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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Review of the structural fire resistance in tunnels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707954</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The standard fire ISO 834-1 (EN 1363-1 in Europe) developed at the end of 19th century drove the structural fire resistance of building and infrastructures. In particular, increased safety in construction. Prescriptive regulations were based on an ISO-Fire rating. European harmonisation allowed a Eurocode development for structural design and in particular structural fire design. However, large tunnel fires occurring at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century have identified phenomenon which have not observed in ISO conventional fire conditions. New research was conducted notably for assessing the concrete spalling due to higher fire kinetics. RWS was initiated, and development of passive fire protection or a new design of concrete which may sustain direct exposed to fire. This phenomenon seems more or less contained, as we have observed less research on this topic which focuses on design details (equipment, structural supports, ..). However, when a risk can be monitored, new ones are appearing with a high fire kinetics and possibly combined with explosion effects. Structural fire research must continue. An ethos of continuous fire safety improvements should be implemented on existing high category tunnels. In addition, climate changes are limiting city expansions which increases the need to build over roads and rails creating new tunnels with a new specific structural fire safety objective of no collapse, even for small tunnels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 11:20:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707954</guid>
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      <title>Design of a new movable transfer bridge at the Souris Ferry Terminal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Parsons, as prime consultant and lead structural designer with subconsultants Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates (WJE), Baird, and GEMTEC, was selected to provide engineering services to Public Services and Procurement Canada to design a new Movable Transfer Bridge (MTB) at the Souris Ferry Terminal in Prince Edward Island. The replacement of the existing MTB was required as the MV Madeleine ferry was replaced in 2020 with the interim MV Madeleine II. Required modifications to accommodate MVMadeleine II and other potential vessels and to achieve maximum allowable gradient changes necessitated the complete replacement of the MTB. The project included the design of the new bridge, a control building, all the mechanical and electrical equipment related, and civil works.  Design challenges faced by the team during the preliminary design phase included suitable configurations capable of achieving the required vertical movement, setting the elevation of the level deck in comparison to the terminal elevation, and protecting the bridge elements against climatic hazards. As the new MTB will be in service for at least 40 years, predicting the future sea level rise due to climate change played a considerable role in selecting total vertical movement that needed to be accommodated and the abutment elevation. The increased range of movement, together with requirements for low clearance and long overhang vehicles to be able to board the ship in most tidal conditions were the main inputs on selecting the length of the MTB. An effective structural concept was proposed and selected by the client to improve the bridge serviceability and durability: it consisted of the minimization of the number of pivot bearings, their raising on pedestals to improve their protection, and the consideration of a non-redundant structural system consisting of only two (2) main girders and one (1) lifting beam.  This paper will detail the challenges encountered during the design process, including the development of a live load model and load combinations adapted to project specifics, a reliability analysis to improve structural safety of the non-redundant structure and limitations of Canadian codes and standards (CSA S826:011 and S6:192) for this specialized bridge type. Other challenges, such as the detailed design of a small box section lifting beam, the request from the client to galvanize all the structural steel, and the design of a simplified orthotropic steel deck will also be investigated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:52:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661741</guid>
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      <title>Two Galloping Goose Trail Pedestrian Bridges – Designed with Active Transportation Users in Mind</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659366</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Galloping Goose Trail is a popular 55 km long Active Transportation path running along a re-purposed former railway right-of-way from Victoria to Sooke, BC. Its beautiful, picturesque route crosses urban infrastructure at various locations. Stantec is currently working on two separate projects to safely allow users to cross busy streets via grade-separated pedestrian bridges. Stantec designed both structures for optimal user enjoyment and safety, while minimizing capital construction costs, ongoing maintenance costs and inconvenience to road users during construction.  