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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Forensic Engineering (2006)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Proceedings of the Fourth Forensic Engineering Congress, held in Cleveland, Ohio, October 6-9, 2006. Sponsored by the Technical Council on Forensic Engineering of ASCE. This collection contains 50 papers on forensic engineering that cover a wide array of subjects related to research, practice, and education. Topics include: natural hazards, residential investigations, structures, geotechnics and geo-environment, performance of transportation facilities, historical cases, vibrations, nondestructive evaluation and repair, forensics and design practices, and tunnels and culverts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Apr 2026 15:42:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672677</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Examining the role of transit authorities in supporting people living precariously.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647773</link>
      <description><![CDATA[People living precariously and those sleeping rough have long relied on public assets such as train stations to meet needs otherwise denied to them, including shelter, socialising, and economic engagement. Recognising the complexity of the factors leading to homelessness, and the social implications of managing this issue effectively, many transport authorities are moving away from hostile architecture that displaces populations towards practices that help people engage with social services. This approach extends organisational responsibilities beyond the needs of operations and passengers to include people living precariously and the social services assisting them. While the use of train stations and carriages by people living precariously and by social services already links public transport with broader shadow economies of care (the formal and informal distribution of goods and services), there is an emerging movement to place greater emphasis on these connections. Unfortunately, most transport agencies are not yet equipped for this shift in focus. Inclusive design leading to material changes in train station development requires conscious engagement with shadow economies of care, as decisions will necessitate changes to governance, partnership management, operations, and physical design. This paper explores the boundaries of care for transport agencies and the tensions that can arise between executing their core business of public transport and the broader social responsibilities they shoulder due to influences beyond their control. Case study findings from Australia, based on site observations, social service mapping, and interviews with transport agency staff, social service organisations, and people living precariously, are presented and analysed through framings of care, social justice, and inclusive design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647773</guid>
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      <title>Attaching Steel Bridge Rail Posts Directly to Bridge Decks: Design Procedures, Best Practices, and Case Studies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652004</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Steel post-and-beam railings which attach directly to bridge decks are beneficial for a variety of reasons, including reduction of dead weight, unrestricted drainage, aesthetics, and rapid installation. However, because of a long-standing convention holding that the use of steel posts without curbs is likely to result in costly deck damage, steel bridge railings are used less frequently than concrete parapets and curbed steel railings. Under NCHRP Project 12-119, this convention was challenged, and an updated methodology for evaluating/designing bridge decks to support steel posts was developed. The method is compatible with both damage-mitigating and damage-permitting design philosophies. Failure of the deck slab is characterized as a trapezoidal yield-line mechanism, which can be adjusted to account for local punching shear damage below the post. To develop the methodology, in this research a physical impact test was performed on an instrumented steel post and bridge deck specimen. A calibrated LS-DYNA model was then developed and used to create a data pool consisting of simulated pushover tests of parametric variations and in-service railing models from which design guidance was extracted. General guidelines and best practices for attaching steel posts to bridge decks, which are consistent with the updated methodology, are presented in this paper alongside general recommendations for selecting appropriate post sizes for a common bridge deck designs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Jan 2026 10:50:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652004</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effects of driver behavior and road sign design features on road sign comprehension: An international study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614775</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road traffic signs are tools to maintain safety and efficiency on the road, and their effectiveness may depend on whether the drivers are domestic or international. This research investigates the effects of driver nationality and some other demographic traits (e.g., English proficiency levels and driving experience) on driver comprehension of U.S. road signs with drivers from three English-speaking countries (the United States, the UK, and India).  An online questionnaire was developed and used to collect participants’ responses to three driver tasks: driver road sign comprehension, road sign design features rankings, and Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ).  The results show that nationality influences driver behavior, and the types of road signs can affect driver comprehension of them. Two of the sign design features (concreteness and familiarity), and one of the two DBQ components (Mistake) also impact the comprehension of road signs. The level of English proficiency also significantly affects the preference rankings of sign design features.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2025 09:30:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614775</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Rudder force calculation in the early design stage considering propeller–rudder interaction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to the growing requirements on energy efficiency of ships, certain problems and challenges arise for the design of rudders and propellers. For the rudder, the focus changes for many ship types from solely being a manoeuvring device to positively influencing the propulsion. This paper summarizes a hybrid calculation method for the calculation of rudder forces and for the evaluation of the bidirectional interaction between propeller and rudder for the early design stage. The new hybrid calculation method couples a lifting line approach for multi-component-propulsors with a panel method and a two-dimensional boundary layer method. The calculation results of the developed method are validated with measurements from several model tests. Finally, an application for full-scale predictions is presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Oct 2025 08:52:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612929</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mission profile oriented energy efficiency and CO2 footprint assessment of naval vessels at conceptual design phase: A comparative case study of conventional and hybrid energy systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583021</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CO2 is the main green house gas (GHG) produced in fossil fuel burning engines on ships. The growth of activities of