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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Innovative Condition Monitoring of the Extended Track by Means of LiDAR-Scanner</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671118</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Track condition monitoring and component assessment is of high importance for the railway system. It forms the basis for maintenance planning and thus enables for guaranteeing a high track quality. A wide variety of technologies are used to describe track condition being continuously improved. The LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) technology is not yet a key part of the applied measurement methods but provides great potential. This paper analyses the boundary conditions and system properties of the LiDAR technology. Based on the findings, a potential analysis of the LiDAR technology for evaluating the condition of the extended track and in particular of ditches is carried out. For this purpose, a methodology is developed describing different factors of the extended track. It is further verified with GPR (ground-penetrating radar) data and in-situ observations. The correlation analysis between the GPR data and the LiDAR assessments shows slight correlations only. The observation of condition development over time for specific track sections shows that the LiDAR assessment method provides reliable and plausible results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671118</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the thermal regime and unfrozen water content of snow accumulated in road ditches: A case study from northern Sweden</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666962</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accumulated snow in road ditches significantly influences the thermal regime of road embankments during the winter season. Understanding the insulating effect of this snow cover is essential to accurately assess the thermal behavior of the road structure. However, snow in road ditches differs from naturally accumulated snow due to the presence of traffic-related contaminants and traction materials introduced during winter road maintenance. A field experiment was conducted in Luleå, northern Sweden, to evaluate the insulating properties of the snow accumulated in a ditch. This study mathematically investigates the thermal conductivity, a key parameter for assessing snow insulation, and the unfrozen water content over a 49-day period, based on in situ temperature and density measurements from the experimental site. The findings reveal that the minimum snow density occurs between the soil–snow interface and approximately 15 cm above it. Although this layer has the lowest density, it did not exhibit the lowest thermal conductivity. This basal layer experienced partial melting, contained an unfrozen water content of about 3.5%, and remained isothermal around 0 °C for most of the observation period. In the upper part of the snowpack, thermal conductivity exhibited greater variability, reflecting the enhanced influence of atmospheric conditions near the snow–air interface. The estimated thermal conductivity ranged from approximately 0.05 to 0.20 Wm−1K−1 when the snow temperature was below the melting point, and from 1 to 1.2 Wm−1K−1 when the snow was at or above 0 °C. In addition, this study proposes an empirical formulation for estimating the thermal conductivity of ditch snow from the soil–snow interface up to approximately 75 cm above it. The formulation provides reliable results under climatic conditions similar to those of the study site and can support evaluations of snow insulation in cold-region road ditches. However, formulating an empirical relation for the unfrozen water content was challenging, as the snow experiences altering metamorphic states at different depths, resulting in varying behavior. These findings contribute to the understanding of road structure design in cold regions by incorporating the thermal behavior of snow and guiding snow management strategies to improve embankment durability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2026 08:50:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666962</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Protection of Precious Waters from Road Salt: Mitigation Through Roadside Ditch Capture</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686621</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadway deicers are essential to the functioning of daily life in northern states in winter. After plowing, roadway salting is currently the most practical way of making safe transportation possible in winter. However, road deicer chloride (salt) has a severe negative effect on surrounding watersheds. Yet, currently no methods or procedures have been developed to capture the chloride. The situation is particularly dire where highways cross small receiving streams that are the habitat of endangered and threatened species, such as the Topeka Shiner, because the high concentration of chloride in the highway runoff does not dilute sufficiently to prevent toxicity in the hatching and juvenile rearing areas of the streams. This project developed in-ditch salt capture techniques based on mitigation of chloride migration through absorption and capture in a manufactured backfill media. Chloride mass in drainage water was observed and monitored at a range of concentrations before and after percolation through granular soil mixtures “manufactured” to capture chloride and deployed in flow-through sandbags. Absorbance of chloride was quantified by manufactured soil sandbags in ditch-deployed configurations, allowing optimization of the deployed geometry. Field test installation approaches were designed and tested for chloride capture from actual winter maintenance operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Apr 2026 11:37:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686621</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Develop a Methodology for Pavement Drainage System Rating</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2662985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Effective drainage is critical for preserving pavement integrity and extending service life, yet network-level methods for evaluating pavement drainage conditions remain limited. This study presents a practical methodology for assessing pavement drainage conditions using data from the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development’s (DOTD) Pavement Management System (PMS). The proposed framework evaluates three key components: (1) pavement surface drainage based on