The pedestrian bridge in Colwood is being delivered via a Design-Build (D/B) project delivery model and will be a three-span continuous bridge comprising an aesthetically pleasing variable depth box girder with a precast concrete deck and bespoke safety railings with a “reeds and branches” motif. Approaches to the bridge will be Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) ramps with greenwalls to complement the natural surroundings of the bridge. Mid-ramps will allow users to access Sooke Road. The bridge and ramps will have low-energy-consuming LED safety pathway lighting and variable-colour structure highlighting. Stantec accommodated existing civil infrastructure and variable sub-surface geotechnical conditions during the design phase in 2023-204 and construction by Surespan Group of Companies is ongoing in 2025.  The pedestrian bridge in Saanich at Tillicum Road is being delivered via a Design-Bid-Build (DBB) project delivery model and will also be three spans with the center span comprising a tubular steel truss supporting a composite precast concrete deck. Sidespans will comprise precast concrete deck panels supported from below by concrete girders. Grade separating approaches to the bridge will be MSE walls with mid ramps to allow access to Tillicum Road. Construction is expected to take place in 2026.  This presentation will illustrate the key design features of both structures, and the challenges and opportunities faced during their construction, with emphasis on design efforts undertaken to minimize capital construction costs, maintenance costs and user comfort, safety and enjoyment of AT users while minimizing disruption of traffic during construction. We discuss key methodologies used and challenges expected to be encountered during construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:52:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659366</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Pattullo Bridge Replacement: Surrey Multi-Use Path Structure, Design &amp; Construction Challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The existing Pattullo Bridge over Fraser River in greater Vancouver area was built in 1937 to carry vehicular and pedestrian traffic between the City of Surrey and New Westminster. Over the period, it has become difficult to drive on its existing narrow lanes without median barrier. Moreover, the existing Pattullo Bridge does not meet the current seismic standards. The Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project is a solution to all the above-mentioned problems. The multi-use path (MUP) connection to the new bridge in Surrey is a vital component of the Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project. Its primary function is to ensure the uninterrupted movement of pedestrians and cyclists across the new bridge and between the new bridge and ground level beneath the new bridge in Surrey. It is an 11 span 4.0m wide Multi-User Path (MUP) Structure in an area full of geotechnical and environmental constraints. Due to significant drop in elevation required in limited available space, the MUP connection structure in Surrey is a 2-level composite steel girder bridge which spirals over multiple concrete piers supported by steel pipe piles. This paper discusses the challenges faced during design and construction of this unique structure due to its extremely irregular geometry, proximity to existing Pattullo Bridge and soils with potential to liquefaction and settlement. Moreover, Surrey MUP Structure is located in an area full of cultural and environmental constraints. Finite element analysis of Surrey MUP Structure was performed for its design and to check its seismic interaction with two other adjacent bridges sharing piers with it. An Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) foam embankment was proposed past abutment due to potentially settleable subgrade soils. All of this led to achieving a constructable solution for this bridge, hence meeting project functional requirements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:52:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657158</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Human posture and motion prediction for automotive ergonomics design : enhancing functionality and accuracy in digital human modelling tools</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666546</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Product development (PD) increasingly relies on digital tools to support the process of exploring, generating, and evaluating product design proposals. Ergonomics plays a critical role in ensuring that product designs align with human capabilities and needs. Digital human modelling (DHM) tools can simulate human-product interactions and assess ergonomics virtually, before physical prototypes exist. In vehicle design, DHM tools are frequently applied in occupant packaging activities, supporting the design of vehicle interiors that accommodate a diverse user population. Still, although commonly used in industry, DHM tools have various limitations. One challenge is their limited ability to predict human postures and motions with sufficient accuracy. This inaccuracy is the result of current simulation procedures and the prediction models used. To compensate for this, DHM tool users often require significant manual adjustments to produce realistic postures, making the process time-consuming, subjective, and difficult to reproduce. Moreover, the simulation procedures themselves can be complex and inefficient, reducing their accessibility and usefulness in iterative design work. These limitations often lead to costly and time-consuming validation activities involving real users. This thesis addresses these challenges by developing and evaluating methods and models to enhance the functionality and accuracy of posture and motion predictions in DHM tools.