sea-going vessels, have been increasing interest and concerns over ship-born CO2 emissions. Consequently, numerous studies have been introduced for emission estimation. Each estimation approach has its own assumptions, thus uncertainty with data of vessel activities, vessel attributes, and calculating methods. The conceptual design phase is the first phase of ship design. One of the issues addressed at this phase is the assessment of energy system alternatives of relevant ship. A ship energy system provides propulsion and electrical power. The assessment of energy system alternatives for a naval vessel is a very complicated business that has a significant impact and interaction on overall vessel integration. Naval vessels and their energy systems constitute a noteworthy part of the total world ship fleet. The present study aims to present a realistic methodology for estimating efficiency, hence CO2 emissions, for candidate energy systems of surface vessels at conceptual design phase. A frigate is selected as the case (baseline) vessel. Three energy systems, namely CODAD, CODOG, and CODLOG-CC, are proposed as alternatives for the case vessel. Instead of general emission estimation approaches, the present study proposes a mission profile-oriented estimation methodology which provides more precise and accurate results. The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) defines efficiency and sets limitation during design and construction of specific merchant vessels, but since this index does not comply with unique characteristics of mission profile of surface vessels, the novel efficiency design index defined as integral warship EEDI (IWEEDI) is implemented for the case vessel. According to the analysis, CODAD is found to be the most efficient alternative, followed by CODLOG-CC and CODOG, respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 16:50:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583021</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles: Bio-Inspired Aerodynamics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578977</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book highlights the design and performance of bio-inspired approach to a flying drone design. The flying drone design in this book is a micro-air vehicle (MAV) where the wingspan of the drone is less than 15cm. It focuses on the wing design of the MAV which is a flapping wing that is based on bat wings. In the first part, this book delves into the past work that has been done in this area and gives a bigger picture of the design approach as well as the blind spots that are in the field. In the second part, the book presents a novel design process with experiments that have been done to measure the performance of the design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 10:55:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578977</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Advances in AI-powered civil engineering throughout the entire lifecycle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2566929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid advancement of technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has gained widespread applications across various fields, including civil engineering. This paper provides a comprehensive review of AI’s significant roles in design optimization, construction management, structural health monitoring (SHM), and smart city management. AI enhances the scientific and creative dimensions of civil engineering by optimizing design schemes, generating innovative solutions, and improving efficiency. In construction management, AI streamlines processes by enabling better schedule control, cost and quality management, and safety monitoring. In SHM, AI facilitates more accurate fault detection, health assessment, and lifespan prediction, improving the safety, durability, and resilience of infrastructure. AI’s role in smart cities and infrastructure management further supports the efficient governance of urban planning, traffic control, and maintenance operations. However, challenges remain, including integrating AI with legacy infrastructure, ensuring data privacy and security, and overcoming scalability issues in real-world applications. The combination of AI with blockchain technology addresses transparency and security concerns, as demonstrated by emerging pilot projects. Additionally, integrating deep learning with big data will further enhance decision-making capabilities. As interdisciplinary research deepens and intelligent construction technologies become more prevalent, AI-powered civil engineering will advance toward more sustainable, efficient, and innovative practices, ultimately reshaping the field and meeting the demands of future urban development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jul 2025 14:36:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2566929</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recycling design and operations in various supply chain structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the optimal joint decisions regarding recycling design and operations and, thus, differs from previous studies that have considered these two important decisions separately. Following the recycling and outsourcing practices of many supply chains, the authors introduce five supply chain models that may be integrated or decentralized, with or without recycling. Through analytical and numerical investigations, they find that the decision on recyclability during the design phase impacts the overall supply chain decision and operations. Recycling can offer a valuable chance to improve both environmental and overall profit performance. However, recycling does not always lead to profit enhancement for manufacturers that directly determine recyclability. Therefore, the optimal joint consideration of recycling design and operations is important for effective recycling adoption and management. They also reveal that the supply chain structure is a critical factor affecting environmental performance and financial outcomes. A more integrated supply chain can yield better performance, highlighting the importance of orchestrating the recycling process of a supply chain in an integrated manner. Furthermore, they need to be cautious when considering outsourcing the overall recycling process to a professional third-party environment company. Without proper control over other players, this outsourcing decision, which may seem environmentally beneficial, can have serious repercussions for environmental performance. Finally, they identify the external and internal conditions under which environmental and profit performance can be enhanced through recycling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562539</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Avoiding and Minimizing Impacts to Aquatic Resources through Construction Design
