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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Literature review of the traffic speed deflectometer : an overview with an emphasis on implementation in pavement management systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491296</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Deterioration models and planning of road maintenance have been founded on deflection measurements since road research begun in the early twentieth century. Until the beginning of the twenty-first century the methods of collecting data were slow, and road network measurements were a challenge. The Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD) is the first commercially available fast deflection measurement system, which premiered with a first large test in 2001. The TSD attracted considerableinternational interest early on, and at present twenty-one vehicles have been produced.   The main objective of the project of which the present literature review is a part, is to develop an index to describe the structural condition on the paved parts of the Swedish and finnish state-owned road networks. The plan is to use both the results from conventional road surface measurements and the results from dedicated TSD measurements as input for the future index. The index should be suitable for both the planning of maintenance and the long-term monitoring of the structural condition of the road network.  The literature review is, for practical purposes, focused on the use of the TSD and how TSD data can be used in a Pavement Management System (PMS), as these are the main objectives with the project. However, the literature on the TSD isn't more extensive than most of the other aspects (repeatability, reproducibility, validation, calibration, etc.) can also be covered, albeit more briefly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:18:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491296</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Utilizing GPR and FWD for pavement structural assessment and moisture detection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491186</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt pavement performance is affected by the presence of water (moisture). Increased moisture within the road structure can result in substantial cost increase for the for society. Research have showed that significant portion of the road sections need early maintenance measures regardless of traffic volume due to moisture-related damages. Monitoring moisture conditions, preferably using a non-destructive continuous method, offers important information into the decision-making and selecting appropriate maintenance intervention. Furthermore, understanding moisture conditions is critical for accurately interpreting automatic road condition measurements, especially during the spring (thawing) when the roads exhibit the lowest load bearing capacity due to increased levels of moisture. This study employed a multi-receiver ground penetrating radar (GPR) and a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) devices to assess moisture levels and structural condition of field and indoor full-scale test roads. The groundwater level of the test road was varied by introducing water to the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:16:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491186</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MESAS Aus- und Bewertung Stufe 1
</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425021</link>
      <description><![CDATA[MESAS ist ein multifunktionales Erfassungssystem zur Substanzbewertung und zum Aufbau von Straßen und bezeichnet des Weiteren ein umfassendes, wissenschaftliches Projekt. MESAS soll Eingangsgrößen für die Substanzbewertung auf Netzebene zerstörungsfrei liefern und das Erhaltungsmanagement, auch Pavement-Management, unterstützen. Durch MESAS wird es möglich sein, die durch die Zustandserfassung und -bewertung (ZEB) erfassten Oberflächenmerkmale mit strukturellen Zustandsdaten zu ergänzen. Im Fall von MESAS bezieht sich dies konkret auf die Tragfähigkeitsmessungen sowie die Messungen mit dem Georadarsystem. Zur detaillierten Überprüfung, wie sich Oberflächendaten mit strukturellen Zustandsdaten sinnvoll miteinander kombinieren lassen, ist MESAS auch mit Messsystemen ausgestattet, die synchron den Oberflächenzustand erfassen. MESAS basiert auf dem Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD). Die Möglichkeiten der Einbindung der mit dem TSD erfassten Daten in Pavement-Management-Systeme (PMS) werden weltweit diskutiert. Da es sich um ein sehr junges Messverfahren handelt, gibt es eine Reihe von Ansätzen zur Nutzung der Daten, allerdings noch keine oder kaum etablierte Prozesse. Des Weiteren werden auch noch Punkte zum Betrieb, zur Kalibrierung und zur Messdatenverarbeitung diskutiert. Das BASt-eigene Messfahrzeug MESAS ist eines der wenigen, wenn nicht sogar das einzige TSD, das vollständig für die Forschung genutzt werden kann und zugleich in eine starke Infrastruktur eingebunden ist, die es erlaubt, großmaßstäblich, das heißt auf Netzebene, Daten zu sammeln. Die Einbindung von MESAS in das Erhaltungsmanagement, beziehungsweise die Prüfung der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Einbindung, ist in einem zweistufigen Projekt geplant. Die Bearbeitung der Stufe 1 untergliedert sich in die Schwerpunkte Einsatzbedingungen und Bewertung. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: MESAS is a multifunctional recording system for the substance assessment of road constructions and also refers to an extensive scientific project. The MESAS measurement vehicle owned by BASt is one of the few, if not the only Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD) that can be fully utilised for research and is simultaneously integrated into a strong infrastructure that allows data to be collected on a large scale, i.e. at network level. The integration of MESAS into maintenance management, or rather the examination of its possibilities and limitations, is planned in a two-stage project. Stage 1 is subdivided into the key areas of operating conditions and evaluation.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Sep 2024 11:17:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425021</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quality Control of Full-Depth Reclamation (FDR): A Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2377934</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although Full-Depth Reclamation (FDR) with stabilization of pavements has been known for nearly 50 years, this process is not widely used, as its potential (i.e. reduction in natural resources consumption, transportation, waste, emissions, energy and cost) is underestimated. This is due to a lack of knowledge about pavement design and the absence of quality control methods and on-site tests to monitor the hardening progress of these recycled materials. In this Quebec study, it is proposed to evaluate the applicability of devises that are sufficiently accurate, easy to transport and use for quality control of theses recycled materials. The Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) provides information on the thickness, strength and variability of unstabilized layers. Through correlations, it is possible to calculate the resilient modulus (M,) and the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of layers; useful for pavement design. On the stabilized layer, it is necessary to use a Lightweight Deflectometer (LWD), to evaluate the surface elastic modulus (Elwd) of the pavement and monitor the hardening or strength gain of the layer. Overall, this study has shown that DCP and LWD devises are highly effective in assessing FDR characteristics, but some limitations were found. Some guidelines for their use are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Jun 2024 09:46:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2377934</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Litteraturgenomgång rörande Traffic Speed Deflectometer : en översikt med tonvikt på implementering i Pavement Management System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389087</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Deterioration models and planning of road maintenance have been founded on deflection measurements since road research begun in the early twentieth century. Until the beginning of the twenty-first century the methods of collecting data were slow, and road network measurements were a challenge. The Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD) is the first commercially available fast deflection measurement system, which premiered with a first large test in 2001. The TSD attracted great international interest early on, and at present nineteen vehicles have been produced. The main objective of the project of which the present literature review is a part, is to develop an index to describe the structural condition on the paved parts of the Swedish and finnish state-owned road networks. The plan is to use both the results from conventional road surface measurements and the results from dedicated TSD measurements as input for the future index. The index should be suitable for both the planning of maintenance and the long-term monitoring of the structural condition of the road network. The literature review is, for practical purposes, focused on the use of the TSD and how TSD data can be used in a Pavement Management System (PMS), as these are the main objectives with the project. However, the literature on the TSD isn't more extensive than most of the other aspects (repeatability, reproducibility, validation, calibration, etc.) can also be covered, albeit more briefly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:06:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389087</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pavements inputs variability characterization for Swedish roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344805</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The analysis and design process of pavements is probabilistic as it involves many variabilities and uncertainties that arise from different sources. It is crucial to quantify and incorporate effects of these variabilities and uncertainties on predicted performance as this would allow to minimize the risk of premature failure. This report presents for Swedish condition a study on the variability characterization and modelling of pavement inputs and parameters. The characterization and modelling of inputs variability is a prerequisite for any probabilistic pavement performance evaluation. This study aims to systematically study and quantify for Swedish condition the variability associated with the inputs and parameters that are considered to have a significant impact on pavement performance. This provides the proper platform for the development of probabilistic-based tools for pavement performance evaluation and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA). For this purpose, a number of Swedish pavement sections with various design and functional requirements were selected and analysed. The selection was carried out in a manner that guarantees the inclusion of design features that are widely utilized in Sweden. The evaluated sections were comprised of experimental structures such as accelerated pavement testing (APT) and actual in-service pavements. The variability characterization and modelling was focused on those inputs