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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Monitoring riverine traffic from space: The untapped potential of remote sensing for measuring human footprint on inland waterways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2099983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mass urbanisation and intensive agricultural development across river deltas have driven ecosystem degradation, impacting deltaic socio-ecological systems and reducing their resilience to climate change. Assessments of the drivers of these changes have so far been focused on human activity on the subaerial delta plains. However, the fragile nature of deltaic ecosystems and the need for biodiversity conservation on a global scale require more accurate quantification of the footprint of anthropogenic activity across delta waterways. To address this need, the authors investigated the potential of deep learning and high spatiotemporal resolution satellite imagery to identify river vessels, using the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) as a focus area. They trained the Faster R-CNN Resnet101 model to detect two classes of objects: (i) vessels and (ii) clusters of vessels, and achieved high detection accuracies for both classes (f-score = 0.84–0.85). The model was subsequently applied to available PlanetScope imagery across 2018–2021; the resultant detections were used to generate monthly, seasonal and annual products mapping the riverine activity, termed here the Human Waterway Footprint (HWF), with which the authors showed how waterborne activity has increased in the VMD (from approx. 1650 active vessels in 2018 to 2070 in 2021 - a 25 % increase). Whilst HWF values correlated well with population density estimates (R² = 0.59–0.61, p < 0.001), many riverine activity hotspots were located away from population centres and varied spatially across the investigated period, highlighting that more detailed information is needed to fully evaluate the extent, and type, of human footprint on waterways. High spatiotemporal resolution satellite imagery in combination with deep learning methods offers great promise for such monitoring, which can subsequently enable local and regional assessment of environmental impacts of anthropogenic activities on delta ecosystems around the globe.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2023 13:28:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2099983</guid>
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      <title>Caltrans Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments: District 10</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1671080</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report, developed for the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), summarizes a vulnerability assessment conducted for the portion of the State Highway System (SHS) located in Caltrans District 10. Although the SHS can be vulnerable to many different types of disruptions, this assessment specifically examined SHS vulnerabilities from long-term changes in climate. Climate change and extreme weather events have received increasing attention worldwide as one of the greatest challenges facing modern society. Many state agencies—such as the California Coastal Commission (CCC), the California Energy Commission (CEC), and the California Department of Water Resources (DWR)—have developed approaches for understanding and assessing the potential impacts of a changing climate on California’s natural resources and built environment. State agencies are invested in defining the implications of climate change and many of California’s academic institutions are engaged in developing resources for decision makers. Caltrans initiated the current study to better understand the vulnerability of California’s SHS and other Caltrans assets to future changes in climate. The vulnerability study had three objectives: 1) Caltrans initiated the current study to better understand the vulnerability of California’s SHS and other Caltrans assets to future changes in climate. The vulnerability study had three objectives: 2) Conduct a vulnerability assessment of Caltrans assets likely vulnerable to various climate-influenced natural hazards. 3) Develop a method to prioritize candidate projects that recognizes climate change concerns and limited financial resources. The Caltrans study focuses on all 12 Caltrans districts, each facing its own set of challenges regarding future climate conditions and potential weather-related disruptions. The District 10 report is one of the district reports that are currently in various stages of development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 2019 16:36:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1671080</guid>
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      <title>Caltrans Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments: District 3</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1671083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report, developed for the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), summarizes a vulnerability assessment conducted for the portion of State Highway System (SHS) in Caltrans District 3. Although the SHS can be vulnerable to many different types of disruptions, this assessment specifically examined SHS vulnerabilities from long-term changes in climate. Climate change and extreme weather events have received increasing attention worldwide as one of the greatest challenges facing modern society. Many state agencies—such as the California Coastal Commission (CCC), the California Energy Commission (CEC), and the California Department of Water Resources (DWR)—have developed approaches for understanding and assessing climate change on California’s natural resources and infrastructure. State agencies are invested in defining the implications of climate change and many of California’s academic institutions are engaged in developing resources for decision-makers. Caltrans initiated the current study to better understand the vulnerability of California’s SHS and other Caltrans assets to future changes in climate. The study has three objectives: 1) Understand the types of weather-related and longer-term climate change events that will likely occur with greater frequency and intensity in future years, 2) Conduct a vulnerability assessment to determine those Caltrans assets vulnerable to various climate-influenced natural hazards. 