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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Information-Theoretic Autonomous Source Search and Estimation of Mobile Sensors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Estimation of a source term, including the origin and release rate, for reconstructing a hazardous chemical, biological, or radiological substance dispersion event in the atmosphere is very important for public safety. The increase in the potential danger of hazardous substances leakage accidents and the threat of malicious acts in random places makes the estimation of the source term difficult using traditional systems such as pre-installed ground sensors in specific areas or ground vehicles. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be considered as an alternative solution for estimating the source term because they can be deployed to any arbitrary place and rapidly cover relatively larger areas compared with ground-based systems. This chapter introduces autonomous source search and estimation strategies for UAVs. Bayesian inference-based estimation approaches that can accurately estimate the source term in turbulent and noisy environments are presented using domain knowledge such as the plume dispersion and sensor models. In particular, since the estimation problem is highly nonlinear and non-Gaussian, the sequential Monte Carlo method (i.e., particle filter) Besides, various information-theoretic decision-making strategies are introduced using different information measures to determine the most informative sampling point at each time step using different information measures. To use the interaction and information sharing among multiple agents at best, cooperation and sensor fusion strategies are also discussed. Finally, comprehensive numerical simulations and flight experiments are presented to validate and compare the performance of the proposed strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 17:01:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581024</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Use of TEN-T for the movement of Search &amp; Rescue teams within the framework of CBRN-E response</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current threats, such as natural disasters, technological accidents or targeted attacks involving CBRN-E aspects, are becoming increasingly frequent and complex. For this reason, there are constantly increasing demands not only on the population protection, but also on the Search and Rescue Teams allocated to manage these large-scale disasters. In the context of responding to possible incidents, the rapid and safe transport of these teams represents a significant logistical challenge. Specifically, this concerns the transport of specialized equipment, which, due to its size or weight, can be difficult to transport within the Trans-European Transport Network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665866</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Conceptual proposal for the use of data for risk assessment and decision-making support in the transport of dangerous goods by road</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665863</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transport of dangerous goods by road poses serious risks to the population and the environment. The consequences of a spill depend on various factors such as the type of hazardous substance or weather conditions. This article addresses the data needs for assessing the risks caused by the transport of dangerous goods by road. By analyzing relevant studies and documents, the basic variables that are needed for a comprehensive risk assessment in a specific area have been identified and categorized. These variables can also be used to support decision making in the response phase of a crisis event. The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual model of a system for the use of data for risk assessment and decision-making support in the field of transport of dangerous goods by road.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665863</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Basic safety and security requirements for the transport of CBRN agents with special emphasis on R and N components</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665854</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper summarizes some recent approaches to ensuring the safe and secure transport of dangerous materials of the CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) category, with more details given in addressing their Radiological (R) and Nuclear (N) components. These substances are usually produced in one place but used in another, where they must be transported. During the movement of CBRN material, strict protection measures should be applied to protect the persons involved in the transport and the security of the transported cargo so that unauthorized persons do not have access to these dangerous substances. Special attention should be paid to ensure adequate protection of people and the environment in case of any accident or terrorist attack. Relevant emergency standards should be applied to minimize the consequences of such situations. Although most of the essential protection measures are similar for each of the CBRN components, there are some specific requirements to ensure necessary safety and security for R and N agents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665854</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Quantitative risk analysis for transportation of dangerous goods in Turkiye</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents a comprehensive Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) framework for assessing road transport accidents involving dangerous goods in Turkiye. The proposed methodology integrates national accident statistics, scenario-based event tree modeling, and ALOHA software/ correlations for consequence and impact assessment. Three representative routes in İzmir were selected as pilot areas to evaluate accident frequencies, physical impact zones, and associated individual and societal risks. Results indicate that LNG and LPG transport pose the highest risk levels, with scenario frequencies exceeding the regulatory threshold (1 × 10⁻⁴/year). Population exposure analysis revealed that social risk varies significantly with local demographic density. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that both the frequency of the initiating event and population distribution are critical determinants of total risk. The study presents a data-driven, nationally adapted QRA model aligned with Turkish transport infrastructure and regulations, providing a robust decision-support tool for improving road safety and emergency preparedness in dangerous goods logistics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 17:00:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Standardisation of risk and the risk of standardisation : using standards in risk management regulations for land-use planning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666501</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis discusses the use of standards in land-use planning risk management regulations. Based on exploring the domains of standards and standardisation, risk science, and risk management regulations, the research contributes significant empirical evidence capturing the perspectives of risk management practitioners in terms of the strengths, the weaknesses and the effects of using standards in regulations for land-use planning. Research activities also include analysing who is influential when developing standards. Guided by the fundamentals of standards and standardisation, and the most recent advances in risk science, the thesis develops a set of aspects that should be considered when assessing the use of standards in risk management regulations. Having applied this body of knowledge to a new Swedish guideline for managing risk in land-use planning, the thesis concludes that for familiar non-complex risk problems, a hard regulatory approach is appropriate. For more complex, uncertain, and ambiguous decision situations, softer approaches are more appropriate. Regardless of whether a hard or soft regulatory approach is chosen, the standardisation process (i.e. the production of the standard) should involve adequate participation and balanced representation from all relevant stakeholders. Every voice should be heard, and standardizers must remain vigilant to prevent power imbalances or misuse of power. Even if the scope of the dissertation is land-use planning - specifically land-use planning near stationary risk sources (hazardous industries) and non-stationary risk sources (transport of dangerous goods on road and rail) - much of the discussion is relevant regardless of the risk domain and application area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:32:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666501</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling injury severity in HAZMAT truck-involved crashes: Accounting for heterogeneity in a developing country</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the types of crashes that has a high fatality rate is the Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) truck-involved crashes. Investigating the factors affecting the severity of HAZMAT truck-involved crashes can assist authorities in making more accurate evaluations of policies to increase road safety and reduce the injury severity of crashes involving these vehicles. In this study, the main goal is to investigate the factors that affect the severity of HAZMAT truck-involved crashes. Considering the heterogeneity of the injury severity of crashes can provide a more accurate assessment of the factors involved in those crashes. In this regard, by using the data of 482 HAZMAT truck-involved crashes in Iran and also by using a Random Parameter Ordered Logit (RPOL) model, the factors affecting the injury severity of those vehicle crashes and systematic and random heterogeneity have been investigated. According to the results of the model, crashes with multiple vehicles involved have a significant effect on the increasing the severity of HAZMAT truck-involved crashes. Furthermore, the presence of public vehicles in HAZMAT truck-involved crashes, and the driver's risk-taking in driving at high speed based on driving records has a significant effect on the decreasing severity of crashes. In addition, the results showed that there is an interaction effect between the variables of vehicle age and upside-down crashes on increasing the injury severity of the crashes. On the other hand, the results indicate that there is an interaction effect between the variables of front-to-front, front-to-back, and low heavy truck traffic on the road with the variable of the crash caused by HAZMAT truck on increasing the injury severity of the crashes. The results of the study confirm that there is random heterogeneity based on the normal distribution function for the mean of injury severity of HAZMAT truck-involved crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 16:28:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636187</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact analysis of dangerous goods-related aviation accidents on safety regulations and operational procedures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627802</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dangerous goods represent substances that pose risks due to their toxic, flammable, explosive, or corrosive properties. They require strict international measures to ensure safe handling and transportation. Although accidents and incidents involving dangerous goods in aviation are relatively rare, their consequences can be severe, often resulting from improper packaging, misdeclaration, or mishandling. Analysis of dangerous goods-related accidents, including fires caused by lithium batteries, chemical reactions, and fuel vapor