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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Precast Concrete End Diaphragm System for Accelerated Bridge Construction in Seismic-Prone Regions: Constructability and Lateral Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652051</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To reduce the impacts of on-site construction work on bridges, accelerated bridge construction (ABC) has been gaining popularity. However, it imposes additional challenges on projects in earthquake-prone areas because care must be taken in the connections between precast elements. This study presents the use of prefabricated concrete end diaphragms for ease and rapidity of construction, incorporating, simultaneously, detailing for use in moderate-to-high seismic regions to achieve safe behavior and assist the structure under earthquake demands in the transverse direction. The proposed system is connected by reinforcing bars and ultra-high performance concrete placed in ducts passing through the girders and diaphragms. In the context of ABC, careful documentation during the construction of a half-scale test specimen confirmed the constructability of the system and highlighted practical considerations for its use in the field. The experimental specimen was tested under laboratory conditions to evaluate its lateral load behavior, obtaining the expected performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 08:53:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652051</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on the lateral bearing characteristics of rock-socketed closed diaphragm walls</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618129</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The superstructure of cross-sea bridges consistently generates substantial lateral loads, making closed diaphragm walls a preferred foundation solutions due to their superior lateral load-bearing capacity. In Guangdong, China, the lateral static load test were conducted on two rock-socketed closed diaphragm walls. Instrumentation embedded during construction monitored displacements at the wall cap top, wall displacements, surrounding soil displacements and geotechnical resistance throughout loading. The maximum applied load during testing reached 80500 kN, establishing this as the highest reported loading magnitude achieved in any lateral static load test to date. The results indicate that the load-displacement curve of rock-socketed diaphragm walls exhibits a gradually varying nonlinear characteristic. The test walls developed simultaneous horizontal and vertical rotations during loading, with horizontal rotation primarily induced by heterogeneous bedrock distribution across the site. The maximum geotechnical resistance occurs at 0.28 times the wall depth, and the distribution of geotechnical resistance is affected by the position of the vertical rotation point. No significant resistance was observed in the enclosed soil while the resistance of enclosed rock showed reductions relative to that of the surrounding rock. Rock-socketed closed diaphragm walls exhibit markedly different load-bearing behavior from their non-socketed counterparts, thereby precluding the direct application of conventional design methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 09:19:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618129</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Joint Mud Skin Thickness on Mechanical Properties of Circular Diaphragm Wall</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596645</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mechanical effect of joint mud skin thickness on the circular diaphragm wall will directly affect the overall support effect of the bridge foundation. However, at present, the influence of joint mud skin thickness on the mechanical properties of circular continuous wall is not quantified, and the overall joint stiffness is mainly considered by empirical values, but the result value is greatly influenced by human beings. In this study, the influence of mud skin thickness on load-displacement characteristics and joint mechanical properties was investigated through experiments, and the influence of mud skin thickness on mechanical properties of the diaphragm wall was examined using numerical simulation. It is found that joint stiffness is negatively correlated with the thickness of mud skin. The thickness of the joint mud skin has a great influence on the displacement of the circular diaphragm wall, but a little influence on the bending moment, and the stiffness reduction factor is between 0.4 and 1. The mud skin thickness of the joint is positively correlated with the displacement and bending moment, and negatively correlated with the stiffness reduction factor. The stiffness reduction factor of the circular diaphragm wall is related to the thickness of the joint mud skin and radial load. When the radial load is small, the correction factor of the toroidal stiffness is roughly the same as the range given in the specification, which can better satisfy the joint effect. When the radial load is large, the joint effect cannot be considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 16:14:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596645</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>P-y curve models for laterally loaded lattice-shaped diaphragm wall as sea-crossing bridge foundations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lattice-shaped diaphragm walls (LSDWs) are novel foundation systems increasingly used in large-span, deep-water bridges for their exceptional rigidity, cost-efficiency, and adaptability to diverse geotechnical and marine environments. Despite their growing adoption, the lateral load-bearing behavior of LSDWs remains insufficiently studied. The 𝑝-𝑦 curve method is a widely used approach for analyzing the lateral behavior of deep foundations, relating lateral soil resistance to horizontal displacement. However, conventional 𝑝-𝑦 curve models, developed primarily for pile foundations, are not directly applicable to LSDWs due to differences in structural configuration and load transfer mechanisms. To address this gap, this study develops improved 𝑝-𝑦 curve models for single-chamber LSDWs, derived from comprehensive numerical simulations under horizontal static loads in cohesive and sandy soils. The models incorporate foundation dimension and depth effects, accurately predicting ultimate soil resistance and initial subgrade reaction modulus. Validation against published field tests and experimental data confirms their high accuracy in capturing lateral soil-structure interactions. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the design and analysis of LSDW foundations in marine bridge construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 May 2025 15:16:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554500</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydraulic Anisotropy of Varved Glacial Silts and Its Influence on Dewatering Behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2452739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the evaluation of dewatering behavior of varved glacial silts for cut-and-cover construction of an underground subway station in Manhattan, New York. Diaphragm walls were adopted as retaining walls with an embedded length below the excavation base for groundwater cutoff. The dewatering system consisted of a combination of sumps and vertical pressure relief ejector wells. Back-analysis of pumping test results using numerical seepage modeling indicated the glacial silts were highly anisotropic with the ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity in the order of 5−10. Comparison of piezometric measurements inside and outside of the excavation showed the external groundwater table was not significantly influenced by dewatering operations inside the excavation. However, the varved character of the glacial silts resulted in low residual piezometric pressures beneath the station invert slab after the pressure relief system was deactivated. It was postulated that the ejector wells promoted rapid dewatering of the glacial silts below the excavation subgrade via horizontal flow through sandy seams between the varved clay laminations during active dewatering. Upon deactivation of the pressure relief system, restoration of piezometric pressures was inhibited by the much slower recharge of groundwater in the vertical direction across the less permeable clayey laminations. Residual piezometric pressures in the dewatered zones were observed to be lower where the diaphragm walls were deeper reflecting the increased frequency of varved laminations at depth.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 2024 11:49:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2452739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ground Loss behind Floating Diaphragm Walls in Soft Ground Excavation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2452743</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the performance of floating diaphragm walls embedded in soft ground and their influence on ground loss behind the wall, based on recent experience from a cut-and-cover construction of an underground subway station in Manhattan, New York. An approximately 50- to 60-ft deep internally braced excavation was supported by diaphragm walls installed up to 100 ft below ground surface terminating in weak varved glacial silts. A temporary traffic deck was constructed spanning between the top of the diaphragm walls with utilities hanging from below it. The diaphragm walls were subjected to vertical loading arising from dead and live loads from the traffic deck and struts, as well as self-weight of the diaphragm walls. Vertical load resistance was provided mainly by side-wall shear resistance since the end-bearing component at the wall toe was small in the weak soils. It was observed that ground loss behind a floating diaphragm wall was much greater than a conventional retaining wall that typically terminates in a competent soil layer. Large lateral wall deflections observed by in-wall inclinometers suggest significant lateral earth pressures were generated on the active side. This increase in active earth pressure was attributed to the reversal in the direction of side-wall shear resistance when a floating diaphragm wall settles relative to the soil under vertical loading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 2024 11:49:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2452743</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Research and Application of Small-Strain Soil Hardening Model Parameters in a Major Project in Hangzhou</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2395106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[According to current research, the small-strain soil hardening model (HSS model) is being used more and more widely because it can consider the small-strain characteristics of soil, making the corresponding numerical analysis results more accurate. At present, research into the test value of HSS model parameters of soil mass is mainly concentrated in Shanghai. Given the limits of the test conditions, there has been notably insufficient research into the value of small-strain parameters. Considering the regional differences of soil parameters, this paper, based on an actual project, conducts the HSS model parameter test value study on the main soil layers in the west of Hangzhou, focusing on the value study of small-strain parameters. The corresponding results are used for numerical analysis. The research shows that, compared with the Mohr–Coulomb model, the numerical analysis results using the HSS model are obviously closer to the measured data, and the prediction of the lateral deformation and its change law of the diaphragm wall is obviously more accurate. At the same time, when other HSS model parameters are unchanged, the numerical results using in situ small-strain parameters are closer to the measured results than using indoor small-strain parameters, and the corresponding deformation prediction accuracy is higher. The research results provide valuable references for determining HSS model parameters and engineering applications in the western area of Hangzhou.