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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Digitalization dynamics: user interface innovation in an automotive setting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463174</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The automotive industry is going through a digitalization journey. While it still manufactures physical cars, software is becoming progressively present and important. This development causes socio-technical tensions as existing processes meet software. For instance, a two-minute change of a piece of software may require months to be deployed in a car because it is embedded in and dependent on the car's physical components. Compared to the physical components, the software does not need to be tested for aspects such as dampness or crashworthiness. By identifying specific socio-technical tensions, this thesis brings attention to the links that connect the organization with the product it is producing. A challenge for organizations facing digitalization is to recognize the importance of required links that facilitate innovation, and to establish new ones to cope with continuous changes in our digitalized world. The thesis presents a process model, Digitalization Dynamics, which illustrates how a change triggers a socio-technical tension that in turn influences the establishment of new links or reinforces existing ones. Depending on what links exist, possibilities for innovation open up or are limited. The digitalization dynamics process model can be used as a tool for managers in organizations exposed to continuous changes and help managers to anticipate what types and categories of links that need to exist to speed up the process and keep up with competitors. The model is a contribution to the research area of digital innovation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Mar 2017 12:18:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463174</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ontario Provincial Enforcement Reporting System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1399657</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document outlines Ontario Provincial Enforcement Reporting System (PERS) project in Ministry of Transportation (MTO) to provide the updated and improved intelligent reporting capability to MTO Regional Operations and Carrier Safety Enforcement Branch. The Business Intelligence (BI) dashboard is implemented for improved road user safety reporting. All of the vehicle inspections, impounds, and any applicable offense information can be found online using web based BI portal with the multi-dimensional data cubes. The approach and organizational changes of building intelligent information management system can be shared with other jurisdictions and benefit to other Provinces and Regions for accurate data mining with carrier safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Feb 2016 10:48:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1399657</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Haptic perception, attention, and effects on performance in a driving context: use of a haptic rotary device in a menu selection task</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1367645</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In-vehicle driving interfaces have become increasingly complex with added secondary task functions designed to make driving enjoyable and comfortable. A single display solution in combination with a haptic rotary device has the potential to reduce the clutter of buttons. With well-designed haptic information (i.e., cues that could be explored by touch), drivers should be able to find and select functions without taking their eyes off the road. However, when this thesis work started, few studies focused on the effects of adding haptic information to secondary tasks in cars. Clearly, research is needed that examines how adding more information to secondary tasks supports or distracts drivers. This thesis investigates haptic perception, attention, and effects on secondary tasks and driving performance for an interaction menu selection interface controlled by an in-vehicle haptic rotary device. The research questions addressed how and why performance would be affected by added haptic information. The causes of selective attention in a visual and haptic menu selection task were also investigated. Three experimental studies complemented with interviews and questionnaires were performed. Two of the studies included a simulated driving task. It could be concluded that an addition of haptic information to a visual menu selection interface could increase secondary task performance and were preferred with respect to usability issues. However, more complex haptic additions could also confuse the driver. This result depends on the context and differed between persons. From a driving performance perspective, both visual and cognitive demand affected the driving, but differently. These effects were less pronounced when both visual and haptic information was provided. Selective attention to