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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>A comparative study of desiccation-induced shrinkage and cracking behavior of clayey soils from a cracked road</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598942</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The shrink-swell behavior of clayey soils is a major concern in geotechnical engineering, particularly due to its role in the formation of desiccation cracks that undermine the structural integrity of road pavements. This study investigates the shrinkage and desiccation-induced cracking behavior of three different clayey soils: a swelling clay (calcium-rich Bentonite), a non-swelling clay (Kaolinite), and a clayey soil sampled from the cracked RD105 marsh road in Southwest France (Esnandes). Linear shrinkage tests (NF P 94–060–2) and 2D Digital Image Correlation (DIC-2D) were employed to monitor and quantify shrinkage deformation and crack propagation during desiccation. Microscopic (SEM/EDS) and mineralogical (XRD) analyses provided insights into the material properties influencing desiccation behavior. The results revealed substantial differences among the soils. Bentonite exhibited the highest volumetric shrinkage (47 %) and the most extensive cracking, characterized by a Crack Surface Ratio (CSR) of 32 % and an average crack width of 4.7 mm. Esnandes showed intermediate behavior, with 41 % volumetric shrinkage, a CSR of 14.5 %, and an average crack width of 3.5 mm. Kaolinite, by contrast, exhibited minimal shrinkage (16 %) and no significant cracking. The drying kinetics analysis indicated that Kaolinite reached its shrinkage limit within 1.4 days, Esnandes within 2.6 days, and Bentonite within 5.5 days. The final residual water content stabilized at 10 % for Bentonite, 3 % for Esnandes, and 0.1 % for Kaolinite. These findings highlight the critical role of soil mineralogy in governing shrinkage and cracking mechanisms, underscoring the importance of tailored stabilization strategies when constructing on expansive clayey soils.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:39:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598942</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Determination of Optimum Content of Additive for Stabilization of Expansive Soil Considering its Shrinkage, Swelling, Desiccation Cracking, and Shear strength Response</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2419890</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current study proposes an approach for the determination of optimum additive content to stabilize the expansive soil for the construction of highway embankments by conducting an extensive experimental series of various tests such as one-dimensional swelling, in-laboratory desiccation cracking along with shrinkage, and unconfined compression. The conventional approach for determining the optimum additive content is based only on the increase in unconfined compressive (UC) strength. However, this approach is not suitable for expansive soils for which the major issues of concern are swelling, shrinkage, and desiccation cracking rather than UC strength only. The proposed approach determines the optimum content of the chosen additive based on the major issues of expansive soil (swelling, shrinkage, desiccation cracking) without compromising the shear strength (UC strength). Fly ash and lime were used for the stabilization of expansive soil in different percentages and the optimum content of each additive was determined using both approaches (conventional and proposed approach). The experimental results exhibited that the proposed approach for the determination of additive content gives a holistic solution for the stabilization of expansive soils covering all the issues, unlike the conventional approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Oct 2024 09:37:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2419890</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New binary paper/wood industry waste blend for solidification/stabilisation of problematic soil subgrade: macro-micro study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2144232</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents the potential application of paper/wood industry waste by-products, i.e. lignosulphonate (LS) in conjunction with lime (LM) [i.e. LS-based cementing admixture (LSCA)] to mitigate desiccation induced cracking and mechanical vulnerabilities of expansive soil subgrade. The results showed that the LSCA and lime (LM) significantly ameliorated the soil consistency, subgrade strength characteristics (i.e. California bearing ratio and resilient modulus), and completely mitigated the swelling potential with enhanced resistance against Sr. Moreover, the LSCA and LM notably reduced the 3D-volumetric shrinkage and crack intensity factor (CIF) by 90.1 and 87.4%, respectively. The mineralogical and microstructural analyses manifested that the LSCA induced new cementitious compounds (i.e. hydrates of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate), and substantially enhanced the interlocking among the soil particles compared to the untreated and LS-treated soils. Besides, pavement thickness analyses showed that the LSCA treated subgrade, omits the provision of sand cushion and sub-base course promoting road material conservation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2023 10:58:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2144232</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical multidisciplinary optimization of aircraft with flight dynamic stability