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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Managing disaster risks in underground transportation infrastructure : a comprehensive analysis of safety targets and practices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the management of disaster risks in underground transportation infrastructure, focusing on the safety challenges posed by large-scale accidents. By reviewing international guidelines and evaluating Swedish projects, the research identifies risk criteria, such as FN- curves and the ALARP principle, used to assess societal risks across sectors like nuclear power and dam safety. The findings reveal gaps in Swedish regulations regarding disaster risk management, especially for complex environments such as the space surrounding platform area in underground stations. Recommendations are provided to strengthen Swedish regulations and standards by incorporating international best practices and enhancing risk-informed decision-making. This work aims to contribute to safer, more resilient transportation systems and supports sustainable urban development by addressing the specific challenges of large-scale accident prevention in underground infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 11:30:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709401</guid>
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      <title>Socio-environmental management of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) through a socio-ecological system approach: governance, adaptation, and long-term stability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569585</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 13:31:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569585</guid>
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      <title>Grouting down under a canal: navigating groundwater inflows in a traditional Design &amp; Construct (D&amp;C) project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Design and Construct (D&C) contract form is the currently preferred contract type for several clients and authorities in Australia. This contractual approach can encourage a risk-reward-based approach for the Contractor. For example, unpredictable ground conditions prevent accurate grouting estimates at early stages. In turn, the time and expenses related to some grouting activities cannot be precisely and confidently priced at the tender stage. The Contractor may then take calculated risks that can potentially lead to financial loss during construction if a previously unforeseen hydrogeological feature is encountered. This paper aims to contrast the project's contractual framework with the decision-making for successful and timely delivery of the M4-M8 Link drained tunnels with operational inflows of less than 1 litre/second for any kilometre length. The paper focuses on the grouting in an area near a Sydney canal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:51:02 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Groundwater inflow monitoring during tunneling: a practical guide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Groundwater inflow measurement is crucial in tunnel construction to demonstrate compliance to inflow criteria, such as the often-cited 1.0 L/s/km standard. However, measuring water inflow during the construction phase presents challenges, and delaying these measurements until the project's conclusion introduces considerable risk-especially when grouting might be required later on in the project. In this context, this paper presents a successful methodology deployed in the M4-M5 Link Tunnel Project (Sydney, NSW). The approach combines a water flow balance for total volume assessment (L/s) and spatial mapping for inflow distribution (per km) at time intervals, providing a comprehensive view of groundwater inflow behaviour. The methodology was instrumental in facilitating data-driven, risk-based decision-making processes concerning grouting and other water inflow strategies. The advantages of this approach not only include enhanced accuracy but also allow for transparent communication among stakeholders, thereby making it a recommended practice for future tunnel construction projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563089</guid>
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      <title>Feasibility of modelling impacts of working from home on travel and land use pre- and post-COVID-19</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2536118</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Working from home (WFH) has become widespread following COVID-19, made possible due to significant investment in digital connectivity in the preceeding decade. Transport and land use planners have many questions around the full implications and opportunities that can arise from realising the broader potential of WFH such as improving transport outcomes and a role in the broader avoidance of continuing negative outcomes of mass, low-energy efficient mobility. Addressing these questions requires significant analysis and the ability to forecast or otherwise account for futures in order to successfully plan ahead. New Zealand has a number of sophisticated regional models that are used for this purpose. The question this report serves to answer is how to account for WFH as an alternative to mobility that the regional models are already set up to measure and predict. The challenge is that WFH is very different to mobility. It has no journey time or ticket cost associated with it. The variables that influence user decision making are numerous, complex and likely to be highly variable between one household and another. This research uses a targeted and wide-ranging literature review to identify variables for decision making that could be considered significant and a parallel review into methods capable of capturing and modelling these variables. Methods include uncertainty analysis and specific methods to manage what might be considered unpredictable by conventional means. A few different frameworks for estimating and forecasting WFH outcomes are presented and contrasted in a high-level scoring mechanism. The recommended option is that which balances technique with availability of skills and resources to deliver. The next steps following this work will be formally test the outcomes and develop the framework identified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Apr 2025 13:34:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2536118</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Balancing value trade-offs in automotive platform evolution : a proactive flexibility modelling approach for efficient technology