haptic information seemed to be an effect of lacking expectations. By simply mentioning the haptic information before the test, a driver would pay closer attention to the haptic information. This result implies that drivers might learn to use more flexible and informative multimodal interfaces in the future if the interfaces emphasize and communicate the haptic cues. This implication would be interesting to study further. In addition, future studies may apply these results to more ecologically valid driving situations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2015 11:20:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1367645</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ecodriving på SJ: förarperspektiv på tekniska hjälpmedel för beslutsfattande och utbildning i Ecodriving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1347546</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Even though all trips with SJ trains in Sweden are labeled “Bra Miljöval” (Good environmental choice), the requirements for reduced emissions and energy usage are constantly increased. Thus, SJ has to constantly develop their environmental profile. To investigate potential energy savings, SJ developed an education program in energy efficient driving (Eco-driving) and also let some of their train drivers use a technical tool supporting eco-driving. This report includes two studies. A critical review of the experimental study conducted by SJ and a complementary study based on observations of the education in energy efficient driving, along with interviews with the train drivers that participated in SJs experimental study. The experimental study provided valuable results, suggesting that energy savings through driver training and support are feasible. At the same time, there are contingencies in the collected energy data, making it difficult to draw any definite conclusions. The results of the interviews with the drivers show that there are ambiguities about what risks and consequences a future introduction of the technical tool for eco-driving could imply. Altogether, there are reasons to conduct further studies on how to best introduce energy-efficient driving in railway traffic as a whole.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Mar 2015 12:04:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1347546</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Touchpad as interaction input control for use of In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240064</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is evidence that In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems (IVIS) with complex interactivity can distract the driver and that new interaction methods are needed. We report on and assess the suitability of a multi-touch touchpad controlled IVIS from an interaction design perspective. In summary the results show that a rich multi-touch controlled interface can be developed that users accept and like, regardless of previous personal preference of touchpad usage. The results indicate that a bi-modal feedback system, either visual-audio or visual-haptic is necessary to facilitate necessary driver control with regard to road safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Feb 2013 14:33:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240064</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Smart driving aids and their effects on driving performance and driver distraction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In-vehicle information systems have been shown to increase driver workload and cause distraction; both of which are causal factors for accidents. This simulator study evaluates the impact that two designs for a smart driving aid, and scenario complexity have on workload, distraction and driving performance. Results showed that real-time delivery of smart driving information did not increase driver workload or adversely effect driver distraction, while having the effect of decreasing mean driving speed in both the simple and complex driving scenarios. Subjective workload was shown to increase with task difficulty, as well as revealing important differences between the two interface designs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Feb 2013 14:33:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240061</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An attempt to mitigate driver distraction with advisory information and auditory warnings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Distraction often occurs when attention is on something else besides the primary task of driving. Driver distraction affects driver performance negatively and reduces driver situation awareness (SA) that can lead to collisions. An ecologically designed advisory information interface was developed integrating several Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), forward collision warning (FCW), lane departure warning (LDW), and curve speed warning (CSW) to support driver situational awareness during normal driving. The prototype was tested during three conditions, baseline (no