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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>French gender equality policy and its reception in a men’s field: An example in transport and logistics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1343868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the field of distribution over the past few decades, modernisation of production tools, new standards of gender division of labour, and the development of support functions has led to the feminisation of these professions, providing the opportunity to consider research that goes beyond companies’ reports which are limited to a comparison on a year-to-year basis. These reports do not allow for monitoring differences in gender division of labour or career development opportunities, and potentially hide inequalities between men and women, as well as gender diversity issues. This feminisation occurs in a labour changing world (economically, organizationally, technically, and socially). Today in France, new socio-cultural issues driven by new kinds of social movements, such as those addressing gender inequalities and environmental protection, seem to nourish socio-economic issues of wealth distribution and production tool ownership or control. Professional equality is now an issue of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), including economic, environmental, and social dimensions. If professional equality aims to contribute to the well-being of employees, it is also part of the performance measurement of an organization. In this process, French legislation tends to be a regulator. However, gender equality policies are more difficult to understand and to apply in male-dominated environments where legal obligations face organizational constraints and/or cultural ones. Therefore it is necessary to determine to what extent employees of male-dominated companies recognize and abide by the law. Indeed, the introduction of a gender equality policy requires a re-examination of new forms of solidarity, organization processes, ways of working, and the nature of work itself. It is the author's' hypothesis that transport companies do address gender equity under the impulse of an opportunity effect while facing the paradox of a male working culture where theoretical gender equality implies highlighting women. In the company studied, the difficulty of workers’ jobs (particularly due to heavy carrying, flexible schedules, and subzero temperatures), added to the tense economic context faced by the sector, create the conditions of a collective resistance based on a male-dominated culture. From this perspective, managers do not see an interest in applying law, which cannot be supported by human resources managers either. This proposal is based on a case study of the European leader of goods transport and logistics under controlled temperatures. In a workforce where only 18% of nearly 12,000 staff members are female, the "gendering of work" increases with efforts to work on gender in a masculine organization, where theoretical gender equality resides alongside informal and invisible structural inequality. The author will consider issues of equality between men and women according to their concrete and tangible manifestations, such as gender equality agreements, women advancements policies, etc., ambitions which often challenge realities and local constraints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2015 17:01:41 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Sex or sexuality: Exploring household labor and travel among gay, lesbian, and straight households</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1338342</link>
      <description><![CDATA[People make tradeoffs between paid and unpaid labor, and in straight households, women typically do the lion’s share of unpaid labor, including household-serving travel. Nearly all of the previous research on this topic is limited to married heterosexual households with children, a surprisingly small and shrinking portion of the population. Using the 2003-12 American Time Use Survey, The authors explore how household-serving labor and travel vary across household types in the U.S. They examine the paid and unpaid labor tradeoffs made by partnered gay and lesbian couples with and without children, and find that their division of paid and unpaid labor, as well as household-serving travel, occupies a statistical middle ground between straight men and women. This suggests that the gendered nature of paid and unpaid work and travel is muted in the absence of a two-sex household structure, and that sex more than sexuality defines the division of household-serving labor and related travel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2015 11:24:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1338342</guid>
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      <title>Geographical distribution of product development capabilities in the automobile industry: towards a hierarchical division of labour in Mercosur</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1308416</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the last decade, some carmakers with operations in Mercosur delegated a growing number of product development responsibilities to their subsidiaries operating in Argentina and Brazil. As a result, these subsidiaries were able to accumulate capabilities that allowed them to introduce innovations of increasing complexity into the vehicles manufactured in the region. Empirical evidence suggests that, beyond the differences observed in the strategies adopted by carmakers in Mercosur, the most intense capability accumulation experiences were largely concentrated in subsidiaries located in the Brazilian territory. As a result, a hierarchical division of labour has progressively taken shape within Mercosur favouring the subsidiaries located in this country, at the expense of their Argentinian counterparts. Through the examination of three companies, this article aims to analyse the process of accumulation of product development capabilities in subsidiaries operating in Argentina and Brazil between 1991 and 2011.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 May 2014 10:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1308416</guid>
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      <title>What Explains the Gender Gap in Schlepping? Testing Various Explanations for Gender Differences in Household-Serving Travel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1289413</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As women increasingly entered the labor force over the past few decades, dual-earner households became more widespread, and many longstanding gender differences in travel began to converge. While gender differences in paid work and commuting have been studied extensively, the household division of labor and its relationship to household-serving travel has received less attention. This article examines this issue by asking (1) what is the gender division of household-serving travel in the U.S. today? And (2) what explains this division of travel and (by extension) household responsibilities? To answer these questions the authors draw on detailed time use surveys from a nationally representative sample of adults to examine patterns of child-serving and grocery shopping travel in the U.S. in the 2000s. A variety of economic and cultural theories have been proffered to explain the gender division of household labor and household-serving travel, and the authors find at least some empirical support in the data for all of them. But in comparison with economic explanations for gender differences in household-serving travel, they find the most consistent and compelling evidence for cultural explanations; for example, they observe substantial gender differences in child- and household-serving trips prior to and apart from household formation. Moreover, even in households where women earn more, are better educated, and work more hours than their partners, these women still make 1.5 times as many child-serving trips and 1.4 times as many grocery trips as their male partners. Whether disproportionate household-serving labor and travel burdens borne by women will continue depends on whether gender socialization norms begin to change more quickly or remain deeply embedded.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Feb 2014 09:15:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1289413</guid>