3) Develop a method to prioritize candidate projects for actions that are responsive to climate change concerns, when financial resources become available. The Caltrans study focuses on the 12 Caltrans districts, each facing its own set of challenges regarding future climate conditions and potential weather-related disruptions. The District 3 report is one of 12 district reports that are in various stages of development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 2019 16:36:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1671083</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Location of Bridges within a Fan‐Shaped City</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1664983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In many districts located on a fan-shaped land called alluvial fans or deltas, rivers divide them into several sub-fan-shaped sectors. Therefore, bridges are indispensable for the traffic service. In this paper, the authors modeled a city with multiple concentric sectors adjacent to each other. Through this process, the fan shapes were connected by bridges on the model, and it was mathematically described how the efficiency of movement between different fan shapes depends on the location and the number of bridges. The authors applied the model to the Kurobe River district in Toyama Prefecture, and verified the model’s validity. It was also confirmed that the actual bridge construction sequence was reasonable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Nov 2019 14:09:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1664983</guid>
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      <title>California's Delta, Levees, and Risk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1426436</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Catastrophic levee failure within the critical delta formed by California’s Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers could cause serious harm to people, property, and infrastructure while disrupting the state’s water supplies and damaging the delta’s ecosystem. As it prioritizes improvements to the aging network of levees that keep floodwaters out of the delta, the Delta Stewardship Council is applying tolerable risk guidelines to better inform decision-making processes and ensure the best use of scarce resources. In addition to applying standard risk analysis methodology to assess flood risks to people and property, the council has developed unique metrics for assessing the risks of disruption to water supplies, harm to the delta’s ecosystem, and damage to the unique attributes of communities there, risks that are difficult to quantify and express in dollar terms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2016 16:32:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1426436</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Possible Re-Alignment of the Lower Mississippi River and Influences on Navigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1410681</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the navigation implications of a possible Mississippi River mouth re-alignment plan from the perspective of one of the teams selected to compete in the changing course design competition (see changingcourse.us and deltaforall.com for more information). The goals of the competition are to: create a sustainable and functioning deltaic system in areas adjacent to the Mississippi River and below New Orleans; continue to meet the needs of navigation, flood protection and coastal industries and communities; contribute additional innovation, competition, and private sector engagement in time to inform Louisiana’s next coastal master plan in 2017 in terms of a possible option for river mouth re-alignment. In this design competition, the primary challenges arise from the meeting of the natural and built environments and the tremendous changes underway. Navigation, shipping, fisheries, coastal industries, communities, and wetland health all face tremendous pressure from these changes. This paper presents a river mouth re-alignment alternative that would provide for a smaller but sustainable delta footprint, at the same time as providing immediate opportunities for dramatic flood risk reduction and a massive upgrade to the navigation system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jul 2016 09:52:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1410681</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Adjustments Toward Equilibrium of a Large Flood-Tidal Delta After a Major Dredging Program, Tauranga Harbour, New Zealand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1388511</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Port of Tauranga is located within a tidal inlet estuarine lagoon system which has been dredged to improve navigation for shipping since 1968. In 1992 a major dredging program deepened the entrance navigation channel through the ebb-tidal delta from 10 to 14 m, and the inner harbor channels to ~13 m. As a condition of the consent to dredge a detailed monitoring program was required which included annual hydrographic surveys over the flood and ebb-tidal delta as well as recording current meter records from morphodynamically sensitive locations to compare with records taken before the dredging. Results of the hydrographic surveys showed significant morphodynamic change of the flood-tidal delta had occurred essentially by the time the 6 