warnings), auditory warnings (critical condition) and both information and auditory warnings (advisory condition). Results show significantly improved driver performance and significantly less triggered warnings for both warning conditions compared to baseline. The advisory condition resulted in slightly better longitudinal control compared to the auditory condition. Participants held significantly better distances to vehicles in front and indicatively had less CSW warnings triggered compared to auditory condition. Subjective results however show that the Chinese drivers preferred auditory condition and felt that advisory condition was irritating and would be distracting to have when driving in real traffic. Both warning types improved safety margins compared to the use of no warnings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Feb 2013 14:33:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240060</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESEARCH ON THE BIOKINETICS OF INTERNAL ORGANS DURING IMPACT ON THE CHEST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1071459</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TWO-DISCIPLINARY SURVEYS SHOW THE FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF CHEST INJURIES SUSTAINED BY DRIVERS; HOWEVER THE PROCESS OF THESE TYPES OF INJURY IS NOT KNOWN WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH WILL BE TO  DEFINE:- THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF DECELERATION IN CONDITIONS COMPARABLE WITH  THOSE OF REAL ACCIDENTS, - THE ROLE OF DIRECT IMPACT (STEERING COLUMN, DASHBOARD), - THE INFLUENCE OF THE MANNER IN WHICH SAFETY BELTS ARE WORN. MEASUREMENTS WILL BE TAKEN ON CASUALTIES.THIS RESEARCH PROJECT SHEET REPLACES RESEARCH PROJECT SHEET NO 54537, HRIS 51-068274.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 12:58:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1071459</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PERFORMANCE OF THE DRIVER RELATED TO HIS VEHICLE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1067271</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECTS OF THE VEHICLE ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE DRIVER ARE TREATED UNDER THE HEADINGS: ANTHROPOMETRY, VISIBILITY, DESIGN OF THE CONTROLS, LAYOUT  OF THE DRIVING POSITION AND ENVIRONMENT.  THE PERFORMANCE OF THE DRIVER CAN BE IMPROVED BY IMPROVING THE CONTROLS, THE POSITION OF THE DASHBOARD AND THE FORM OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE VEHICLE.  EVEN CURRENT VEHICLE MODELS ENCOURAGE DRIVER ERRORS WHICH COULD BE AVOIDED BY IMPROVED DESIGN. IT IS NOT TO BE EXPECTED THAT AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE PERFORMANCE DUE TO A DESIGN WHICH WOULD TAKE ACCOUNT OF HUMAN FACTORS WOULD BE SPECTACULAR, BUT ON MODERN HIGHWAYS WHERE EVERYTHING HAPPENS AT SUCH SPEED, LIVES MAY BE MEASURED IN TERMS OF THOUSANDTHS OF A SECOND.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 10:40:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1067271</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAFETY INSIDE THE CAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1065555</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ACCIDENTS INVOLVING PERSONAL INJURY WERE ANALYSED IN A REPORT MADE BY THE  ASSOCIATION OF LIABILITY, ACCIDENT AND TRAFFIC INSURERS.  THE EXPERIMENT  INDICATED THAT INJURY SEVERITY IS CONSIDERABLY REDUCED BY THE WEARING OF  SAFETY BELTS.  SAFETY BELTS ALSO INSURE THAT THE PASSENGER IS NOT THROWN  OUT OF THE CAR, THUS REDUCING THE HAZARD OF FATAL INJURY.  SHOULD A MOTOR VEHICLE COLLIDE WITH HEAVY OR IMMOBILE OBJECTS, (LORRY, TREE), PASSENGERS ARE UNLIKELY TO BE ADEQUATELY PROTECTED.  THE MORTALITY RATE FOR THIS ACCIDENT TYPE IS FAR HIGHER THAN IN THE CASE OF COLLISION WITH ANOTHER MOTOR  VEHICLE.  INTERIOR DESIGN INFLUENCES PASSENGER INJURY IN AS MUCH AS RIGID MOTOR PARTS INCREASE INJURY SEVERITY.  FOR THIS REASON THE FITTING OF PROTRUDING PARTS TO THE INSTRUMENT PANEL SHOULD BE AVOIDED.  CHILDREN ARE PARTICULARLY AT RISK AND THE DANGER OF THEIR SUSTAINING INJURY IS EXTREMELY HIGH IF THEY SIT ON THE KNEES OF AN ADULT.  HEAD INJURIES ARE MOST PREVALENT IN THIS TYPE OF ACCIDENT, ESPECIALLY IN THE CASE OF CHILDREN. SAFETY BELTS AND HELMETS ARE OF GREAT USE IN THE PREVENTION OF SEVERE INJURIES.  THE IMPROVEMENT OF TRAFFIC SAFETY IS A FURTHER AID TO THIS.  EFFORTS MUST BE  MADE TO ACHIEVE AN OPTIMUM DESIGN FOR CAR INTERIORS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 09:53:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1065555</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PROBLEM OF SPECIFIC HINDRANCE TO DRIVING DUE TO NON-AUTOMATIC SAFETY BELTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1065553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TRIALS WERE CARRIED OUT ON 928 VEHICLE CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS IN 34 PRIVATE  CARS USING FIXED NON-AUTOMATIC SEAT BELTS WITH SMALL, LARGE AND MEDIUM SIZED DRIVERS.  THE TEST RESULTS ARE PROVIDED IN TWO TABLES WHERE THE DIFFERENT VEHICLE TYPES ARE GROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF EASILY OR BADLY ACCESSIBLE CONTROLS.  