cross-slope, longitudinal grade, and rutting; (2) roadside/shoulder drainage assessed through edge drop-off data and PMS imagery for erosion, vegetation, and debris; and (3) ditch drainage evaluated through PMS imagery for sediment accumulation, erosion, and obstructions. The methodology was applied to five roadway sections to demonstrate implementation and identify correlations between drainage conditions and pavement performance. Results indicate that the pavement surface drainage rating is strongly correlated with actual pavement performance, suggesting its value as a stand-alone monitoring indicator. Fine-scale analysis (0.1-mi. resolution) proved critical for capturing localized drainage deficiencies that disproportionately affect roadway performance. The framework provides actionable insights for maintenance prioritization and early-stage screening of operational deficiencies, although it does not evaluate hydraulic capacity or broader flood risk. Future enhancements, such as artificial intelligence (AI)-powered image analysis and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-based ditch surveys, could further improve automation, objectivity, and network-level monitoring. Overall, this study demonstrates a practical and scalable approach for integrating drainage condition assessments into network-level pavement management and supporting data-driven maintenance decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2026 08:52:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2662985</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evolution of freezing in drainage ditches of high-speed railway tunnels in cold regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2637067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The freezing of drainage ditches in high-speed railway tunnels in cold regions can lead to a series of frost-related damages, seriously compromising the normal operation of the tunnel. To more effectively address frost damage in drainage ditches, the longitudinal temperature fields of the representative Hufengling Tunnel and Zhishan Tunnel in severe cold regions of China were monitored and recorded from December to May of the following year. Based on actual engineering conditions, a numerical simulation model for the temperature field in the drainage ditches of cold-region tunnels was established using ANSYS software. The temperature field on the inner walls of the drainage ditches was analyzed, and a coupled flow-heat transfer calculation model for water within the ditches was constructed through theoretical analysis to investigate the water freezing mechanism. Finally, by utilizing the longitudinal temperature distribution data of Hufengling Tunnel on February 6, the sections of the tunnel drainage ditches prone to freezing were predicted. The results indicate that the monthly average temperature in cold-region tunnels increases with the distance from the tunnel portal, while the temperature in the middle section of the tunnel remains relatively stable. The influence of short-term temperature fluctuations on the drainage ditch temperature field diminishes with increasing depth. Both insulated side ditches and insulated central drainage ditches are prone to freezing, with the freezing of insulated side ditches poses a primary challenge in frost damage prevention for cold-region tunnels. Under extremely low-temperature conditions, freezing may occur throughout the insulated side ditches in both the Hufengling Tunnel and Zhishan Tunnel. Under the condition that other factors remain constant, the rate of decrease in water temperature within the drainage ditches decreases with increasing flow velocity and equivalent radius, but increases with a higher convective heat transfer coefficient. A higher initial water temperature results in a correspondingly higher temperature in the drainage ditches; however, under all scenarios, the water temperature eventually equilibrates with that of the drainage ditches wall. The water temperature fluctuates synchronously in response to variations in the ditch wall temperature, while flow velocity has limited effect on the amplitude of these fluctuations. When the equivalent radius remains constant, the flow rate is the dominant factor determining the distance water travels before freezing. In the Hufengling Tunnel, no freezing was observed in the drainage ditches during the cold season. However, during the warm season, when the flow rate is 6.28 L·s−1, freezing may occur in the insulated side ditches within approximately 2800 m from the tunnel portal and in the insulated central drainage ditches between 1000 and 3400 m from the portal. Higher flow rates correspond to shorter freezing sections, while freezing may occur within specific sections under different flow rates. Taking preventive measures based on the prediction results can significantly reduce the risk of drainage ditch freezing and ensure the safe operation of tunnels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 09:16:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2637067</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tyre wear particles : emissions and distribution in soil and stormwater systems in near road environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tyre wear particles (TWP) are a major source of microplastic pollution in road environments, yet their emissions, distribution, and environmental fate remain insufficiently characterised. This thesis presents a multi-scale investigation of TWP emissions in Sweden, their occurrence and distribution in two roadside ditches and one stormwater system, and the effectiveness of selected mitigation strategies. A detailed methodology was developed to estimate national TWP emissions using vehicle-specific emission factors and mileage data. Passenger cars were identified as the largest contributors (55%), followed by heavy-duty vehicles (31%), with rural roads accounting for the highest emissions. Field studies confirmed the occurrence of TWP in stormwater components such as gully pots, wells, and receiving waters. Fine particles 1.6-20 µm constituted a substantial portion of the total TWP load in both water and sediment samples. In roadside soils, TWP 97%), while more water-soluble compounds (e.g., HMMM, OHBT, MTBT, BTSA) exhibited variable leaching. The addition of biochar improved the retention of TWP, TDC and metals in fine, non-vegetative soils, and may contribute to climate mitigation by offsetting carbon emissions from construction materials such as concrete and steel. The thesis also evaluated mitigation strategies, including stormwater systems, road ditches, and bioretention filters. Bioretention filters with the addition of