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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Safety evaluation of emergency refuge areas (lay-bys) on highways: A cross-sectional study with Correlated Random Parameters Models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644148</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emergency Refuge Areas (ERAs), also known as emergency or SOS lay-bys, are essential features on highways. Despite their unique role, the influence of ERAs on crash likelihood remains underexplored, particularly in contexts lacking a hard shoulder or during Part-Time Shoulder Use (PTSU). This study addresses this gap by performing a cross-sectional analysis across 200 km of Italian four-lane divided highways; using crash data from 3,195 Fatal and Injury (FI) crashes over five years (2015-2019), the study estimates the Crash Modification Factor (CMF) for the presence of ERAs on road segments. Observed crash frequencies on 123 ERA-equipped road sections (treatment group) are compared with expected crashes on 123 similar sections without ERAs (reference group), the latter derived from Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) and Empirical Bayesian (EB) adjustments. Uncorrelated and Correlated Random Parameter Negative Binomial (URP-NB, CRP-NB) models are employed to account for unobserved heterogeneity and variable correlations. A Likelihood Ratio test demonstrates that the CRP-NB outperforms the URP-NB (p < 0.001). Marginal effects (MEs) reveal that the most influential factors are traffic flow, left and right shoulder width, and lane width. The cross-sectional analysis reveals that ERA-equipped road sections lacking hard shoulders are associated with higher crash likelihood, with an estimated CMF of 1.74 ± 0.38 at the 95% confidence level, as confirmed by Welch’s Test (p < 0.001). These findings have direct implications for practice and policy, indicating that highway authorities should carefully evaluate ERA deployment and consider complementary design, enforcement, or monitoring strategies to mitigate the potential risks identified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 14:47:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644148</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigating the Safety Scenario of a 4-Lane Divided National Highway in India: A Case Study on NH-2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113537</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road traffic accidents and fatalities have emerged as a serious problem over the world, as well as in India. Though National Highways (NHs) comprise less than 2% of the entire road network, they account for more than 35% of total traffic fatalities. In this regard, this study aims to identify and prioritize the hazardous locations on a 4-lane NH, find out the major risk factors, and recommend short-term and long-term countermeasures. Hazardous locations on a stretch on NH-2 were identified and prioritized through a comprehensive analysis of past accident data; based on total crash count (TCC), fatal crash count (FCC), and equivalent property damage only (EPDO) values. Probable risk factors such as illegal truck parking, insufficient storage lanes, improper pedestrian crossing facilities, design deficiencies at unsignalized minor junctions, etc. were identified from site visits. This study also recommends necessary crash mitigation and prevention strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 08:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113537</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safence Wire Rope Median Barrier</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635931</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Safence Cable Barrier System is designed to minimize or eliminate crossover accidents on divided roadways. This system uses tour tensioned cables stacked vertically to prevent errant vehicles from crossing the median into oncoming traffic. This report documents the Oklahoma Department of Transportation's field test of this product. The barrier was easily installed, and maintenance repairs require minimal time or equipment. The test section has been hit several times and has performed as designed every time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jan 2026 09:57:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635931</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Austin/San Antonio Origin-Destination Study Sensitivity Analysis of Traffic Diversion Methodology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents the results of sensitivity analyses performed on a traffic diversion methodology developed to estimate the potential demand for an alternate route in the Austin/San Antonio corridor. Two earlier research reports present the results of an origin-destination (O-D) survey conducted to identify travel patterns in the study corridor, and the results of the use of that survey data to estimate the traffic diversion potentials of a proposed alternate route, based on the assumption that the alternate route would be a four-lane, limited access facility (i.e., comparable to I-35). This report presents an extension of the analyses described in the two earlier project reports. Specifically, the analyses presented in this report examine the traffic diversion potentials of a four-lane divided highway without access controls. The analyses were directed at: 1) Evaluating the effects of varying the assumption concerning the amount of time savings necessary to induce traffic to divert to the alternate route; and 2) Evaluating the diversion effects of varying the assumed travel speed for the alternate route. The resulting estimates of diverted traffic were evaluated and a "best estimate" of the diversion potentials of a four-lane divided highway without access controls was identified. The results of the analyses indicate that