that are considered to be significant such as traffic loading, layer modulus and layer thickness. In addition, based on availability of data, the variability associated with permanent deformation or rutting was performed. The analysed data was obtained through measurements such as falling weight deflectometer (FWD) for layer modulus, ground penetrating radar (GPR) and elevation level measurement for layer thickness, bridge weigh in motion (BWIM) for traffic and laser beam for surface rutting. For variability modelling, the full probability distribution approach which requires the first and second moments in addition to a probability density function (PDF) was utilized. Variability modelling was performed utilizing probability density functions such as normal, lognormal, gamma, Weibull, extreme value, and general extreme value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 14:26:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344805</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BVFF 2021:1-11 Mätning av fukt/vatten vid FWD mätningar och dess effekter på asfalten</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269715</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The performance and durability of bitumen-bonded layers are negatively affected by presence of water and moisture in the Pavement, which can cause great costs to the society. 10% of roads need paving measures in less than 5 years regardless of traffic volume according to previous surveys. This can be referred to presence of water on the road among other factors. The negative effect of presence of water in a road structure can be measured using FWD. The Projects methodology is to perform FWD measurements together with georadar measurement (GPR) in another Trafikverket-financed project "Water in Pavement with georadar TRV2020/69266". Evaluation of construction is performed by linking FWD measurements to water content in the road. Expected results are the possibility of evaluating the pavement’s bearing capacity throughout the year without restrictions on FWD measurements to the autumn period when the road is drained and in its best condition during the year. Evaluation of tensile strains at the bottom of asphalt and stiffness of pavement layers at different periods results in a more reliable determination of the pavement resistance to cracking. It is a practical tool in a decision system for determining the time to the next maintenance measure in terms of service life and drainage needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:26:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269715</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using of LWD in assessing the properties of fine grained subgrade soil with reference to M-E Pavement Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2075177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current project focuses on using the VTI’s multifunctional light weight deflectometer (LWD) to estimate the dynamic deformation moduli of fine-grained soil under repeated loading. The research focuses also on finding new relationships where results from repeated LWD tests can be used later in mechanistic-empirical pavement design.  The project is also aimed to verify the matching between the accumulated permanent strain of the tested soil measured by the in-situ repeated LWD and the accumulated permanent strain models adopted in mechanistic-empirical pavement design]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2022 11:40:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2075177</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Manitoba’s New Models for Correcting FWD Deflections to Standard Temperature for Pavement Design and Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071814</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The load carrying capacities, relative strengths and the required overlays of existing pavements are generally determined using the measured surface deflection values. The Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) is the most common device for measuring pavement surface deflections. In all general pavement design and analysis, the measured deflection values are corrected to a standard effective pavement temperature. However, the effective pavement temperatures have been typically measured using an oil, poured into the predrilled holes on pavement surface. Such temperatures may not truly reflect the temperatures of pavement layers or materials. In addition, highway agencies typically apply a correction factor to central deflection only or apply a single temperature correction factor to all geophone deflections at a test point. These could result in some errors because of not accounting for the effect of temperature or lower sensitivity of farther (from FWD plate) geophone deflections to changes in temperature. Some jurisdictions, like Manitoba, also adopted the Benkelman Beam Rebound (BBR) deflections temperature correction models for FWD deflections. This may not be appropriate because of two different mechanisms of deflection measurement.  