sorption materials demonstrated high removal efficiencies (97-100%) for TWP even under cold and high-flow conditions. The findings in this thesis contribute to improved understanding of TWP transport and retention and support the development of targeted measures to reduce microplastic pollution from road traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermal behavior of road embankments and impact of snow in ditches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666550</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In cold climate regions, seasonal snow accumulation in road ditches plays a critical role in governing the thermal behavior of road embankments. Snow exerts a spatially uneven thermal influence on heat transfer within the embankment due to its strong insulating properties, which can lead to differential frost heave and the formation of cracks on the road surface. However, accurately quantifying this insulation effect requires detailed knowledge of the thermal regime of the snow cover accumulated in the ditches, including its temporal evolution throughout the winter season. Snow is a porous medium characterized by a high volume fraction of air, which significantly reduces the thermal conductivity of snow and provides a strong insulating capacity. This insulation creates a natural temperature gradient between the snow surface and its base, governing the rate of heat transfer through the snow. Once snow is deposited, a temperature gradient develops, initiating metamorphic processes that alter the morphology and bonding of the snow grains. These microstructural changes lead to temporal variations in the thermal conductivity of snow, making its accurate determination over time particularly challenging. Furthermore, freezing-melting cycles modify the content of unfrozen liquid water within the snow structure, which not only complicates the quantification of latent heat exchanges but also exerts a significant influence on the effective thermal conductivity. To address these challenges and gain a deeper understanding of the thermal dynamics in snow-covered road embankments, two experimental field sites were established in Luleå, Sweden.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666550</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Minskad spridning av mikroplastpartiklar från däckslitage : åtgärder på fordon, på väg samt i den vägnära miljön</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666540</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Microplastic particles from tyre wear are estimated to be one of the largest sources of microplastic emissions in Sweden and globally. These particles can accumulate in the environment as they are toxic and difficult to degrade. They can be transported via air, water and snow, and spread in the ground. The spread can pose risks to ecosystems and human health, which justifies measures to reduce emissions and spread. The purpose of this report is to compile knowledge about measures aimed at reducing the spread of microplastic particles from tyre wear to the roadside environment. The focus is on techniques and strategies that are relevant to and can be implemented in a Swedish context. The method is based on a literature review, but above all on results from research projects that have been funded and carried out in collaboration with the Swedish Transport Administration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666540</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing Drainage System Impacts Due to Urban Intensification in Rurally-Serviced Residential Areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The City of Hamilton, Ontario has in recent years seen an increase in the amount of re-development occurring in high-value “desirable” residential neighborhoods in the City. Such re-development typically occurs in older, existing detached residential areas of the City. Re-development tends to involve lot severances and intensification, increasing the impervious coverage of the area through larger homes and increased amenity areas (such as wider driveways, pathways, back yard hardscaping, and other such features). This re-development trend has been of particular note in the Community of Ancaster, within older detached residential areas, and in particular those with rurally-serviced roadways (i.e. roadside ditches). The City of Hamilton has noted concerns with the potential impact of these forms of re-development and intensification to the receiving drainage systems, both in terms of conveyance capacity, as well as the potential impacts to downstream receivers, including sensitive ravine systems. To further assess the potential impacts associated with re-development and intensification, a high-resolution hydrologic/hydraulic model was developed and used to characterize drainage system performance and downstream impacts under both baseline (existing) and potential intensification (future) conditions. A source control strategy was ultimately advanced based on the results, with a focus on private side source controls (Low Impact Development Best Management Practices, or LID BMPs). Potential mitigation measures to address climate change impacts were also assessed and quantified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 10:55:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406874</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Protection of Precious Waters from Road Salt: Mitigation Through Roadside Ditch Capture</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577115</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadway deicers are essential to the functioning of daily life in northern states in winter. After plowing, roadway salting is currently the most practical way of making safe transportation possible in winter. However, road deicer chloride (salt) has a severe negative effect on surrounding watersheds. Yet, currently no methods or procedures
have been developed to capture the chloride. The situation is particularly dire where highways cross small receiving streams that are the habitat of endangered and threatened species, such as the Topeka Shiner, because the high concentration of chloride in the highway runoff does not dilute sufficiently to prevent toxicity in the
hatching and juvenal rearing areas of the streams. This project developed in-ditch salt capture techniques based on mitigation of chloride migration through absorption and capture in a manufactured backfill media. Chloride mass in drainage water was observed and monitored at a range of concentrations before and after percolation through granular soil mixtures “manufactured” to capture chloride and deployed in flow-through sandbags.