month dredging program was completed. Comparison of the S4 current meter recordings showed current changes consistent with expectations of the EIA. Changes on the ebb-tidal delta were not expected but have occurred although not as rapidly, and seem to be ongoing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jan 2016 09:01:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1388511</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on applying the Catfish Biofuel in The Mekong Delta for The Marine Diesel Engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1377829</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The manufacturing of Catfish products has been developed rapidly in the Mekong delta. Every year, about 1.2 million tons of Catfish and 150,000 tons of biofuel are produced. The biofuel B100 manufactures in Mekong delta satisfies the America standard ASTM D6751; EURO EN 14214 or Vietnamese standard TCVN 7717. Mekong delta, a lower land area, has a large inland water way system with around 100.000 river boats that operate with marine diesel engine. Using the biofuel for the marine diesel engine in area will reduce the HC, CO, SOx and NOx emission to the environment. Therefore, with a study on applying the catfish biofuel, it will reduce the climate change by the increasing of sea water level and save energy by using green energy to replace petrol oil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Dec 2015 09:51:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1377829</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Planning practice in support of economically and environmentally sustainable roads in floodplains: The case of the Mekong delta floodplains</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1259435</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road development in relatively undisturbed floodplain systems, such as the floodplains of the Mekong River, will impact hydraulics and interrupt the natural flow of water. This affects the ecology and environment, and the livelihoods of people who depend on fishing and agriculture. On the other hand, floods can severely damage road infrastructure in years with large floods and can cause high annual maintenance costs. Improving road development practices in floodplains is a complex, multidimensional task involving hydraulic and geotechnical analysis, ecosystem analysis, socio-economic analysis, policy analysis, etc. This paper analyses the planning practice of road development and rehabilitation and how this practice can be improved in support of economically and environmentally sustainable roads in floodplains. It is concluded that although ample technical, planning and environmental assessment guidelines exist, guidelines need updating to address cumulative impacts at floodplain level and factors hampering the implementation in guidelines should be addressed in the guideline design (process).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Sep 2013 12:28:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1259435</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Levee Failures and Social Vulnerability in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Area, California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/868433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the spatial variability in the social vulnerability of residents to potential levee failures in the Sacramento Delta region. To determine the likely flood exposure, levees of concern to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and California's Department of Water Resources were mapped. The HAZUS-MH loss estimation software and 100-year protection standard were used to hypothetically breach levees to determine a coarse approximation of the level and spatial extent of inundation. To assess the differential social consequences of such an event, a social vulnerability index was computed at the census tract level for San Joaquin, Sacramento, and Yolo counties following the vulnerability metrics developed by Cutter et al. in 2003. When integrated with the flood exposure data, there is a clustering of high social vulnerability zones within high risk flood areas. While the spatial pattern is not uniform throughout the tricounty area, these pockets of high vulnerability (largely driven by social factors) warrant management concern about the disproportionate impact of catastrophic levee failures on these populations and the level of local, state, and federal preparedness to cope with such an event.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2008 09:09:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/868433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Is California Next?: An Extensive but Decaying System of Levees Protects Key Urban Areas in California's Central Valley</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/772568</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article concerns the California levee system that both protects urban areas and keeps drinking water safe for over 20 million California citizens. These concerns have been brought to the fore by the 2005 destruction of the levees in New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina. The damaged levees that this article describes, mostly brought into an unstable state through old-age decay, mainly service the Delta and Bay Region between Sacramento, San Francisco Bay Area, and Stockton and the Central Valley between Stockton and Bakersfield. Much of the problem with the Central Valley’s levee system is that it was built ad hoc by local farmers with immediate agricultural interests in mind. Following this, the Army Corps of Engineers did improve on the infrastructure, building dams and reservoirs, but has not yet built a significant overall levee system that would be efficacious in flood abatement. Although such inadequacy in levee infrastructure would be troublesome even if the Central Valley was only populated by agricultural development, the upswing in urban development has many worried of disastrous consequences if the system is not improved in the near future. Similar problems in the Delta Region could potentially suck salt water from the San Francisco Bay into drinking water reserves, endangering supplies throughout the entire state.