the alternate route offers only modest time savings over other roadways in the corridor. Small reductions in assumed travel speeds, or small increases in the assumed time savings necessary to induce diversion produce dramatic reductions in the estimates of alternate route traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2025 12:21:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Capacity of U-Turning Traffic at Uncontrolled Median Openings on Four-Lane Divided Roads: A Gap Acceptance Based Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573144</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study estimates the capacity of U-turning traffic at uncontrolled median openings on four-lane divided urban roads under mixed traffic conditions using Harder’s model and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) technique through a gap acceptance approach. The U-turn capacity estimation requires three crucial parameters: critical gap, conflicting traffic volume, and follow-up time. This study considered spatiotemporal conflicting factors for the accurate estimation of conflicting traffic volume. The critical gap of U-turning vehicles was estimated using five different methods: modified Raff, Ashworth, binary logit, occupancy time, and support vector machine. The average follow-up time was estimated for different classes of U-turning vehicles from the recorded video data. Subsequently, the capacity of the U-turning traffic stream was computed using Harder’s model and the ANFIS technique. The efficacy of both models was checked by comparing the estimated capacity with the field capacity determined using Kyte’s method. The strong correlation and low mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values confirm the effectiveness of both the models in estimating U-turn capacity across different vehicle classes on four-lane divided urban roads. This study provides significant information to enhance traffic management and alleviate congestion during peak periods at uncontrolled median openings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2025 15:04:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573144</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pathway to zero by 2050: wide median intersection treatments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2004, Victoria adopted the Safe System approach. Victoria’s Road Safety Strategy 2021 – 2030 continues the State’s commitment to the Safe System to achieve zero road deaths by 2050. Wide Median Treatments (WMTs) were first used in Victoria during the 1980s as a means of controlling side-road traffic movements at intersections with high-speed, divided rural roads. Understandably, WMTs were not originally designed to align with the principles of the Safe System. To eliminate the risks of severe injuries and deaths at WMTs, the Victorian Department of Transport (DoT) has recently implemented a policy prohibiting new WMTs and seeking to transform existing WMTs with Safe System-aligned designs, using kinetic energy management as the principal design philosophy. This new policy, which aims to transform at-grade intersections on divided rural network, illustrates the concept of ultimate Safe System end-states that help to define the pathways to Zero by 2050 – changing Today for Tomorrow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2024 13:32:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Queue length generation due to U-turn vehicles at center median openings on divided highways using the time series approach.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2394728</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Center median openings in divided highways are introduced for successful and safe U-turn movements. However, the delays caused to preceding vehicles by U-turn vehicles are significant. In most high-volume traffic lanes, the scenarios involving U-turning vehicles will result in impeded flows causing an undesired delay. This paper implements the time series method to analyze and predict queue generation using various real-time variables. The applicability of the aforementioned method in queue length prediction and queue prediction for each vehicle category has been discussed. In conclusion, Arrival flow rate, Waiting time of U-turning vehicle and the U-turning vehicle type has considerable effect on a developed queue at center-median opening.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Oct 2024 17:07:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2394728</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Camera contrast ratio of road markings at dual carriageway roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road markings are road safety elements needed for both human drivers and for machine vision equipment. Their visibility depends on contrast ratio against the neighbouring roadway surface. To identify conditions, where their visibility was inadequate, exemplary roadway images were analysed. Average contrast ratio during good visibility conditions was 1.0 (Weber) or 0.30 (Michelson); dramatically lower values, average 0.1 (Weber) or 0.06 (Michelson) were measured when glare from sunshine was present. Hence, camera-based machine vision would be expected to fail. The use of Michelson equation for contrast ratio was shown as more useful than calculating ‘simple’ or Weber contrast due to moderating extremely high values. Under some conditions, edge detection could be simultaneously advantageous (improved detection of edge line) and disadvantageous (false detection of middle line).