explosions, emphasizes its continuing threats to aviation safety. Dangerous goods-related events have driven global regulators to enhance technical instructions, packaging and labelling standards, and require comprehensive staff training. Operational practices have also evolved, with obligatory installation of fire detection and suppression systems, improved cargo ventilation, and adoption of advances tracking technologies to prevent and manage such incidents effectively. Detailed protocols for crews to address dangerous goods emergencies, is also provided and regularly updated. The continuous improvement of regulations and operational practices shows the commitment of the aviation industry to mitigate dangerous goods-related risks, in order to protect passengers, crew, property, and the environment. This paper examines the significant impact of dangerous goods-related aviation accidents on the evolution of safety regulations and operational procedures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 16:16:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627802</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-scenario simulation of emission reduction and subsidy scheme for dangerous goods vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2656106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using trajectory data of dangerous goods vehicles (DGVs) in Chengdu, this study develops a three-phase framework to characterize spatio-temporal patterns of pollutant emissions, evaluate emission reduction benefits, and optimize subsidy policies. Results show that DGVs’ emissions exhibit a bimodal distribution, peaking between 9:30 and 11:30. These emissions expose over 3.2 million residents to health risks, with middle-income groups being the most affected. They lead to approximately 114 premature deaths and $18.68 million in annual economic losses. A combined strategy of improving fuel quality and electrifying heavy-duty DGVs could reduce over 76% of PM2.5 emissions annually, prevent 84–93 premature deaths, and save $13.76–15.23 million. To close the cost gap and achieve optimal emission reduction benefits, this study recommends raising the subsidy cap for heavy-duty DGVs from $13800 to at least $21100 to promote electrification of China III or lower emission standard DGVs. Concurrently, charging infrastructure deployment should be accelerated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 08:41:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2656106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>National Transportation Atlas Database (NTAD): DOT Regions - Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) Regions 2022-Present [dataset]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647015</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The DOT Regions - Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) Regions 2022-Present dataset is from the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), and is part of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)/Bureau of Transportation Statistic (BTS) National Transportation Atlas Database (NTAD). PHMSA’s Office of Hazardous Materials Safety (OHMS) carries out a national safety program, including security matters, to protect against the risks to life and property inherent in the transportation of hazardous materials in commerce by all transportation modes. The PHMSA HazMat Regions layer contains polygon features representing each of the five regions— Central, Eastern, Southern, Southwest, and Western—that make up PHMSA’s Office of Hazardous Materials Safety. Each region office is charged with overseeing the safe and secure movement of daily shipments of hazardous materials by all modes of transportation. Despite regional divisions the jurisdiction of PHMSA staff is nationwide and not limited to their regional area of responsibility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Jan 2026 09:13:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647015</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing Corrosion Control Monitoring Technology for Hazardous Liquid Breakout Tanks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aboveground storage tanks (AST) are critical energy infrastructure used to store crude oil and other liquid products. Soil-side corrosion of tank bottoms is a leading cause of failures, causing downtime, economic loss, and safety risks. While cathodic protection (CP) and API 653 inspections are standard mitigations, field data show CP is complex to implement, and corrosion can occur even when CP appears functional; CP is also ineffective on non-conductive tank pads. This project reviewed industry practices and testing tools and conducted laboratory and large-scale experiments to evaluate monitoring approaches (mass‑loss coupons, electrical resistance probes, and ultrasonic (UT)‑based probes) and vapor corrosion inhibitor (VCI) performance. Key findings: mass‑loss coupons placed just below the tank floor, combined with chloride/nitrate monitoring, give a reliable measure of pad corrosivity; monitoring results are largely tool‑independent; VCI dispersion in highly corrosive pads ranges about 15–35 ft, and electrical resistance (ER) probes can help determine VCI reinjection intervals. The work informs AST operators, midstream companies, and refiners on improved monitoring and mitigation strategies to better manage soil‑side corrosion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:33:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636534</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Separation Distance of Hazardous Materials Cars and Train Crews and/or Locomotives - Literature Review (Buffer Car Research Study)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Train makeup and switching operations are governed by car placement regulations, which establish effective separation distance requirements by means of “buffer cars”. The separation distance requirements in the U.S. were established in 1922 and have remained largely