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2024 10:33:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2395106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Effect of Dewatering with Diaphragm Wall in Xiamen East Passageway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2281804</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Xiamen east passageway Xiang'an subsea tunnel under construction is the first subsea tunnel in China. CRD method is adopted for the unfavourable geological conditions with enriched groundwater on shallow-buried excavation area. In order to reduce the effects of groundwater on stability of surrounding rock to ensure the safety construction, the method combines diaphragm wall and dewatering wells was introduced. For the purpose of working out the effect of this method by CRD1, three excavation ahead, the authors have employed two ways, in-situ monitoring and numerical simulation, to analyze the arch-crown settlement, horizontal convergence and internal forces of tunnel supports by the comparison between before and after dewatering. The results turned out to be perfectly matched by comparison and analysis. The research indicates that the arch-crown settlement approximately has a 50% drop while the horizontal convergence is about 30% lower after dewatering; meanwhile, the safety factors of tunnel supports are increased obviously. As a result, the results can provide experience for the latter construction of Xiang'an subsea tunnel as well as the similar projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Apr 2024 09:38:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2281804</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flexural performance of rigid joints for diaphragm walls: Experimental investigation and numerical analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2337563</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Diaphragm walls have been widely applied in long-span suspension bridges due to superior mechanical performance and extensive adaptability to various geological conditions. However, limited studies focused on the structural behaviour of rigid joints for diaphragm walls. This paper hence presented the flexural performance of joints through experimental investigation and numerical analysis. Two types of joints were designed to compare the structural response in terms of failure modes and moment resistance. Parametric analysis was carried out to explore critical parameters that influenced the joint performance significantly. A related provision in a current design code was evaluated to check if it was compatible to predict the moment capacity of designed joints. Results suggested that concrete cracks dominated the moment resistance of joints, and numerical analysis was reliable to predict the damage development as well as the moment-deflection relationship. The joint with U-shaped rebar exhibited more excellent performance that the counterpart with C-T lock. The critical parameters that could affect the member behaviour consisted of reinforcement strength, reinforcement diameter and a distance between tensile reinforcement and beam edge. The current design code provided nonconservative estimations of moment capacity, and thus a reduction factor should be proposed to promote satisfactory application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Mar 2024 17:01:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2337563</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shadowing pathology on diaphragm walls investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2311531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nowadays, the densification of cities requires the multiplication of underground infrastructures like car parks and metro stations. It is in this context that has been established for 70 years now, the diaphragm wall technique. The construction works follow complex implementation operations that can generate some defects and cause the appearance of imperfections. Among these imperfections, shadowing pathologies is the main subject of this study. The objective is to better understand the different operations with the intention in explaining the formation of the pathology. An experimental study is presented to answer some questions related to the concrete. Thanks to a laboratory prototype called Beta Tank, two complementary campaigns were conducted. Using different exfiltration outcomes, and by varying the cementitious material, it was possible to recreate the shadowing pathologies. The results found from the experimental campaigns allowed identifying potential causes of the anomalies and helped in proposing some recommendations for the foundation materials and techniques.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jan 2024 11:37:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2311531</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On the Responses of Braced Diaphragm Wall Supporting Deep Excavation Subjected to Asymmetric Surcharge Loads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2278474</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As cities grow, so does the need for housing and transportation infrastructure, necessitating deep excavations. Near the deep excavation, especially in the urban centers, there are existing structures whose loads are often different, resulting in asymmetric loading of the excavation system and different behavior on each side of the excavation. In this study the strut forces, lateral deformations, bending moments on each wall, as well as the settlements and heaves of the soil behind both walls in the asymmetrically loaded strut-supported excavation system are determined using the finite element method (FEM). The analyzes are performed using Plaxis 2D v20, a computer software based on the FEM. In addition, regression analyses are performed on the results, and correlations that predict the relevant results depending on the surcharge loads are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2023 09:13:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2278474</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Full-scale experimental study and mechanical model for beam-wall joints of prefabricated enclosure structure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2239270</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Owing to long exposure to the urban environment, the construction technology of the enclosure structure is closely related to the urban low-carbon development. Shenzhen Metro has recently proposed a novel prefabricated enclosure structure and demonstrated its application. Among them, the mechanical properties of the beam-wall joint between precast diagram wall and precast beam are the core for the performance of the prefabricated enclosure structure. This study demonstrated foremost the application of prefabricated enclosure structure and its key joint mechanical model in Shenzhen Metro Phase V stations. First, this study conducted a full-scale bending experimental study on beam-wall joints and continuous joints. Second, the Joint Coordinating Contact Model (JCCM) of the beam-wall joint was proposed. Third, the model was validated