Manitoba Transportation and Infrastructure (MTI) has collected the temperature data from several thermistors to develop a new model for estimating the effective pavement temperature. The measured FWD deflections and temperatures at different sites were then used to develop a separate temperature correction model for each geophone deflection. The results and analyses showed that the estimated pavement effective temperatures using the new interim model are higher, with a smaller difference between the surface and effective temperatures, than that estimated using the currently used model. The correction model is different for each geophone deflection with a progressively smaller regression coefficient for geophones away (up to 900mm) from the centre of the FWD load plate. The new interim models also provide a reduction in the required overlay thickness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2022 14:16:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071814</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a simple field method for measuring permanent deformations in silty sand subgrade</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894971</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, repeated light weight deflectometer tests were conducted at a test pit located at the backyard of VTI in Linköping. A silty sand subgrade soil has been chosen for testing. At the beginning, the soil was compacted in the test pit, and then, series of in-situ repeated Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) were conducted at different ranges of water contents (namely 8%, 10% and 15%) and various applied stress levels (namely, 50 kPa, 100 kPa and 200 kPa).  The test results showed that the deformation behaviour of the tested material affected significantly by the applied stress level, water content, and the number of load repetitions. It was noted that at the end of the fiftieth LWD load application, the increment of nonrecoverable (plastic) deformation was much smaller compared to the resilient/recoverable deformation. From the results of the accumulated permanent strains (deformations) conducted by repeated LWD tests, it can be deduced that the increase in permanent strains does not behave in the same way under all load and water contents conditions. Furthermore, prediction models for accumulated permanent strains based on the repeated LWD measurements are suggested in this study. Generally, all the developed and adopted models have showed good matching to the accumulated permanent strain (ep) data measured by the repeated LWD tests except for the cases of p=100 kPa and 200 kPa at 15% water content due to the excessive accumulated permanent deformations reported for these cases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2021 14:49:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894971</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The BRRC measures the deflection of roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The BRRC has been conducting deflection measurements in Belgium for many years. The 16-year-old FWD will soon be replaced by a Fast-FWD. The new Fast-FWD is equipped with an integrated GPS, which makes it easier to map the measurement results if there are no reference points (kilometer markers, house numbers, lighting poles, etc.) in the vicinity. This occurs in open spaces such as car parks and industrial estates. Another application of the GPS is the retrospective finding of a position where an FWD measurement has been made in order to drill a core.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:35:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764177</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bärighetskontroll av obundna material med koppling till M-E beräkningar: Enkel och snabb utvärdering av obundna materialegenskaper</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1737850</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current project consists of two main parts. The first part of the project has focused on evaluating a new testing approach that can be used to estimate the stiffness properties of unbound materials, namely the resilient modulus, using the light weight deflectometer equipment which is a simple to use and time saving field and laboratory equipment (as compared to for example Repeated Load Triaxial Test). This research is directed towards finding new relations in which the outputs of the repeated (cyclic) LWD tests can be used as input data to Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design software. It has been demonstrated that the deformation moduli collected by LWD are strongly correlated to the corresponding resilient moduli measured by repeated load triaxial tests under similar testing conditions for the sandy soil and base material tested in this study. The second part of the project has been devoted to correlating parameters collected using LWD and CBR to conventional parameters collected using traditional tests, namely modified Proctor tests and static plate loading test. To reach this goal, the second part of the project studied dynamic CBR tests performed to control the material stability and assess the correlation between the dynamic CBR and other characteristics of the tested materials. It has been found that the laboratory dynamic CBR values (CBRLD) can be correlated to the compaction densities and molding water contents for the sandy soil and granular unbound material using the developed regression models for a wide range of molding water contents. A good correlation between Ev2 measured from static plate loading test and Evd measured from in situ LWD tests for the compacted sandy soil and base materials has been found as well. However, further research is required to generalize the given correlations and adopt them in practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 14:38:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1737850</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utförandets inverkan på hållbarhet för beläggningslager</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1696249</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Non-destructive testing in quantifying the asphalt pavement layers homogeneity can be used for the quality assurance in paving contracts. This paper summarizes the findings from a field study on segregation in bituminous pavement mixes that relates pavement layer surface texture to the homogeneity