unchanged, despite dramatic changes in rail operations, rail equipment, and the variety and quantities of hazardous materials (HM) being transported. The purpose of this research (Volpe Buffer Car Research Study) is to inform future Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) research and potential rulemakings on the separation distance of HM from train crews and/or occupied locomotives. The study entailed conducting a focused literature review and consultations with the Federal Railroad Administration and Transport Canada. The objective of the study being to identify and review existing relevant studies; identify gaps in the existing studies; determine what conclusions, if any, can be drawn from the existing studies; and provide recommendations for further research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 2025 17:07:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chemical of the Quarter: Understanding Methyl Acrylate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Methyl acrylate is a methyl ester of acrylic acid. It is used in the production of synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives, sealants, and amphoteric surfactants. Highly flammable, toxic, and carcinogenic, methyl acrylate is considered a hazardous material in maritime transportation and is regulated by the U.S. Coast Guard and the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Methyl acrylate polymerizes easily; therefore, precautions must be taken during maritime transportation. The Coast Guard and IMO require that it be protected against polymerization via the addition of inhibitors, and ships must carry certificates attesting to such protections during transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Dec 2025 14:12:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636016</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Mitigation Strategies for High-Severity Derailments with Hazardous Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628304</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transportation of hazardous materials (HAZMAT) by rail is a safe mode of transport and events with high-severity and/or high consequences from HAZMAT releases are rare. However, when high-profile events occur, they result in significant public pressure to modify the existing transportation practice and strengthen regulations to improve safety. The most recent example is the derailment on February 3, 2023, in East Palestine, Ohio that resulted in both a significant release HAZMAT and fires. As a result of the derailment, and subsequent National Transportation Safety Board and Federal Railroad Administration investigations, there is a renewed interest in evaluating and improving the safety of transporting HAZMAT in tank cars. The past regulatory responses to safety concerns for HAZMAT transport in railroad tank car safety have focused primarily on the tank car design and developed requirements for strengthening the tank shell. However, regulations that upgrade the tank structure are disruptive to the industry and expensive since it requires the replacement of a significant portion of the tank car fleet. This study investigates alternative mitigation strategies for high-severity railroad events involving HAZMAT transported in tank cars. In particular, the effects of the derailment speed on the release probability and consequences for tank car punctures are investigated. In addition, the effects of modifying the loading conditions to increase the outage volume (vapor space above the lading) are evaluated as a less costly alternative to increasing the tank car thickness to achieve an equivalent reduction in HAZMAT releases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 15:07:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628304</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Model Validation Database for Toxic Dispersion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604584</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The safe siting of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) facilities requires the quantification of the consequences to people and property from a loss of containment and release of hazardous materials (e.g., flammable and/or toxic). Calculating the distance to which hazardous conditions may extend for each type of scenario requires the use of computational models. The quality of models, especially those used to evaluate the consequences of hazardous scenarios on the public or public property, has always been a concern to regulatory bodies. Therefore, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) funded a research project to develop means to evaluate computational models for the calculations of the different types of hazards associated with the operation of LNG facilities. This research project is being conducted by Blue Engineering and Consulting Company (BLUE), in collaboration with the Gas Technology Institute (GTI). A general methodology for the evaluation of models was developed and described in an earlier report as part of this project. From the general methodology, a set of hazard-specific model evaluation protocols (MEPs) are developed. The scope of the model validation database (MVD) presented in this document is to evaluate toxic streams from liquid spills or pressurized releases, dispersing over different types of terrain (unobstructed, obstructed or including complex geometries). Given the focus on toxic exposure, this database includes test data with measured concentrations on the order of 10-1,000 ppm. Some of the data sets included in the flammable dispersion database are also included in the current document, as their characteristics match both scopes. However, this report provides only a brief summary of those test series; the reader is redirected to the flammable MVD report for additional information.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2025 09:34:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604584</guid>
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