and assessed by using the experiment data. The main conclusions include: (1) The beam-wall joint showed semi-rigid properties despite using reliable assembly. (2) The performance degradation of the beam-wall joint originated from the interface. The interface weak link changed the solid continuity of the joint. (3) With reasonable rebar splices (≥66%), the joint stiffness does not change substantially. However, the joint performance with too few rebar splice showed significant degradation (≤33%). (4) JCCM assessment suggested a rigid beam-wall joint by enlarging the joint height by 31.3% and using 44% rebar splice ratio. The research achievement provides a theoretical basis and application value for the assessment of beam-wall joints and the promotion of prefabricated enclosure structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Oct 2023 09:32:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2239270</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simplified Theoretical Prediction for Lateral Deformation of a Diaphragm Wall Using the General Third-Order Plate Theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2230919</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The diaphragm wall is widely used in deep excavation engineering to guarantee the safety of the foundation pit and surrounding environment during excavation. An accurate prediction of the lateral deformation of the diaphragm wall is the basis of the design and optimization of the diaphragm wall structure. In this paper, the authors apply the third-order shear deformation plate theory to develop an analytical method for predicting the lateral deformation of the diaphragm wall to take into account the effects of shear stress distributed along the thickness direction on the lateral deformation. By using the Pb-2 Ritz method, combined with the minimum potential energy concept, the analytical solution for the deformation of the diaphragm wall is obtained under certain simplifications. Three types of boundary conditions for the bottom side of the diaphragm wall are considered to meet different geological conditions. The proposed method is verified by comparing the results predicted in this study with the monitoring data obtained from the practical pit engineering of Dinggong south road metro station of Metro Line 2 in Nanchang, Jiangxi province, China. Finally, the effects of the thickness and the embedded depth of the diaphragm wall and the lateral support patterns are analyzed, and the optimized design parameters for the diaphragm wall are also suggested. The proposed method can theoretically provide preliminary parameter optimization guidance for the design and construction of a diaphragm wall.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Sep 2023 09:29:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2230919</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Response of Metro Tunnels to Adjacent Diaphragm Wall Construction in Shenzhen Granite Residual Soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2171606</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The field measurements and numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the response of the nearby metro tunnels to the construction of diaphragm walls in Shenzhen, China. Results showed that the diaphragm wall construction significantly affects the metro tunnels’ horizontal deformation. The diaphragm wall construction was numerically modeled to perform a parametric study. The results showed that the concreting stage could reduce the differential deformation of the tunnel structure, thus effectively reducing the internal force of the tunnel structure. The synchronous interval construction of the diaphragm wall was more conducive to controlling deformation than the single-wall constructs in sequence. Further, the horizontal displacement of the metro tunnels at different locations on the diaphragm wall was evaluated. Finally, soil strengthening is discussed as an effective measure for protecting metro tunnels from being affected by diaphragm wall construction. This study helps assess the potential response of metro tunnels to adjacent diaphragm wall construction for new deep excavation projects or future workings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2023 16:29:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2171606</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental investigation and mechanical model for assembled joints of prefabricated two-wall-in-one diaphragm walls</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2077445</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The cast-in-place construction of diaphragm wall with problems of high consumption, low quality, high risk and pollution is difficult to meet the requirements of low-carbon city development. To overcome this problem, this study demonstrates the first application of prefabricated two-wall-in-one diaphragm wall and its key assembled joint model in Shenzhen Metro Line 8 subway station. First, this study conducted a full-scale pure bending experimental study on joint and wall specimens of prefabricated two-wall-in-one diaphragm wall. A comparative study of the experimental responses was conducted. Second, the mechanical model for assembled joint was proposed. Third, model validation and assessment was performed with experimental data. The main conclusions include: (1) The axial force was beneficial in restraining the cracks and openings of the joint specimen. Joint deformation does not conform to the plane hypothesis, but is related to interface contact and fastener constraint. (2) None of the interfaces of welded joint separated during failure phase. The bearing capacity of welded joint is 91.67% higher than that of adjacent continuous sections and is no longer a weak link. (3) Welded joint guarantees steady stiffness decline and good ductility of prefabricated two-wall-in-one diaphragm wall. (4) The model assessment indicates that the fastener mechanism is significant to exert the highest mechanical properties of assembled joints. Notably, prefabricated two-wall-in-one diaphragm walls represent a green product for low-carbon, high-quality urban development. The proposed model provides significant convenience and practical value for the application of novel assembled joints and the promotion of green products.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:31:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2077445</guid>
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