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666546</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Structural optimisation of single span steel-concrete high-speed railway bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis focuses on optimisation of single span steel-concrete composite high-speed railway (HSR) bridges. The research aims to investigate how different parameters, such as span length, steel grade, cross-section type, and damper usage, influence the design of optimised bridges. A case-study bridge with an installed long-term monitoring system is used in a model updating procedure using error domain model falsification (EDMF) and then optimised by a Genetic Algorithm (GA). Then, a parametric study on the aforementioned parameters is performed, using the bridge as a reference. The thesis is a compilation of three papers, in which the first, Paper I, a simplified 2D FE model of a simply supported bridge was calibrated using EDMF. A sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the parameters that govern the dynamic response. The decisive parameters were then updated using falsification to obtain accurate parameter ranges. It is shown that the most accurate dynamic behaviour is achieved using updated material parameters instead of Eurocode parameters, and that falsification is an efficient approach to perform model calibration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666535</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Concurrent topology and sizing optimisation for multifunctional structural design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The need for resource efficient transport is increasing as environmental concerns are growing ever more important. One of the most important vehicle properties when it comes to fuel consumption is the mass of the vehicle, with heavier vehicles requiring more energy and therefore more fuel to operate. A key strategy when designing more efficient vehicles for transport is thus to make the vehicles as light as possible. During operation, different vehicles are have to fulfill a number of different requirements, such as protecting passengers and cargo from the elements, being safe in case of an accident and maintaining a comfortable sound level for the passengers. These requirements are often conflicting, especially in a lightweight context. It is well known that stiff and lightweight structures tend to vibrate more when exposed to dynamic loads, severely degrading the acoustic performance. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to investigate design methodologies that can be used to design lightweight components with good structural and acoustic properties at an early stage of the design process, where the design freedom is large. Key is the fact that response to both static and dynamic loading is taken into account simultaneously instead of sequentially, this is to prevent the emergence of design solutions with very good structural performance, but whose poor dynamic behaviour requires mass-intensive sub-systems to be added at a later stage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Potenzial zur Steigerung der Nachhaltigkeit im Betonbrückenbau</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592046</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ziel ist es, Betonbrücken (Über- und Unterbauten) hinsichtlich des Beton-/Zementverbrauchs zu optimieren und den CO2-Verbrauch zu minimieren. Die Möglichkeiten zur Verringerung des CO2-Verbrauchs sind ausgehend von definierten Referenzbauwerken, geplant und konstruiert auf der Grundlage des geltenden Regelwerks für den Brückenbau, aufzuzeigen. In diesem Zusammenhang können unter anderem auch Potenziale von hochfesten und/oder ultrahochfesten Betonen sowie Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Quervorspannung (auch über Kastenquerschnitte hinaus) berücksichtigt werden. Heutige Anforderungen an Robustheit sollen nicht abgemindert werden. Die Erkenntnisse zu CO2-Verbrauchsminderungs-Potenzialen beim Betonbrückenbau und zur Steigerung der Nachhaltigkeit (Fokus Ökologie) können in Pilotprojekten erprobt werden und sollen, sofern sie sich bewähren, im Regelwerk für den Brückenbau berücksichtigt werden. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The aim is to optimise concrete bridges (superstructures and substructures) in terms of concrete/cement consumption and to minimise CO2 consumption. In this context, e.g. the potential of high-strength and/or ultra-high-strength concretes and possible applications of transverse prestressing can be taken into account. Current robustness requirements should not be reduced. The possible reduction in CO2 consumption is demonstrated based on defined reference structures, planned and designed in accordance with the current regulations for bridge construction. The findings on the CO2 consumption reduction potential in concrete bridge construction and on increased sustainability (focus on ecology) can be tested in pilot projects and will be taken into account in the revision of the regulations for bridge construction.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Nov 2025 06:32:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592046</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis and evaluation of wingsails with crescent-shaped profiles : from aerodynamics to aeroelasticity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seaborne transportation accounts for ~2% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has stipulated that GHG emissions should be reduced by 50% before 2050 compared to 2018. The use of wind-assisted ship propulsion (WASP) is considered an effective way to reach the target. In this context, this thesis aims to promote wingsails with crescent-shaped profiles through the assessment of their aerodynamic and aeroelastic performance, as well as long-term propulsive efficiency. This thesis provides an in-depth investigation into the unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic characteristics of wingsails, setting it apart from other related work. Conceptual designs of crescent-shaped wings were investigated using high-fidelity numerical simulations. Wind tunnel (WT) tests were conducted for validation. Flows were simulated with