introduction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534200</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In a rapidly evolving automotive landscape, with quick technological advancements and shifting customer demands, the ability to design flexible product platforms has become a critical competitive advantage. This thesis aims to develop design supports for the iterative design and analysis of the incorporation of new technology into automotive product platforms, by investigating how these platforms can adapt to rapid technological changes and diverse customer demands, i.e., expand their external variety. The intense competitive landscape and minimal profit margins in the automotive industry have necessitated its platform development to focus on cost efficiency and standardization, i.e., limiting the internal variety. However, with the increasing pressures of sustainability and the need for quicker market responses, traditional approaches have shown that the rigidity of the constraints they impose limits their ability to adapt swiftly. This thesis proposes a model-based framework that emphasizes the early integration of flexibility, value-based decision-making, resilient design strategies, and proactive risk management to address these challenges. A new method using the concept of platform margins was introduced to assess platform flexibility over time. Further, the concept of resilient objects was developed, which are platform components that can easily adapt to or absorb changes. The research also addressed change propagation, especially considering Field Effects (FE). These methods were validated through real-world tests involving experienced practitioners from Swedish automotive OEMs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534200</guid>
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      <title>Dilemmazoner och aktiv säker mobilitet : om hastighetsregleringen och aktörernas syn på processen för hastighetsbegränsning i mindre byar på landsbygden</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534174</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Today, residents in villages and rural areas experience difficulties to achieve safe active mobility. This project aims to map the decision-making process for speed legislation different parts of the road network in sparsely populated and rural areas, to highlight the possibilities to consider and promote safe active mobility in the villages. The study has been conducted using legal methods, interviews, site visits, dialogues, and literature reviews. The investigation has shown that there is a general perception among both citizens and stakeholders that the existing legislations regarding how speed limits are determined outside densely populated areas are complex. Overall responsibility, coordination, guidelines, and a desire for a formal dialogue are requested by actors in the decision-making process. Three main problems have been identified regarding the consideration of active mobility and implementation of appropriate speed limits in dilemma zones. Firstly, there is very limited room to consider active mobility as a reason for speed reduction in these zones. Secondly, insufficient resources are cited as reasons for lack of action and change. Thirdly, the ultimate responsibility according to the Vision Zero concept seems to fall in between different system designers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534174</guid>
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      <title>Rural Junction Active Warning System (RJAWS) Lite: design guide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521610</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is a design guide for the Rural Junction Active Warning System (RJAWS) Lite, an infrastructure treatment for improving safety at intersections along high-speed regional roads. In this design guide is provided the information necessary to design, operate and evaluate RJAWS Lite. While detailed information is provided, it is not meant to be prescriptive. Rather, it is intended to guide the designer to use their own judgement in designing the treatment such that it performs according to the intended role and achieves the expected outcomes. Experiences gained through the development and evaluation of RJAWS Lite and similar treatments are used to inform this guide.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Mar 2025 13:45:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521610</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Setting safe speed limits: is our current approach fatally flawed?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509261</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Different methods are used around the world to set speed limits, but most use a traditional road classification approach as a starting point. There are some significant issues with traditional approaches to speed limit setting based on road classification. These typically focus on motorised traffic flow without considering other road users, the land-use or communities roads pass through. This paper outlines the safety issues in detail, highlighting how previous application has led to speed limits that are unsafe, especially for vulnerable road users. A new approach based on Safe System as well as Movement and Place principles can be used to address these issues. This paper provides guidance using principles, and it is recommended that this new approach is used to ensure speed limits that are safe for all road users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:06:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509261</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimising fixed automated road safety enforcement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The method of selecting fixed camera location sites in Victoria currently considers primarily site crash history, with broader traffic engineering and road infrastructure factors not taken into account. This Ph.D. research proposes to improve the camera site selection process in Victoria by developing an understanding of the risks stemming from road design, traffic violations, and other factors to include these in the camera site selection criteria. An interview study with those involved in the safety camera selection process revealed that current practice only considers aggregate risk at a site rather than being able to isolate the element of risk associated with traffic violations. Interviewees generally supported an expanded evidence-based approach to be adopted for site selection process, while providing contrasting views on the range of criteria to be involved and indicating the need for a proactive process that considers traffic exposure and road engineering aspects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:06:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509236</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A data-led approach to pedestrian safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509220</link>