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2024 09:54:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Effect of On-Street Parking on Traffic Capacity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974580</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On-street parking is common in Indian cities and allows individuals to park close to their destination. This reduces the capacity of the through travel lanes of roads. The parking manoeuvre of vehicles moving in or moving out of the parking areas causes delay to through traffic along the roads. When parking lot is partially filled, vehicles slowing down to search for adequate parking gap also cause reduction in the capacity of the through lane. Many researchers studied the effect of parallel and angle on-street parking on various traffic flow parameters and delays of through traffic caused by entrance and departure manoeuvres of on-street parking. Limited research has been done to study the effect of different level of parking (percentage of parking length filled by parked vehicles) on traffic capacity. The present work attempts to study the effect of different levels of on-street parking on traffic capacity of four-lane divided urban roads for two Indian cities Patna and Bhubaneswar. It can be observed that for both cities, traffic capacity in PCU has decreasing trend with increasing parking occupancy level, but when the parking space is nearly occupied the capacity again has an increasing trend. It could also be observed that traffic capacities for similar parking levels vary for both the cities, which can be attributed to the difference in traffic composition. The PCU measure taken for unifying the traffic composition may not be adequate for studying traffic flow characteristics of the region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 16 Dec 2023 12:02:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974580</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Evaluation of the Combined Effect of Offset Left-Turn Lanes and Flashing-Yellow-Arrow Signals at Signalized Intersections on Multilane Divided Highways in Alabama Using the Empirical Bayes Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2307204</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study conducted an empirical Bayes (EB) before–after analysis to investigate the combined effects of the offset left-turn lanes and flashing-yellow-arrow (FYA) signals implemented at signalized intersections on multilane, divided highways in Alabama. A total of 35 signalized intersections were selected for the EB safety analysis. Among them, 30 intersections were classified as a reference group and five were classified as a treatment group. The reference group includes intersections which have not undergone any left-turn treatments from the period of 2010 to 2020, while the treatment group includes those improved with offset left-turn lanes and FYA signal implementation concurrently during years in that period. Safety performance functions were developed with data collected at reference-group intersections to predict crashes at such intersections under a no-treatment scenario. A study focus was then given to understanding the change in crash frequency before and after the combined treatments for the treatment-group intersections, using the EB method. Results show that the combined left-turn treatments (i.e., implementing offset left-turn lanes coupled with FYA signals) could reduce different types of crashes effectively. There was a substantial reduction of 27% in total crashes (crash modification factor [CMF]?=?0.73), a 43% decrease in left-turn crashes (CMF?=?0.57), and a 36% reduction in total injury crashes (CMF?=?0.64) after the treatments. These findings were supported by their respective standard errors, which are 0.060, 0.101, and 0.106 for total, left-turn, and total injury crashes, respectively, and all the CMFs are statistically significant at 95% confidence intervals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Dec 2023 09:32:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2307204</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling Operating Speeds for Multilane Divided Highways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974565</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Different geometric parameters (e.g., radius, curve length and preceding tangent length) affect vehicle speed in horizontal curve. Inconsistency in driver’s speed selection may lead to unsafe situation at horizontal curve. The differences between operating speed of successive elements and deviation with design speed of single element have been used as a measure to evaluate geometric design consistency and safety. Researchers have studied speed behaviour considering strong lane discipline to predict preferred vehicle operating speed in two lane highways. However, studies considering weak lane discipline to predict operating speed for multi-lane divided highways are limited. Therefore, in this study, passenger car and heavy vehicle speed data at the starting and centre of ten horizontal curves in a four-lane divided highway are collected. The 85th percentile speeds at eight sites are analysed to develop a linear speed prediction model. Curve length is found to be the only explanatory variable in the model developed for location at the starting of a curve. Whereas, radius is found as the explanatory variable to predict speed at centre of the curve. The developed models are validated at two different sites. Statistical analysis shows that I-value is lesser than 0.2, which confirms the acceptability of the proposed model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Dec 2023 16:40:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974565</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Reverse Curves Focusing on the Lateral Friction Demand on Four-lane Divided Highways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2208391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Horizontal curves on mountainous roads are highly crash-prone and geometric consistency is vital in their design. The drivers' lateral friction demand will be significantly affected if there are a substantial number of successive horizontal curves