Absorbance of chloride was quantified by manufactured soil sandbags in ditch-deployed configurations, allowing optimization of the deployed geometry. Field test installation approaches were designed and tested for chloride capture from actual winter maintenance operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 11:30:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577115</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WSDOT Maintenance Performance Measure Algorithms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research project focuses on deteriorating roadway asset conditions, emphasizing the challenges encountered by the roadway maintenance division of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). The project goal is to develop algorithms for prediction models that will forecast the levels of service (LOS) performance conditions of six important highway assets: culvert maintenance, barrier maintenance, traffic signal systems, ditches, slope repairs, and shoulder maintenance. These algorithms are based on a data-driven approach. The algorithms provide a step-by-step process to develop prediction models. The models can be used to forecast LOS performance conditions and trends under various funding levels, allowing them to set performance targets that align with available funds and asset maintenance priorities, potentially preventing expensive reactive maintenance. Data collection included direct collection from WSDOT and two-phase questionnaire surveys to document factors impacting LOS performance conditions. Statistical analyses such as the Relative Importance Index (RII), Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk normality tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed to determine critical factors for each of the six assets. The project identifies the top five highly ranked factors for each asset, which are utilized during model development. Based on the dataset collected, a future study employing Machine Learning approach is recommended to develop prediction models for the assets. Prediction models serve as a tool for forecasting asset conditions, calculating base funds required for each asset, and optimizing resource allocation. Through the project outcomes, states will be able to improve asset management decision-making, resulting in safer and more environmentally friendly roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2025 12:03:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrologic processes of vegetated swales in controlling urban stormwater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534172</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vegetated swales are elements of Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) well suited for managing urban stormwater close to the source by reducing runoff volumes and peaks, keeping water in the urban landscape, and transporting excess runoff along the green paths. This dissertation explores swales hydrologic processes to advance the understanding of swale functioning under various conditions. Towards this end, the study comprised field experiments in two vegetated swales in Luleå (Northern Sweden) and a long-term monitoring of two paired catchments in Skellefteå (Northern Sweden). One of these catchments was served by a combined stormwater control measure (SCM) representing GSI, and the associated reference catchment was a nearby commercial development with traditional storm sewer drainage. The swales were tested in 24 controlled irrigation experiments mimicking runoff inflows. The combined SCM, consisting of a rocky slope, a vegetated slope and a vegetated collector swale arranged in series, was monitored to assess hydrologic parameters and responses based on natural rainfall inflows. Data were collected on rainfall events, inflow and outflow hydrographs, infiltration, and soil moisture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534172</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An investigation of spray drift deposition of glyphosate from an herbicide spraying train and its potential impact on non-target vegetation and railway ditches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2460534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Spray drift of glyphosate has the potential to affect non-target vegetation and surface waters close to the application area. To assess the likelihood of such impact along Swedish railways, four field experiments were conducted at three railway sites during 2019 and 2020. An herbicide spraying train applied herbicide Roundup Ultra (glyphosate) at speeds of 33 to 48 km/h. Quantitative filter papers were placed at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 5 m distances to capture spray droplets. Wind speeds were low (0–2 m/s), but were found to be representative of normal operating conditions. Spray deposition decreased rapidly with distance, declining from 1800 g a.e./ha to an average of 5 g/ha within 1 m. Predicted 90th percentile drift rates suggested potential impact on vegetation within distances <1 m, where 90th percentile spray deposition would range from full dose to 18 g/ha. Beyond 1.5 m from the sprayed area, impact on vegetation was deemed unlikely. The potential concentrations in ditches near railways did not exceed the 100 μg glyphosate/L environmental quality standard even for ditches situated only 0.5 m from the sprayed area, indicating low risk to ditches or final recipients. Actual impact on vegetation was assessed using weed coverage data recorded by the herbicide spraying train itself. The authors extracted average weed coverages for 10 m sections around the edges of no spray zones and focused on the outermost sections surveyed, 0.35 to 1.4 m outside the application area. Predicted 90th percentile glyphosate deposition ranged from 565 to 6 g/ha, averaging 80 g/ha in this zone. By comparing no spray zones to adjacent track sections, and tracks treated with glyphosate in 2019 to those that were not, the authors demonstrate that there is a statistically significant but relatively minor effect of spray drift on non-target vegetation close to the track.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Dec 2024 13:20:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2460534</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design of Roadside Drainage Channels, Hydraulic Design Series (HDS) 4</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398110</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is the fourth in a series of publications by the Federal Highway Administration on the Design of Hydraulic Drainage Structures. It addresses specific methods for the design of open channels. This report discusses the characteristics of various types of linings and cross sections used for drainage channels; and the effects of channel alinement and grade on channel performance. It also briefly discusses the principals of hydrology and hydraulics. A number of example problems, illustrating the use of the design procedures, are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Jul 2024 16:58:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398110</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design of Stable Channels with Flexible Linings, Hydraulic Engineering Circular (HEC) 15</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398108</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This manual provides hydraulic design methods for various types of flexible channel linings. The permanent linings include vegetation and dumped rock riprap. The temporary linings are fiber glass roving, jutemesh, excelsior mat, and erosionet. Properly designed flexible linings have a number of advantages which are also discussed in the manual. Design charts and tables; computation sheets and examples; and sample specifications are provided in the manual.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Jul 2024 16:58:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398108</guid>
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