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Apr 2006 07:35:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/772568</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Ex-Ante Cost-Benefit Analysis of All-Terrain Vehicle Transportation Corridor in Southwest Alaska</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/775209</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the construction of a geotextile all-terrain vehicle (ATV) corridor connecting two separate village subsets in the Kuskokwim River delta. Cost-benefit analysis was used to compare the costs of constructing a geotextile trail to the benefits derived from the reduction of injuries, fatalities, and fuel consumption observed on the existing river transportation corridor during a 20-year period. Secondary data was collected for population estimates, and fatality and injury rates.  A rapid rural appraisal approach was used to access the traffic rates between each village subset. The findings indicate that the construction of the geotextile ATV corridor in the Alaskan bush would be an economically feasible and beneficial transportation alternative.  Limitations of this analysis are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Mar 2006 09:04:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/775209</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Changing Patterns of the Boat Regatta as Maritime Heritage in Nigeria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/757094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The boat regatta has been part of the maritime heritage of the delta and riverine peoples of Nigeria.  It represents the cultural heritage usually presented in ceremonies of colorful events that bring together large fleets of decorated canoes with flags and buntings, displayed by artistic paddlers who exercise skills and dexterity.  The boat regatta practice was fashioned by the coastal and riverine peoples of Nigeria as a means of protecting and drawing sustenance from the environment through the use of watercrafts to defend creeks and territorial waters.  In addition, the regatta tradition and festivals were developed to celebrate victories in wars and trade during the pre-colonial periods.  Over the years, the practice has changed to serve recreational, tourism and transport purposes.  This paper historically analyzes the changing patterns of boat regatta as practiced among coastal and riverine communities in Nigeria.  It highlights the designs, usage, innovations and adaptations that broaden the scope of the social activity in relation to tourism and maritime transport in Nigeria.  The paper produces documentary strategy for advancing developmental initiatives that would integrate maritime heritage activities with tourism and maritime transport.  The paper concludes that there is a dichotomy between maritime heritage activities and the administration of maritime transport and tourism in Nigeria.  This can be reversed through suitable legislation and development of the right attitude towards maritime heritage recreational activities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2005 09:50:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/757094</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTEGRATING THE DSRC LINK AS STANDARD EQUIPMENT IN ANY VEHICLE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/727824</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The DELTA project has defined the specifications for a standardised interface allowing to integrate the dedicated short range communications (DSRC) link as standard equipment in the car and it is now preparing for the testing and validation of this interface. The project aims to bring the DSRC technology and the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications that it enables to the mass market. It will also solve outstanding problems associated with the use of DSRC transponders installed behind metallic windscreens. This paper will present the architecture and interface specifications agreed by the project and its Forum of stakeholders, first recommendations made to facilitate mass-market take-up as well as first test results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/727824</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY ON TRANSPORTATION IN THE GULF COAST/MISSISSIPPI DELTA REGION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/663822</link>
      <description><![CDATA[If the Earth's atmosphere warms within the range projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2001) during the 21st century, the climate of the northern Gulf of Mexico coastline (hereafter, Gulf Coast) and the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain will likely become warmer, with more frequent or prolonged periods of heavy rainfall and drought. These climatic changes would have significant impacts on water quality, flooding, soil moisture, runoff, and many other environmental factors that affect the transportation sector, either directly or indirectly.  Changes in interannual climate variability will also have practical significance to the Gulf Coast transportation sector.  Seasonal rainfall and hurricane frequency in the Gulf Coast region have been linked with El Nino and La Nina events, which may become more intense as the Earth's atmosphere warms.  The anticipated increase in global average temperature will accelerate sea-level rise, which can lead to increased vulnerability of transportation infrastructure to storm damage and flooding in low-lying coastal zones.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/663822</guid>
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