCS to determine the amount of reacted glass powder (GP) in blended cement pastes. The accuracy and precision of the method were compared to the results of independent methods such as selective acid dissolution, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) combined to energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) applied to GP-lime mixtures. For blended cement, the consistency of the method was internally checked using the standard addition method. Overall, an average precision of 1.6 wt.% and accuracy better than 1.5 wt.% were found for Rietveld-PONKCS applied to GP containing systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:43:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899434</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of environmental conditions and oxidation on the coefficient of friction using microalloyed rail steels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1845855</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In railway systems, certain atmospheric conditions – mainly related to temperature and relative humidity – lead to the creation of iron oxides which can affect the coefficient of friction between the wheel and the rail. This can result in increased wear of the rail, reducing its service life and thus increasing replacement costs. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted in a climate chamber to study the influence of environmental conditions and iron oxides on the coefficient of friction. The iron oxides generated on the surface of specimens extracted from microalloyed rail steel during wear tests were analysed using X-ray diffraction. The results show that hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) is the predominant iron oxide among all the oxides generated on the worn surfaces. It was further noted that the oxide layer resulting from the rise in both temperature and relative humidity does not significantly affect the average coefficient of friction for each steel samples tested. High relative humidity combined with high temperature leads to the formation of α-Fe₂O₃, which tends to increase the coefficient of friction. However, a boundary lubrication effect is observed at higher relative humidity due to a condensed water film, which reduces the coefficient of friction and counteracts the increase of the coefficient of friction expected due to the presence of hematite.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Jun 2021 14:37:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1845855</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental investigation on the rail residual stress distribution and its influence on the bending fatigue resistance of rails</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1840795</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an experimental study on the residual stress distribution of 60E2 (UIC 60) rails, and its influence on the rail bending fatigue resistance. First, a brief introduction concerning the rail bending fatigue resistance and the rail residual stress distribution is given. Second, an experimental investigation using the sectioning method on the residual stress distribution over the height and in the foot of the 60E2 rails is presented. Third, an experimental investigation on the residual stresses in the rail foot by applying the X-ray diffraction method is elaborated. Afterwards, the results of these two methods are compared. The residual stresses determined with the sectioning method show better consistency with those in literature. Subsequently, the residual stress results determined with the sectioning method are considered with the four-point-bending fatigue results and integrated into a new comprehensive Smith-diagram. As a result, the residual stress distribution is found out to be decisive when determining rail fatigue resistance. It is further concluded that rail bending fatigue resistance shows a good mean-stress dependency when the actual residual stress distribution is considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Apr 2021 16:17:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1840795</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of nanomaterial for asphalt binder and mixtures: a comprehensive review on development, prospect, and challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article aimed at providing comprehensive information on the use of nanomaterial in asphalt binder and mixes based on an exhaustive review of the literature. The complete literature review can broadly be perceived into three different segments. The first segment of this review discusses (a) the need of nanomaterial, and (b) different types of nanomaterials with their respective characteristics. The second segment of this review work discusses about the various functional aspects which have been reported to have an important role on or before construction of asphaltic layer, i.e. (a) mixing of nanomaterials with asphalt binder, (b) nanomaterial dispersion into asphalt binder matrix, and (c) high-temperature storage stability of binary composite (asphalt binder and nanomaterial) and triple composite (asphalt binder, polymer additive and nanomaterial) under high-temperature condition. Among different types of mixing approach, use of a high shear mixer and ultra-sonication individually or in combination has been reported in the literature for an efficient way for dispersion of nanomaterial in an asphalt binder matrix. To evaluate mixing of nanomaterial in asphalt binder matrix, different microscopic approach such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been recommended in the literature. The third segment emphasises on the effect of nanomaterial addition on performance-based parameters for (a) aging resistivity potential, (b) moisture damage resistivity potential, (c) intermediate, (d) high, and (e) low-temperature performance. The review of the literature showed that the addition of nanomaterial to asphalt binder not only improves the aging resistivity potential of asphalt binder but also improves the moisture damage resistivity potential, high, and intermediate temperature performance of asphalt binder and mixes. However, the mixed response was observed from the review of literature for the corresponding effect of nanomaterial on low-temperature performance parameters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Apr 2021 17:33:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770874</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on modeling and simulation in overshadowing influence of coastal building on vessel traffic service radar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1711789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reflection characteristics of radar waves in coastal high-rise buildings form a certain shielding area, which makes it difficult for vessel traffic service to control the ship dynamic situation in sheltered waters. To study the overshadowing influence of coastal buildings on the vessel traffic service radar, an expression model of shielding area is established based on the structure characteristics of buildings and the relative height of radar. Then, the coordinate system is established, and the range and height of the shelter area are calculated, according to the geometric relation. Based on the theory of radar electromagnetic wave diffraction, the target height is calculated. Finally, taking the