Standards</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2549181</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary objective was to summarize best management practices that avoid and minimize impacts on aquatic resources through construction design standards. The study involved a literature review and discussions with experts to identify knowledge gaps regarding the effects of road and bridge construction on aquatic resources. The authors examined how other states responded to similar challenges and the standard specifications they used. These recommendations were based on findings from different states and best practices accepted by regulatory agencies. The research reviewed each state’s processes and guidelines for stream-road crossings, focusing on culvert and bridge designs that affect aquatic resources. The authors identified that impacts on aquatic resources were commonly framed from the context of aquatic organism passage. The authors’ report emphasizes the importance of bridges and culvert design specifics for maintaining ecological connectivity and the long-term health of aquatic ecosystems while also considering road crossings’ structural integrity and safety. Information on the design specifics of culverts and bridges is described within the report. The authors provided a foundation for future studies and improvements to construction standards, aiming to reduce adverse effects on aquatic resources while meeting public safety and use demands.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 May 2025 09:41:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2549181</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a New Highway Drainage Manual</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485310</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this research was to produce a new, up‐to‐date highway drainage manual informed by the 2014 AASHTO Drainage Manual (ADM) and the results of National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 20‐07/417 that provides state and local transportation agencies with design policy and guidance and the technical background to support them. The new manual will be developed in modules that enable faster implementation and future updates to incorporate research findings, emerging issues and technologies, and new design responsibilities. The new highway drainage manual developed by this research project will be provided to AASHTO for possible consideration as a replacement for the 2014 ADM. If adopted, AASHTO will determine the title for the new drainage manual, but for purposes of this report the document developed has been referred to as the “new highway drainage manual.”]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Jan 2025 17:07:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485310</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation and Design of Horizontal Directional Drilling for Water Transmission Main Installation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2218552</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Early in the conceptual design stages of a water transmission main design project, areas where standard open-cut installation would be difficult or costly were identified and trenchless methods to install segments of the proposed 400 mm (16-inch) diameter main were evaluated. Three areas along the proposed route were identified as conducive to trenchless installation: a major street crossing which has traffic impact considerations and requires numerous concrete encased utility crossings; a brook-box culvert adjacent to a reservoir and a railroad track crossing. Trenchless methods were also considered for crossing Interstate Highway Route 95. However, it was determined during design that sufficient space inside the existing bridge utility bay would eliminate the need to install the main by trenchless methods at this location. Trenchless technologies considered included horizontal directional drilling, jacking, microtunneling and boring. The use of a single method of trenchless technology was the design objective. This would allow for one contractor to perform the three installations and minimize costs. Space and construction impact considerations resulted in the selection of horizontal directional drilling to install the proposed transmission main in the three locations. The necessity of installing a sleeved main under the railroad right-of-way resulted in an innovative design in which the sleeve would be installed by horizontal directional drilling and the main will be placed inside by traditional installation methods. The sleeve would be shorter than the actual length of directional drill required to install it under the track. However, upon review of the proposed installation by railroad authorities, directional drilling was not allowed at this location and installation by jacking was utilized in final design. This paper will present the methods evaluated, the design issues encountered, utility survey and geotechnical investigations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Dec 2024 13:29:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2218552</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development Length for Anchor Bolts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431694</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper summarizes finding of a research program to study design criteria for the proper lengths for anchor bolt embedment into drilled shafts. The program included a series of tests on 36 anchor bolts ranging from 1 1/4 to 3 in. in diameter which were embedded near the edge of a square shaft specimen and were under a combination of flexural tension, bond, and splitting conditions approximating those in the prototype. Loaded-end slip behavior was determined at nominal working loads, at first yielding, and in many cases at ultimate capacity. Important trends affecting design practices are indicated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 Sep 2024 16:56:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431694</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Review of Classification Yard Design Practices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2413810</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of a recent study of railroad switchyard technology, Stanford Research Institute (SRI) determined that the design of classification yards has a significant impact on the effectiveness of yard operation. In addition, classification yards have been identified as a major source of other significant railroad problems, such as delays, delivery time unreliability, and low utilization of freight cars. As a result, the Federal Railroad Administration and the Transportation Systems Center of the Department of Transportation are sponsoring a research project to establish a set of practical guidelines, procedures, and principles that will facilitate the process of classification yard design and engineering. This report documents the review of current classification yard design practices within the railroad industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Aug 2024 17:03:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2413810</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Genetic Algorithm Selection for Ship Concept Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974318</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Engineering designers are increasingly looking to automate the design process. By utilizing tools to support decision making engineers can explore a wider range of options and reduce the time to an initial design, which can then be iterated over a number of cycles. One area which is prominent in the literature is the design of boat layouts as this is a complex part of the design which interacts with a range of different subsystems. The layout is often optimized using Genetic Algorithms and the selection of these algorithms has been shown to be important. In addition, the representation for this problem is also vital, with a balance between the continuous nature of the design space and the total size of the space. This paper therefore explores one representation, the vector-based approach, to determine how reducing the number of constraints might improve the performance. The new representation is compared over 3 problems of increasing complexity using a number of current state-of-the-art Genetic Algorithms. The results show that the reduction in constraints increases the size of the space more than it reduces the complexity, showing poorer results than previously. cMLSGA is always the top performing Genetic Algorithm and it can be concluded that the diversity focused general solvers should be promoted on similar kind of problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Aug 2024 11:20:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974318</guid>
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