constraints</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1778504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Classical approach to conceptual and preliminary design in aerospace sciences reaches limits. To go further and achieve better, competitive results’ use of optimization methods becomes mandatory. The trend is clearly visible in professional software for simulations equipped with optimization tools, which was not standard just decade ago. Many examples of multidisciplinary optimization were shown, especially with coupled aerodynamics and structure analyses, but only few of them consider dynamic stability effects in the conceptual and preliminary design. The article shows successful example of multidisciplinary design and optimization of Vertical Takeoff and Landing aircraft, which includes coupling of aerodynamics, mass analyses and innovative approach of constraints from flight dynamic stability. Presented optimization framework revealed potential for more efficient conceptual and preliminary design with the result of known dynamic stability characteristics of the aircraft. Obtaining the dynamic stability characteristics is not common on the early stages of the design yet crucial for the aircraft flight performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jun 2021 18:38:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1778504</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation of the Performance of Solar Driven Thermoelectric Based Rotary Desiccant Wheel HVAC System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1732639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the automotive applications, the main functionality of the HVAC system includes heating, ventilation, and cooling or air-conditioning of the vehicle to achieve the desired indoor thermal comfort. In the current scenario, the conventional vapor compression based HVAC system is widely used. The typical refrigerants used to operate this equipment include HFCs and HFOs which are susceptible to cause an environmental hazard. This article aims to assess the performance of a hypothetical solar-driven thermoelectric based rotary desiccant wheel HVAC system (D-HVAC) to be used for automotive applications. The D-HVAC system uses the desiccant wheel to remove the latent heat, energy wheel to remove the sensible heat, evaporating coolers to achieve further cooling, the regeneration of the desiccant wheel by hot air and water as the refrigerant. In the case of a solar-driven-DHVAC system, solar energy is utilized for the regeneration of the desiccant wheel in place of hot air. However, the intensity of incident solar energy varies throughout the day. To compensate for this energy fluctuation an additional thermoelectric system (Peltier device) can be added to achieve the optimum regeneration of the desiccant wheel. The Peltier device avails the advantage to simultaneously heat the regeneration air and cool the process air to achieve the highest cooling coefficient of performance (COP) of the solar-driven D-HVAC system. The usage of PV cells to produce the required electricity to operate the blowers (for process air and regeneration air) and motor of the rotary desiccant wheel and TEC. Overall, through numerical simulation, the increment in the COP of the solar-driven thermoelectric based rotary desiccant wheel HVAC system in comparison with the simple D-HVAC system and conventional vapor compression based HVAC system are investigated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2020 17:30:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1732639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydro-Mechanical Analysis of Crack Initiation in Expansive Soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1559937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavements constructed on expansive soil subgrades experience longitudinal cracks due to the desiccation of the subgrade soil from the environmental loads. During the soil desiccation, cracks initiate as a consequence of the soil shrinkage. These cracks can propagate to the overlaying pavement layers. Further, cracks decrease the soil strength and increase its hydraulic conductivity and compressibility. This paper presents a laboratory testing protocol and a simple analytical approach in identifying the crack initiation criteria. Four different laboratory tests have been undertaken to investigate the shrinkage cracks in expansive soils. These tests are suction measurements, free shrinkage test, constrained shrinkage test, and splitting tensile strength test (STT). The constrained shrinkage test was conducted using the restrained ring test (RRT). The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) in terms of the degree of saturation was predicted by utilizing the gravimetric water content measurements and the soil shrinkage characteristic curve. The suction measurements and the tensile stress measurements from the RRT were tracked from the beginning of the shrinkage test until the crack initiation stage. The results confirm that a crack first initiates when the suction becomes close to the air entry value (AEV). A qualitative comparison between the tensile stress from the RRT and the tensile strength from the STT was carried out. It was found that the tensile stress increases with the soil shrinkage while the tensile strength starts to decrease at a suction stage close to the AEV.