the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (URANS) and improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES). Structures were analyzed with finite element methods. To simulate the fluid-structure interaction, a two-way coupled algorithm was used. Additionally, the long-term propulsion performance was assessed with an in-house program, ShipCLEAN. The aerodynamic analyses revealed that the crescent-shaped wingsails generate higher thrustforces compared to traditional symmetric airfoils, especially under sidewind conditions. However, unsteady aerodynamic characteristics due to strong flow separation were observed. Different structural configurations were evaluated, with a focus on balancing the weight, strength, and rigidity. The aeroelastic analyses pointed out significant fluid-structure interaction effects. The structural deformations have a notable influence on thrust generation. It means that aeroelasticity must be considered in the wingsail design and operation in practice. A long-term case study demonstrated that a large commercial ship equipped with a selected crescent-shaped wingsail achieves fuel savings of up to 10%, depending on wind conditions and operational strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534277</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From understanding to generative design of sustainable urban forms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534274</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This dissertation integrates fractal geometry theory, deep learning models, and agent-based modelling (ABM) to enhance the understanding and future generative design of sustainable urban forms. Four models were developed in this dissertation based on: Graph-based fractality index (GFI), Spatio-structural self-similarity, Simple agents-complex emergent path systems (SACP), as well as a model with its web-based tool for road evaluation by desire path simulation system (RED-PaSS). (1. The GFI model, grounded in fractal theory and deep learning techniques, is capable to characterize the complexity of building groups; (2. the spatio-structural self-similarity model examines self-similarity from a spatial and structural perspective, correcting long-standing misinterpretations of self-similarity in classical statistical fractal theory. This model is also capable to predict the years of historical urban forms including London building groups and US street networks; (3. the SACP model is based on ABM and simulates the emergence of desire paths by modelling pedestrian natural movement with simple vision parameters and interaction principles; and (4. the RED-PaSS model with its tool evaluates, ranks, and enhances the walkability of street networks compared to the generated optimal path systems based on pedestrian natural movement. This dissertation's holistic approach not only aids in the characterization of current urban patterns but also in generative design of future urban landscapes that are natural and sustainable. The integration of advanced computational techniques, such as deep learning and ABM, enables exploration of urban dynamics at unprecedented scales and resolutions. The continuous advancement of these models is crucial for addressing urbanization challenges and fostering sustainable, liveable cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534274</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pre-study to investigate opportunities and challenges of digitalization and automation in bridge design : highlighting the human contribution to success/failure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary aim of the study is to identify possible research opportunities by focusing on identified opportunities and challenges of digitalization and automation in bridge engineering and specifically concerning the task of bridge design. The development and application of digital or automated technologies that have affected society in recent decades has had no less of an impact on the structural engineering profession. Some different terms have been associated with the transformation toward digital technologies in the construction engineering sector. In this pre-study, we will focus on digital transformation and automation in bridge engineering, although some parts (e.g. the literature review) will consider these aspects for the structural (or even civil) engineering profession in general.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534238</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated methodologies for electrified aircraft design : from conceptualization to optimization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534230</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This work explores the design and optimization of electrified configurations in aviation, focusing on the application and adaptation of these technologies across various aircraft classes. It utilizes a range of methodologies, including the development of a novel engine design approach, multi-disciplinary frameworks and the integration of surrogate modeling techniques, to enhance the conceptual design process and facilitate efficient exploration of complex design spaces. This work demonstrates that electrified systems can significantly improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions, particularly in short-haul applications where the current limitations of battery technology are less restrictive. The work identifies critical design trade-offs, such as the impact of battery weight on overall aircraft performance and the benefits of distributed propulsion systems in reducing aerodynamic drag and enhancing energy efficiency. An uncertainty analysis further reveals the critical role of technological advancements in electrical powertrain components and their implications for the operational viability of electrified aircraft. The findings indicate that