Prince’s Bay Cruise Terminal Building on the radar Shekou radar as an example, the shielding area and height are calculated and visualized by the numerical calculation model and verified by real vessel test and observation. The building with a height of 60 m has covered 973,090 m² of sheltered area for Shekou radar. The results can be used not only to analyze the influence of buildings on existing vessel traffic service radar stations but also to provide an important reference for site selection of vessel traffic service radar stations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:37:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1711789</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>the BRRC and AWV are jointly testing low-screen diffractors along the N445 in Zele</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Diffractors are a recent invention that can help reduce traffic noise exposure from homes in the vicinity of arterial roads. They consist of a series of narrow slots of varying depth placed parallel to the axis of the road. Traffic noise propagating along the ground and passing across the diffractor towards nearby houses makes the air in the slots vibrate as if they were long, flat organ pipes. The different slots vibrate at different wavelengths and merge in turn form secondary sound sources, the sound of which deflects the passing traffic noise upwards. This results in a reduction in traffic noise exposure at the level of the houses. At the request of AWV, in the summer of 2019, a 140 m long, temporary arrangement was placed along the N445 in Zele, which has been provided with a recent road surface in diced concrete slabs. The set-up consisted of 1.05 m wide diffractors placed on a 1.10 m high screen (figure 2). The intention was to measure at greater distances and at different measurement heights to determine whether this measure could be useful on regional roads with 2x1 lane and houses in the immediate vicinity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:35:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764178</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Smart Sensors to Reduce Pollutant Emissions in Transportation, Phase II</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1762976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The proposed project is intended to design, develop, characterize, and demonstrate the feasibility of oxide materials based sensors, which are compatible for high temperature operation and efficient in functionality in a wide range of pressures that encountered in engines, for utilization in next generation, advanced transportation systems. The goal is to design and develop oxide sensing elements, evaluate their performance and demonstrate the relative merits of sensor elements based on hybrid nanostructures of economically viable materials for application in internal combustion engines of automotive industry. In this work, the Ba-Fe containing perovskites are engineered to serve the high-temperature and harsh environments of vehicle technologies while reducing the pollutant emissions. Doped perovskite materials exhibiting temperature independent conductivity has gained enormous attention for high temperature oxygen sensors due to great advantage over traditional doped metal oxides. This report focused on effect of sintering temperature on structure, morphology to explore correlation between oxygen sensing response of Ba(Fe0.7Ta0.3)O3-δ (BFTO30) bulk ceramics with structural and morphological features. Conventional solid-state reaction was used to synthesize BFTO30 powders. Crystal symmetry and phase purity of calcined and sintered powders was confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis. Calcination of homogenous mixed precursors confirms that a single-phase perovskite phase without any secondary phases was obtained at 1150 °C. Samples were sintered at different temperatures (1200 °C, 1250 °C, 1300 °C, 1350 °C), X-ray diffraction of sintered samples reveals that there is a clear structural transformation from low symmetry rhombohedral to high symmetry cubic phase with temperature. Sintered samples exhibit porous morphological features with samples sintered at ≤1300 °C, whereas samples sintered at 1350 °C exhibits dense morphology with nearly spherical grains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Jan 2021 13:56:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1762976</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Natural ageing effects on microstructure and properties of rail fastening elements SKL-12</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1736361</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rail transport is presently one of the most supported means of transport in Europe; it existed from the end of the 18th century. However, some issues especially concerning materials and its exploitation are still actual and are a matter of scientific projects or developments. In this paper, analyses concerning the characterisation of used track infrastructure elements in form of sleepers of the popular rail fastening system SKL 12 were performed. Specifically, the main objective of the work was the characteristics of the material microstructure and properties after long-term usage and natural ageing, reaching over a few decades. In this paper was conducted investigations concerning the non-used and used fasteners by reason of classic material research methods. The analysis was carried out based on the results obtained through research using mainly light, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as electron diffraction for the lattice structure determination, EDS chemical microanalysis and Rockwell hardness testing were also carried out in terms of identification of the chemical analysis changes that occurred after long-term application. The main reason was to characterise the long-term usage for the microstructure changes on the surface layer of the used fasteners compared to newly produced material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2020 12:27:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1736361</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Revisiting the influence of a ship’s draft on the drift force due to diffraction effect</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1736693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study reviews alternative analytical methods accounting for the influence of ship’s finite draft on the drift force due to diffraction effect. In very short waves, the wave is completed reflected and no wave energy can be transmitted under the ship. As the wave becomes longer, however, only part of the wave will be reflected and the remainder transmitted. The reflected waves will induce drift force due to its interaction with the ship between free surface and draft. The former effect can be quantified by the reflection coefficient, while the latter can be account for by introducing the draft based exponential function (1−e⁻²ᵏᵈ). When both effects are accounted for, a unified and theoretically more complete formulation results. The performance of the method is demonstrated by comparative results for a vertical plate of finite draft and a standard ship.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2020 12:27:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1736693</guid>
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