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Oct 2018 15:26:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1559937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Effects of Soil Suction on Shallow Slope Stability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463524</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research work described in this report was undertaken to improve understanding of desiccation cracking and shallow slope failures in clayey slopes subjected to seasonal variations in weather. Research involved field and laboratory testing and computer modeling. Two test sites where shallow slope failures had occurred were instrumented with weather monitoring equipment and sensors to measure variations in soil moisture. The purpose was to examine the variations in soil moisture, and hence shear strength, as a function of time and depth. A primary goal was to evaluate two commercially available computer programs with respect to their ability to predict soil moisture changes and suction. Results of the study indicated that reasonable predictions of soil moisture changes due to weather are possible with commercial software but considerable effort is needed for parameter determination, model calibration and validation. Unsaturated seepage analyses provided insight into pore water pressure development in the slopes considering the impact of desiccation cracking. The results suggest that desiccation cracks may increase the mass hydraulic conductivity of the near surface soils by one to two orders of magnitude. Further, results of seepage analyses suggest that upper layers of the slope soil profile may become nearly saturated in some areas with positive pore water pressure developing over a significant portion of the failure surface. Unsaturated slope stability analyses were conducted using the predicted pore pressure distributions from unsaturated seepage models and unsaturated strength parameters determined from suction-controlled direct shear tests on compacted soil. In addition, traditional slope stability analyses were conducted using drained shear strength parameters and assumed positive pore pressures. Both methods provided reasonable predictions of the failure conditions (factor of safety of 1) for the two sites; however, both have advantages and disadvantages relative to one another. A simple method of predicting the depth of desiccation cracks in compacted soil was developed based on linear elastic theory and shows promise relative to observations at one of the test sites. Tensile strengths used in crack depth predictions were based on measurements in a new apparatus developed and manufactured at the University of Oklahoma. Theoretical predictions of tensile strength based on a micro-structural effective stress model compared favorably to measured strengths.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 May 2017 15:49:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463524</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Guar Gum Biopolymer Treatment Toward Mitigation of Desiccation Cracking on Slopes Built with Expansive Soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Expansive soil embankments are prone to shallow slope failures caused by associated swell–shrink movements. Previous studies have confirmed that seasonal changes and corresponding volumetric changes are responsible for desiccation cracking, which is a major factor behind shallow slope failures of highway embankments. For the past few years, soil stabilization proved to be an effective way to mitigate the swell–shrink property of expansive clays. The current study addresses the feasibility of guar gum biopolymer in mitigating the swell–shrink behavior of clays and in turn making it possible to adopt them as stable geomaterials. The sustainable benefits of biopolymers far exceed the environmental benefits from conventional stabilizers that contractors typically use. This paper presents a comprehensive laboratory study, followed by finite difference modeling analysis, on biopolymeric guar gum–remediated expansive soils collected from shallow slope failure-prone areas. For this study, two dam locations, at Grapevine Lake and Joe Pool Lake, Texas, that were originally constructed with expansive soils, were considered. The engineering performance of biopolymer-treated soils was evaluated and an optimum dosage was recommended for mitigating desiccation cracking at the test sites. Slope stability analyses were conducted using Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in Three Dimensions software by adopting laboratory-determined strength parameters to determine the range of the factor of safety for the slopes. The variation of the factor of safety computed with the inclusion of enhanced engineering parameters from guar gum treatments revealed the advantages of adopting this treatment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Mar 2017 10:25:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Desiccation Cracking of Expansive Soil: Experimental Characterization and Numerical Simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438748</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Desiccation cracking may cause significantly changes in the physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of soils, consequently affecting the performance and durability of geostructures including embankment and pavement. To understand the behaviors controlling the formation and propagation of desiccation cracks, an experimental program is set up to monitor the drying process of a bentonite clay under the laboratory condition. Bentonite slurry was prepared in a petri dish and kept in an insulated chamber with constant humidity and temperature. Moisture content and the cracking image are captured with instruments. The boundary conditions are controlled where a hydrophobic coating was applied to the dish to prevent cracking and delay curling. Image analysis is utilized