A COMPARISON OF PRIVATE CARS OF GERMAN  AND FOREIGN MANUFACTURE SHOWS THAT THE VEHICLES OF GERMAN MANUFACTURE ARE ON AVERAGE SOMEWHAT BETTER THAN THOSE OF FOREIGN MANUFACTURE.  IN THE CASE OF GERMAN VEHICLES, 83.5% OF THE CONTROLS WERE ACCESSIBLE AGAINST 79.8%  IN IMPORTED VEHICLES.  THE RESULTS ARE OF INTEREST AS REGARDS THE USE OF  SEAT BELTS, SINCE THIS STUDY DOES NOT INCLUDE AUTOMATIC BELTS.  THEREFORE IT MUST BE ASSUMED THAT IN A GREAT NUMBER OF CARS WITH NON-AUTOMATIC SEAT BELTS THESE WILL NOT BE FASTENED, WITH RESULTING REDUCED SAFETY.  IT THEREFORE SEEMS NECESSARY THAT THE LEGISLATORS, WHO IN THE STVZO HAVE COMPLETE DETAILS OF EVERY CASE AT THEIR DISPOSAL, SHOULD LINK THE DUTY TO FASTEN SAFETY BELTS WITH CORRESPONDING MEASURES TO ENSURE THAT THE AVERAGE SMALL DRIVER IS ABLE TO REACH ALL THE CONTROLS WHEN HIS SEAT BELT IS FASTENED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 09:53:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1065553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UNIFORM PROVISIONS GOVERNING THE OFFICIAL APPROVAL OF VEHICLES AS REGARDS THE LAYOUT OF THE INTERIOR. REGULATION NO 21 AND CORRIGENDUM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1063774</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS PRESCRIPTION APPLIES TO THE LAYOUT OF THE INTERIOR OF PRIVATE CARS AS REGARDS THE PARTS OF THE INTERIOR OTHER THAN THE REARVIEW MIRROR(S) INSIDE THE CAR, THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE CONTROLS, THE ROOF AND SLIDING ROOF, THE BACK AND BACK PART OF THE SEATS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 08:44:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1063774</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DIRECTIVE OF THE COUNCIL DATED 17/12/1973 GOVERNING THE HARMONIZATION OF THE LEGISLATION OF MEMBER COUNTRIES REGARDING THE INTERNAL LAYOUT OF MOTOR VEHICLES (PARTS OF THE INTERIOR OTHER THAN THE REARVIEW MIRROR(S), STEERING DEVICES, ROOF OR SLIDING ROOF, BACKS AND REAR PARTS OF SEATS) (74/60/CEE)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1063726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS DIRECTIVE OUTLINES THE SPECIFICATIONS GOVERNING THE CONTROL LEVERS AND KNOBS, HANDBRAKE, SEATS AND INTERNAL PARTS OF THE INSIDE OF THE VEHICLE  ABOVE AND BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE DASHBOARD EXCLUDING THE SIDE DOORS AND PEDALS. IT DEFINES THE IMPACT ZONE OF THE HEAD, TEST PROCEDURES FOR ENERGY-ABSORBING MATERIALS, CHARACTERISTICS OF DUMMIES, METHODS OF MEASURING PROTRUDING PARTS OF COMPONENTS LIABLE TO HIT THE KNEES OF THE OCCUPANTS DURING IMPACT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 08:43:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1063726</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PLASTICS FOR INCREASING SAFETY IN MOTOR VEHICLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1061459</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ONLY A SMALL PROPORTION OF PLASTICS IS EMPLOYED IN THE MASS PRODUCTION OF  PRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLES FOR THE PURPOSE OF INCREASING INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SAFETY.  PLASTICS ARE USED FOR FURNISHING THE INTERIOR OF CAR BODIES, E.G. FOR FACIA PANELS, STEERING WHEEL SPOKES, LINING OF DOORS, INTERIOR ROOF, KNEEBARS, SEATS AND FOR SPLINTER-FREE INTERIOR MIRRORS.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHOCK ABSORBING ELEMENTS SHOWS SEVERAL VARIATIONS: THE SOFT FACES (COMPLETE ELASTIC REAR AND FRONT PORTIONS), POLYURETHANE BUMPERS, BUMPERS MADE FROM METAL SECTIONS WITH FITTED ELASTIC-PLASTIC ENDS, LARGE-VOLUME SEMI-HARD FOAM BUMPERS, BUMPERS CONTAINING LIQUIDS OR AIR, BUMPERS MADE FROM GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER RESINS AND COMBINATIONS OF STEEL, HONEYCOMBED POLYPROPYLENE AND RUBBER.  IN ALL CASES AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO KEEP THE ENERGY RESTITUTION OF IMPACT BODIES TO SUCH VALUES WHICH WILL AVOID IMPACT  DUE TO ELASTIC REBOUND. APART FROM THE FLEXIBLE AND YIELDING FEATURES OF  IMPACT AREAS, THERE IS A DEMAND FOR A PARTICULARLY LOW POSITION OF IMPACT BODIES, SO THAT IN AN ACCIDENT THE POSSIBLE POINT OF CONTACT IS BELOW THE KNEE OF THE PEDESTRIAN IN THE COLLISION.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 07:47:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1061459</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DESIGN MEASURES FOR SAFE AND COMFORTABLE DRIVING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1061389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[COMPARISONS AND PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVEMENTS ARE PRESENTED, BEGINNING WITH THE SEATING ARRANGEMENTS AND THE VISIBILITY AND CONTINUING WITH THE CAR LIGHTING AND THE LIGHTING OF THE HIGHWAY.  THE STEERING EQUIPMENT AND THE DASHBOARD INSTRUMENTS ARE CONSIDERED BOTH FROM THE ASPECT OF SAFETY AND CONVENIENCE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 07:45:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1061389</guid>
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