on these roads due to design limitations. This study is aimed to evaluate the safety of reverse curves using the lateral friction demand as a design criterion. Using a UAV, the required data were collected from ten reverse curves on a mountain highway in Iran for a multiple linear regression model to investigate the effects of geometric variables and speed of vehicles on the average lateral friction demand (fd,mean). According to the results: 1) the length of the common tangent and the ratio of the curves’ radii affect fd,mean, 2) the road longitudinal grade and the vehicle speed have positive effects on fd,mean, but the curve superelevation affects it negatively and 3) when the length of the common tangent is ≈ 400 m and the curves’ radii are close, the vehicle trajectories are close to the expected trajectory based on the design. These results can help reverse curves to be designed more safely.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Aug 2023 09:34:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2208391</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Guidance for Unsignalized Intersections on Rural Multilane Divided Highways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2219056</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research project examines the safety performance of unsignalized intersections on rural divided highways in Alabama. A summary of the safety problem at these intersections is provided; the concern is the relatively high frequency and severity of crashes at these locations, typically associated with vehicles entering from the minor road and failing to successfully cross or turn left onto the second directional roadway. The project objectives included review of the literature, examination of a small set of such intersections in Alabama with innovative treatments, factors that influence safety performance and approaches to estimating performance, and developing design guidance for these locations. During the course of this study, ALDOT developed an Intersection Control Evaluation (ICE) policy, which to some extent addresses the last objective. This study reviewed the literature, estimated calibration factors for safety performance functions for three-leg and four-leg intersections of this type, reviewed geometric and traffic control features that may improve safety performance, and examined differences in safety performance among several selected intersections in Alabama. A review of the literature and current practice found many treatments with respect to geometrics and traffic control devices that can be applied to the conventional form of this type of intersection with the goal of reducing crash frequency and crash severity. An analysis involving 47 three-leg and 65 four-leg intersections in the state yielded recommend calibration factors for the relevant safety performance functions. Several selected sites with atypical design and traffic control treatments were reviewed. Finally, a traffic conflict study across several intersections with conventional and unconventional treatments was conducted to further identify the types of conflicts that contribute to poor safety performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2023 15:24:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2219056</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wrong-Way Driving Solutions Handbook</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2227517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is a handbook to help reduce the risk of wrong-way driving crashes. The handbook was developed on the basis of a systematic literature review, collection and analysis of wrong-way driving incident and crash data, and evaluation of a range of relevant traffic control devices and other technologies. The handbook provides evidence-based information to support implementation of traffic control devices, advanced technologies, geometric design features, and education and enforcement strategies to significantly reduce the number of wrong-way driving incidents and crashes on freeways and divided highways. This handbook will be of interest to state departments of transportation and other stakeholders concerned with reducing the number of wrong-way driving incidents and crashes that occur on freeways and divided highways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 12 Aug 2023 14:21:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2227517</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wrong-Way Driving Solutions, Policy, and Guidelines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2227515</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research aims to develop a handbook for implementing traditional and advanced safety countermeasures to reduce Wrong-Way Driving (WWD) crashes and incidents on freeways and multilane divided highways. The proposed research approach is divided into two phases and ten tasks. Task 1 assesses data and findings from previous WWD studies. Task 2 conducts a national survey of state departments of transportation (DOTs) and tolling agencies on solutions, policies, and guidance to address WWD. Task 3 collects WWD crash and incident data. Task 4 explores the relationship between WWD incidents and crashes and develops evaluation factors for countermeasures. Task 5 evaluates the effectiveness of geometric design elements and access control techniques in reducing the likelihood of WWD incidents or crashes. Task 6 evaluates traditional low-cost traffic control devices (TCDs). Task 7 evaluates advanced TCDs and ITS technologies. Task 8 develops an investigation checklist for WWD incidents and crashes. Task 9 prepares the draft handbook. Task 10 organizes a National WWD Summit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 12 Aug 2023 14:21:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2227515</guid>
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