to determine the relationship between volumetric strain and water content. Using the data collected, a Discrete Element Method (DEM) model has been built to simulate the soil shrinkage, and formation and propagation of desiccation cracking. Calibration process are conducted to determine the parameters for the DEM model. These include the particle size of DEM model is scaled according to the monitored volumetric strain at different water content, and a series of unconfined compression tests were conducted on bentonite samples at different water contest. The experimental data were used to characterize the micro particle parameters for the DEM model. The cracking patterns of bentonites with different sample thicknesses and bottom constraints were simulated. The results show a good consistency with the experimental observations. It is shown that the boundary constraint largely influences the final cracking pattern, i.e., thinner samples with higher bottom adhesions tend to crack more extensively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Mar 2017 10:25:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438748</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction Model of Internal Relative Humidity During Self-desiccation in Hardened Cement Pastes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1374689</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes a simplified prediction model of internal relative humidity during self-desiccation in hardened cement pastes at early ages. The proposed model is composed of the pore-structure development model based on the water-cement system, the water adsorption isotherm model, and the hydration process model. The mathematical expression of the final form of the model consists of algebraic equations with some parameters that were derived from concrete engineering. The proposed model can be easily calculated using spreadsheet software. The calculation results of the proposed model agree well with the experimental results of relative humidity in hardened cement pastes with a low water cement ratio under sealed curing and constant temperature curing conditions.硬化セメントペーストを対象として，練り混ぜ直後からの自己乾燥過程における相対湿度予測モデルを提案した。この相対湿度予測モデルはセメント-水系の組織構造形成モデルを基礎とし，永松らが示した水和反応進行モデル，ならびに，セメント硬化体に対する水分基準の吸着等温線を表現可能な内海のモデルを連成することにより定式化される。提案モデルにはコンクリート工学固有の工学パラメータ（水セメント比，結合水率，水和度，質量含水比等）が定数として導入されており，その最終的な数理形式は表計算ソフトでも簡便に取り扱える代数式で表現される。低水セメント比で配合された試料を対象として検証した結果，提案モデルは練り混ぜ直後からの自己乾燥にともなう硬化セメントペーストの相対湿度の時間依存変化を表現可能であることが確認された。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Dec 2015 08:12:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1374689</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laboratory Investigation of Desiccation Cracking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303486</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shallow slope failures occur frequently in roadway cuts and on embankments along Oklahoma highways. Slope failures in clayey soils are often preceded by periods of drying and formation of desiccation cracks followed by significant precipitation events. Desiccation cracks have a significant impact on slope stability as they allow water to rapidly penetrate the soil, which accelerates softening and shear failure in shallow layers. To better predict the stability of shallow slopes in clayey soils it is important to fully understand the mechanics of desiccation crack formation. In this paper, the desiccation behavior of clayey soils is described as a function of moisture content and soil suction based on preliminary results obtained using a bench-scale apparatus to study desiccation crack formation. An innovative device was developed to determine tensile stresses during crack development while monitoring moisture content changes and crack formation via time lapse photography. This paper presents the preliminary results of the bench-scale studies of desiccation cracking in soil obtained from two test sites in Oklahoma. It was found that the peak tensile stress occurred when the initial crack appeared on the soil surface at the early stage of drying. The results also show that the tensile strength increased with increase in dry unit weight and that specimens compacted to 2% wet of optimum resulted in higher strength than those compacted to optimum moisture content.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2014 16:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303486</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Effects of Soil Suction on Shallow Slope Stability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1300101</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the slope failures associated with clayey soils so engineers can better understand the problem and better predict shallow slope stability, and implement preventive measures if necessary. This research also examines the mechanics of the soil as related to matric suction changes, soil type, desiccation crack formation and expected degree of wetting. Research involves studying at least two field cases where shallow slope instability has been a problem; one case involves a cut slope section and one case involves an embankment slope. There are three primary objectives of the proposed research: 1) To provide geotechnical engineers with a method for predicting stability of cut slopes and embankment slopes composed of unsaturated soil, incorporating soil moisture condition and suction into the analysis. 2) To provide geotechnical engineers with methods for predicting changes in soil moisture conditions and suction in slopes as a function of climate changes so that a proper “design moisture condition” can be selected. This will also allow for predicting the slope stability over time based on predicted moisture content changes. 