while near-term benefits can be achieved with current hybrid configurations, fully electrified aircraft will depend on future improvements in battery energy density and powertrain technologies. Through these diverse methodologies and analyses, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities in electrified aircraft design, offering insights that are crucial for advancing sustainable aviation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534230</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Balancing value trade-offs in automotive platform evolution : a proactive flexibility modelling approach for efficient technology introduction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534200</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In a rapidly evolving automotive landscape, with quick technological advancements and shifting customer demands, the ability to design flexible product platforms has become a critical competitive advantage. This thesis aims to develop design supports for the iterative design and analysis of the incorporation of new technology into automotive product platforms, by investigating how these platforms can adapt to rapid technological changes and diverse customer demands, i.e., expand their external variety. The intense competitive landscape and minimal profit margins in the automotive industry have necessitated its platform development to focus on cost efficiency and standardization, i.e., limiting the internal variety. However, with the increasing pressures of sustainability and the need for quicker market responses, traditional approaches have shown that the rigidity of the constraints they impose limits their ability to adapt swiftly. This thesis proposes a model-based framework that emphasizes the early integration of flexibility, value-based decision-making, resilient design strategies, and proactive risk management to address these challenges. A new method using the concept of platform margins was introduced to assess platform flexibility over time. Further, the concept of resilient objects was developed, which are platform components that can easily adapt to or absorb changes. The research also addressed change propagation, especially considering Field Effects (FE). These methods were validated through real-world tests involving experienced practitioners from Swedish automotive OEMs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534200</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Propeller-hull interaction effects in waves : part 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534180</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project focuses on enhancing the design of fuel-efficient ships by accurately predicting power requirements, considering the interactions between various ship components such as the hull, propeller, appendages, and machinery. These interactions are critical for balanced powering, which directly influences fuel consumption, operational costs, and environmental impact. Traditional power prediction methods typically assume calm water conditions, overlooking the significant effects of waves on ship performance, including changes in ship motions, resistance, wake, speed, and propeller/engine load. The project aims to address these limitations by investigating propeller-hull interaction effects under both calm water and regular head wave conditions, using model-scale numerical simulations. The study is structured in three phases: examining the bare hull, the propeller alone (Propeller Open Water or POW), and the self-propelled hull.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534180</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improved prediction methods for ships - energy saving devices : summary project report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many ship owners consider performance improvement techniques for their fleets to comply with new IMO energy efficiency standards. Additional requirements include Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) and Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) as a part of the global measures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from Marine transportation. The easiest method to minimize energy efficiency index is to reduce vessel's propulsion power for a given cruising speed. Theoretically, equipping vessels with Energy Saving Devices (ESD) is one of the methods to achieve this goal. Installing an ESD is a major investment for the ship owner but in return it might provide fuel savings of around 1-5%. Selecting the correct ESD is a challenge for ship owners since there are a variety of ESDs on the market. They can be designed uniquely to each ship,or some advertised as general-purpose solution. Consequently, prior to an order, a reliable prediction of the energy savings is required. There is currently no standard for how such a prediction is to be carried out and how the expected energy gain should be reported to the customer. There have been some attempts from International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) to recommend guidelines for both experimental methods in towing tanks (EFD) and numerical flow calculations (CFD), but many studies have found that the predictions can differ significantly not only between EFD and CFD but also between different variants of CFD methods and softwares. Improvement in simulation methods, together with increasing computational power, has promised new opportunities for studying detailed flow of ESD. But for such a complex computation, uncertainties are abundant. This project aimed to investigate the capability of available CFD softwares used for predicting the energy efficiency of ESDs, focusing on commercially useful methods in terms of cost and delivery time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534178</guid>
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