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      <title>Capability building and functions of SMEs in business groups: a case study of Toyota's supply chain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1264319</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates interfirm relationships from the point of view of small– and medium–sized enterprises (SMEs) in Toyota's supply chain, and their capability building profiles. It addresses the overall organisation of the Toyota Group, taking into account the specific role played by SMEs. How do SMEs convert their resources in order to develop their capabilities, and what are their functions in this business group? After presenting the analytical and methodological frameworks, this paper discusses the historical development of the Toyota Group, focusing on organisational specificities built between the 1940s and 1960s. Then, it compares the trajectories of 13 SMEs in Aichi prefecture, through four main analytical cases constructed on two parameters: the nature of each firm's capabilities and the degree of participation in collective decision–making processes. This qualitative inquiry investigates both the construction of the external boundaries of business groups, and the overall function of SMEs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Oct 2013 09:34:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1264319</guid>
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      <title>GENDER, WORK, AND SPACE IN AN INFORMATION AGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/721382</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past 20 years or so we've learned a lot about the crucially important role of gender in shaping travel activity patterns and about the ways in which travel patterns mold gender relations.  We've learned that: 1) despite their labor force participation, women continue to bear a disproportional share of the domestic workload and this uneven division of labor in the home is implicated in divisions of labor in the paid work force; 2) time-space plays a pivotal role in enabling people (particularly women) to combine waged work and domestic work - those with heavy domestic responsibilities, usually women, trade off higher wages and better job opportunities for greater proximity; 3) place-based networks of personal contacts are important in connecting people to housing, jobs, child/elder care, shopping and recreational opportunities.  Many people are convinced that the Internet and associated information technology (IT) are profoundly and irrevocable reshaping society, and that IT will make geography and location less important.  The author believes that we shall continue to have gendered bodies and forms of paid and unpaid work, and she speculates about how IT might alter what we've come to accept as received wisdom on location, place, gender, and work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jul 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/721382</guid>
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      <title>GENDER, RACE, AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOR: AN ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD-SERVING TRAVEL AND COMMUTING IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/721387</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines how the division of household responsibilities shapes the travel behavior of men and women. In particular, the authors focus on the influence of socioeconomic factors-gender, race/ethnicity, income, and household structure-in shaping household-serving travel patterns. Using travel data from the San Francisco Bay Area they find that women are, on average, disproportionately responsible for child-serving and household maintenance travel, and that white, Hispanic, and low income women tend to be, on average, especially burdened with household maintenance responsibilities. They find further that the women's household-serving travel patterns appear to be a function of both socialization and the sexual division of household responsibilities. They see evidence of socialization in the distinctly gendered grocery shopping patterns observed in single adult households with no children. And they find evidence of the sexual division of household labor in the increasing burden of household-serving travel at each stage in the life cycle and robustness of the gender variable in multivariate models of child-serving travel during the journey-to-work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jul 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/721387</guid>
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      <title>HOUSEHOLD, GENDER, AND TRAVEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/720093</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In most cases, travel demand management programs have targeted the general working population, overlooking differences in the household circumstances and travel constraints of different demographic subgroups - particularly working women.  This is a major reason why these programs have not been effective in changing travel behavior.  Transportation measures do not affect the population uniformly because each individual faces a different set of constraints.  Some constraints are a function of household composition, the male/female division of labor in the household, and the individual's roles in the household. Travel is a part of a larger structure of household activities. We take trips to go grocery shopping, to go to the bank, to take clothes to the dry cleaner, and to do many other errands.  In bigger households, the constraints are even more complex.  The circumstances of other household members affect one's travel choices.  Children have to be shuttled to and from the school or day care.  A sick family member has to be taken to the doctor. Some household activities need to be performed together with other household members.  These impose additional constraints in scheduling individual activities including travel.  Gender is an issue to the extent that the division of labor in the household differs between men and women.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/720093</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE NEW WORLD OF WORK.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/522906</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Jun 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/522906</guid>
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