3) To provide recommendations to minimize the climate impacts on slope stability including, as necessary,  reducing adverse impacts of desiccation cracking in clayey materials. Successful completion of this  research will provide engineers with tools for improved analysis of shallow slope stability and recommendations for preventing landslides. The research involves field testing and monitoring of suction and moisture content, laboratory testing of unsaturated and saturated strength and flow properties, moisture diffusion modeling based on climate data, investigation of desiccation cracking and its impact on slope stability, and stability analyses. Completed research will have a positive impact on geotechnical practice related to transportation corridors. This report represents a summary of progress during the first half of the project that was partly supported by Oklahoma Transportation Center funding.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Feb 2014 13:32:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1300101</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Moisture Warping in Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263565</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is generally believed that slab warping uplift in Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP) is caused by drying shrinkage moisture gradients that develop within the top region of a slab cross section. Field experience has shown that excessive moisture warping uplift of joints can develop if a slab on grade is exposed simultaneously to drying at the top and moisture at the bottom surface. The results from this study show that internal self-desiccation causes a uniform reduction in humidity within a cross section for a sealed curing condition. This renders the cross section prone to moisture warping if either the top or bottom surface is exposed to water. Thus, drying at the top and wetting at the bottom create a moisture gradient that causes increased moisture warping uplift. This was verified from beam uplift tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Sep 2013 09:51:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263565</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Modeling of Desiccation Cracking Using the Cohesive Crack Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1250614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the advent of climate change, it is thought that desiccation cracking of soil will lead to increases in damage to buried infrastructure. Desiccation cracking is a complex phenomenon that historically has been very difficult to model either numerically or analytically. Therefore, there is a need for knowledge on such models to be advanced rapidly. This paper discusses the introduction of cohesive cracks to model fracture attributable to desiccation. The cohesive crack method does not have the limitations of linear elastic fracture mechanics, namely, that an initial notch must be present and that the bulk material must behave in a linear elastic manner. This paper describes how the cohesive crack method has been successfully used to model laboratory desiccation tests of a clay soil. It is shown that, in addition to the tensile strength, the magnitude of fracture energy specified for the material has an impact on crack propagation. The cohesive crack method is proposed as a tool for the numerical modeling of desiccation cracking in many diverse fields.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2013 13:07:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1250614</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influential Depth by Water Absorption and Surface Drying in Concrete Slabs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240922</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Water is one of the major factors that contribute to the deformation and deterioration of concrete structures. The top surface of structures such as slabs or pavements on the ground can be subject to external drying, and the bottom surface can be in contact with water from ineffective drainage. A knowledge of moisture distribution significantly improves durability prediction. The water-to-cement ratio, the environment relative humidity (RH), and the moisture transport properties of concrete affect moisture distribution in slabs. This study investigated the effects of surface drying, self-desiccation, and bottom water absorption on moisture profiles in concrete slabs at water-to-cement ratios of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5. The RH distributions along slab depths were measured continuously from final set with specially designed RH sensors. The hydraulic diffusivity of concretes was obtained through sorptivity testing. An analytical procedure that considered external drying, self-desiccation, and water absorption was implemented for RH simulation of slabs exposed to different environmental conditions. Experimental measurements and simulations showed that the influential depth is about 50 to 100 mm from the external surface drying. The influential depth from water absorption is about 50 mm. An equivalent temperature gradient (ΔTe) can be used to quantify the moisture gradient effect. Given that the environmental conditions are the same, the analytical simulation suggests that greater ΔTe results in a concrete slab with a higher water-to-cement ratio.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 2013 14:45:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240922</guid>
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