      <description><![CDATA["Keeping People Safe While Walking" is an ongoing program aimed at reducing the risks faced by pedestrians in the road transport system. This comprehensive program involves multiple components, such as analysing data on pedestrian-related accidents, evaluating existing interventions, creating guidelines, and developing plans to eliminate pedestrian fatalities and serious injuries. This abstract focuses on the pedestrian data-related aspects of the program. A key factor in mitigating pedestrian risk is implementing effective countermeasures in specific locations. However, identifying these locations can be challenging. Relying solely on crash data is not enough, especially when dealing with specific types of incidents, such as those involving pedestrians. This presentation highlights the pedestrian data frameworks and the important datasets needed to understand pedestrian risks. It also provides recommendations for improving data collection to help Australasian Road Controlling Jurisdictions adopt a proactive approach to pedestrian safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:06:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509220</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Challenging roundabout safety assumptions on high-speed arterials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roundabouts have been recognised as a Safe System option for managing traffic at intersections. Some transport planners have questioned this assumption for multilane roundabouts operating on high-speed urban arterials (MLHSR). Safety performance functions based on Victorian sites and crash data were developed and used to compare safety performance of MLHSR against current-design, signalised arterial intersections on similar roads (a non-Safe System alternative). The modelling results showed that the fatal and serious injury (FSI) crash frequencies were no different between MLHSR and signals, given similar traffic flow conditions. Further, MLHSR would generate twice as many all-casualty crashes compared to traffic signals. This suggests that MLHSR may not be the more forgiving option as previously concluded. Further, motorcyclists dominated the FSI crash records for MLHSR. This highlighted the urgency to develop arterial intersection solutions supporting Safe System outcomes for all road users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:05:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509189</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transport is dirty, but is it safe to be clean?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 2030 targets set by Australian State and Federal Governments in different priority areas can positively or negatively impact each other. For example, addressing barriers to the uptake of active transport can support goals to mitigate climate change, but undermine efforts to improve road safety, and vice versa. Ideally, these goals can be mutually reinforcing. As we shift to a ‘movement and place’ approach, it is critical that we rethink how space on roads and roadrelated areas is allocated to support travel options that reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport, while minimising the risk of harm to road users. In this context, our project examined how existing legal, design, and roads safety regulation is currently impeding better uptake of active transport across areas of 1) design of bicycles and mobility devices, 2) road rules, and 3) road design and the building environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:05:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509187</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The path forward for better interventions to reduce drug driving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509174</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are growing concerns regarding the role of drug driving in road crashes in Australia. Currently, the primary emphasis lies on law enforcement as the predominant countermeasure to deter drug driving, while identifying the contributing factors has received less attention. Our research studies have provided a better understanding of drug driving by demonstrating that: a) there is a need to treat the problematic use of drugs, being a major contributing factor to engaging in drug driving, through health-based programs, b) better access to public transport is a prudent approach towards reducing the instrumental rewards anticipated from drug driving, c) changes to current policing practices and drug driving laws may be required to enhance the effectiveness of drug driving enforcement. The findings suggest that applying a multidisciplinary approach that includes law enforcement, healthcare professionals, government agencies and the wider community may achieve a sustainable reduction in drug driving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:05:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509174</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Brain and body: predicting older adult safe street-crossing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509147</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Older adult pedestrians are overrepresented in road-related crash fatality statistics. Perceptual, physical, and cognitive decline, in part, explain road-crossing behaviours such as increased time and unsafe decisions (Tournier et al., 2016). However, no studies have investigated whether these factors can predict safe street-crossing skills in an older adult population such as detecting road hazards and identifying a safe gap to cross. This study examines the key predictors of safe street-crossing from a sample of 100 older adults (aged 60+ years). Street-crossing behaviours were measured using a validated virtual reality pedestrian street-crossing task, where a series of 360-degree video clips captured from real-world pedestrian situations were presented. Using correlational and structural equation modelling we examined the key perceptual, physical, and cognitive predictors of safe street-crossing. The outcomes of this study will inform the development of an evidence-based street-crossing training program that will ultimately reduce the number of older adult pedestrian fatalities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:05:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509147</guid>
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