of the paved bituminous layer by distinguishing mix segregated area. The mean profile depth (MPD) values of paved layer were measured. Based on these values three locations on the road were identified having low, intermediate and high MPD values. Thereafter, cored samples were tested for stiffness modulus before and after moisture conditioning by performing the moisture induced sensitivity test (MIST). Results clearly showed that the samples from the locations with high MPD values were mostly affected by the moisture conditioning for which the stiffness moduli were significantly reduced. The samples with high MPD values had the highest air voids as well. Thus, this study demonstrated that construction quality described by segregation in the paved asphalt mix has a significant impact on the moisture sensitive performance of pavements. A limited number of falling weight deflectometer (FWD) measurements were performed at positions with different degree of separation in the road base layer. There was a tendency for the effect of separation in the road base layer on FWD even though there was a variation in data. The strong correlation between the MPD values and change in stiffness modulus also suggests that the measurements of the MPD values can be a reliable and non-destructive method for evaluating the construction quality of a pavement and in developing the quality assurance criteria based on pavement performance that can be used in paving contracts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2020 15:48:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1696249</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field compaction of thick recycled material layers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1682682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Full-depth reclamation techniques present numerous advantages in pavement rehabilitation. Typically, a thick layer of stabilized or unstabilized reclaimed materials is left behind the recycling machine, which is used as the base layer consisting of these latter recycled asphalt pavement material (RAP). The compaction of the thick layer, especially when unstabilized, is particularly critical for adequate performance. In Quebec, the smooth drum compaction is often used to compact the reclaimed materials. Previous studies demonstrated the difficulties associated with the convenient compaction of the reclaimed materials through its entire thickness, especially the presence of a vertical compaction gradient. Sheep or pad foot compactors are two common compaction machines used to ensure good densification during primary compaction of recycled materials. A research project was initiated to document and quantify the effects of compaction conditions and equipment on the response and performance of the reclaimed materials. An experimental embankment of reclaimed materials was built and divided in three sections compacted using different compaction procedures. Sheepsfoot roller, with and without vibration, was used in the first two sections, while the third section was compacted using a vibrating smooth drum roller. The density, stiffness and vertical density gradient were monitored with a nuclear gage, dynamic cone penetrometer and light weight deflectometer tests. Grain-size analysis was also performed on all experimental sections. The use of vibration along with Sheepsfoot roller improved both density and mechanical response of the compacted layer significantly. The penetration and density tests also revealed a significant difference in compaction throughout the thick layer of reclaimed materials. Using the sheepsfoot provided a stiffer base layer, and the smooth drum resulted in a vertical density gradient. Finally, significant differences in the grainsize distribution were found following the compaction when the sheepsfoot compactor was used.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Feb 2020 14:59:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1682682</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison Between Light Weight Deflectometer and Nuclear Density Gauge to Assess Compaction Quality of Base Layers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1682671</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Compaction quality of base and subbase layers has a major effect on the overall performance of pavement structures. Therefore, it is important to ensure that base and subbase layers are compacted properly. Nuclear density gauge (NDG)is one of the most commonly used methods to measure density of compacted base and subbase layers. However, using nuclear-based equipment requires additional training, safety and environmental considerations, which require additional cost to maintain and operate the equipment. Recently, Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) became a candidate for in-site assessment of compaction quality for base and subbase layers. LWD is a portable equipment, easy to operate, and practical to use for evaluating the stiffness of compacted granular materials. The aim of this research study was to investigate the feasibility of using LWD to assess compaction quality of base and subbase layers during construction. This paper compared measurements taken by a Troxler 3440NDG and a ZFG 3.0 LWD for base layers during construction of pavement projects in Saskatchewan, Canada. The LWD was used to measure surface deflection as well as dynamic California Bearing Ratio (CBRd).Results of this study were used to evaluate the correlation among CBRd, dynamic deflection modulus (Evd),and Field Dry Density (FDD) measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Feb 2020 14:58:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1682671</guid>
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