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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Advancing Mobility-as-a-Service: Lessons Learned from Leading-Edge Public Agencies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611481</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report investigates current trends in the Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) market in North America and how the public sector can most effectively collaborate with private companies to improve regional accessibility while protecting public interestsーsuch as equal access to transportation and job opportunities, effective traffic management to enable economic agglomeration, and safety. To clarify the opportunities for and challenges of this new technology, I study MaaS programs promoted by three leading transportation authorities: Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro), Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART), and Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (TriMet). Through a careful review of the literature and in-person interviews with people involved with these three authorities, I draw lessons learned from the ongoing programs and propose three potential directions that transit agencies and local governments can take in developing future mobility strategies related to MaaS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 06 Dec 2025 15:35:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611481</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mobility on Demand (MOD) Sandbox Demonstration: Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) First and Last Mile Solution Evaluation Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1865344</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Mobility on Demand (MOD) Sandbox Demonstration Program provides a venue through which integrated MOD concepts and strategies, supported through local partnerships, are demonstrated in real-world settings. For the 11 MOD Sandbox Demonstration projects, an independent evaluation was conducted that includes an analysis of project impacts from performance measures provided by the project partners and an assessment of the business models used. This document presents the results from the independent evaluation of the Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) First and Last Mile Solution MOD Sandbox Demonstration project. Evaluated were hypotheses that explored project impacts on travel behavior, user experiences, first and last mile to public transit accessibility, service quality for passengers with disabilities, and costs. The project improved first and last mile connectivity to DART transit, increased satisfaction among DART transit users, enhanced service for passengers with disabilities, and increased the geographic scope of DART transit service in the Plano area. In addition, wait and travel times for passengers with and without disabilities reflected similar distributions. The subsidy per rider of GoLink services was lower than the low-ridership fixed-route transit services that it replaced in Plano, but it was not lower than the subsidy for DART fixed-route transit in the overall Dallas region. DART project team members were interviewed to better understand challenges, barriers, successes, and broader lessons learned from the project, representing agency personnel from the offices of Innovation, Service Planning, Scheduling, Paratransit Operations, and Marketing. Lessons learned revealed the importance of having pre-planned, ready-to-go projects with committed partners, flexible contracting terms, metrics for adjusting spatial and temporal service coverage (including terminating service if appropriate), vehicle right-sizing, and understanding customer needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Aug 2021 09:44:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1865344</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Microtransit Has the Potential to Flip Transit on Its Head</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fixed-route transit in the U.S.A. is facing stiff competition from more convenient mobility options. Microtransit—shared transportation that offers dynamic routing and scheduling to efficiently match demand—is emerging as an ally to fixed-route services. However, its positive impacts are too often constrained by the politics and economics imposed by existing transit infrastructure. This paper proposes a solution that “flips transit on its head.” By rapidly prototyping microtransit services across cities and analyzing supply-demand mismatches, it is possible to launch truly data-driven transit services. To illustrate the framework, a unique dataset generated from a year of Dallas Area Rapid Transit’s GoLink service, one of the largest on-demand microtransit services in North America, is used. Mapping and machine learning are combined to empower planners to “join the dots” when (re)designing fixed-route transit lines. It is shown that microtransit should not simply fill in the gaps left by inefficiently scheduled bus routes: by incorporating it fully into their planning processes, cities and transit agencies could dramatically reverse the fortunes of public transit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jun 2021 09:20:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856508</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mobility on Demand (MOD) Sandbox Demonstration: DART First and Last Mile Solution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1708825</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The DART Mobility on Demand (MOD) Sandbox Demonstration provided the opportunity for Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) to improve the efficiency of the DART transportation system through innovative partnerships and integration of technology for enhanced service delivery and improved customer satisfaction. This project facilitated collaboration with a microtransit provider and Transportation Network Company (TNC) to provide more transit trip choices for riders in a low-density area that was difficult to serve. DART achieved most of the established goals for the project, which was to increase ridership and replace less-productive fixed-route systems. As a result, in areas in which the service was implemented, ridership increased with less cost, more coverage, and less travel time. However, this unique experience faced challenges that DART was able to resolve successfully. Changes to the system to be more receptive to the use of the technology and the subsequent change in behavior were the biggest challenges that required time and other supportive systems. Also, incorporating carpool service faced some policy limitations that suggested regional collaboration with transit agencies. However, microtransit (GoLink) and TNC integration was successful with some policy direction. This report discusses DART’s challenges and successes with the project in planning, marketing, operation, and technology implementation and presents results of a self-evaluation concerning the performance of the GoPass application and GoLink and TNC services and provides lessons-learned information and recommendations for future, similar projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2020 18:44:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1708825</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On-Demand Microtransit For Better Transit Station and Job Accessibility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1700763</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this research is to examine on-demand microtransit as a means of connecting the first-last mile segments of travel by public transit in low-density areas. The authors also examine the extent to which reduced travel times of first-last miles by on-demand microtransit influence low-wage job accessibility. As a case study, the authors compare the job accessibility outcomes across various modes of the first-last mile transit access and egress (walking, bicycle, car, and on-demand microtransit). Consisting of a large portion of total transit travel times, the first-last mile segments influence transit patronage. Decreasing travel times of the segments is more effective in improving job accessibility by public transit than improving transit services themselves (e.g., shorter wait time). Few studies have examined this linkage between the first-last mile segments and job accessibility. Further, no studies have examined on-demand microtransit, one of the shared mobility concepts, as a means of improving transit station access/egress and labor market outcomes. This research consists of three phases. First, the authors examine various characteristics of the first-last mile travel by GoLink, app-based on-demand microtransit operated by DART, Dallas Area Rapid Transit. The authors examine travel time of day, wait and in-vehicle travel times, locations of origin and destination, and connections to/from transit stations. Second, the authors examine the first-last mile travel characteristics by walking, bicycle, and car. The authors compare the travel patterns across GoLink, walking, bicycle, and car. Third, the authors examine the number of jobs and workers accessible in 30, 45, and 60 minutes by transit considering for various modes of first-last mile access. Findings of this research will offer the empirical basis for evaluating whether GoLink, as an on-demand microtransit service, is a means of travel that could positively influence first-last mile access to public transit stations as well as jobs and workers in low-density areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2020 17:40:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1700763</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Serving the Riders that Need it: Understanding the Causes of Service Inequity in Multijurisdictional Transit Agencies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the connection between local autonomy and inequitable transit service distribution. The authors use a mixed methods approach, first analyzing fine grained data in the Dallas region to compare levels of accessibility across space. The authors then examine the policy decisions that led to inequitable distribution of financial resources at the Dallas Area Rapid Transit system (DART). Primary causes identified were state authorizing legislation that gave significant power to local member cities, forcing DART to focus its attention on spreading resources across its members, rather than providing services designed to help low income residents access the jobs and services needed to get ahead.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2019 15:51:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572990</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transit access and neighborhood segregation. Evidence from the Dallas light rail system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1567564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author studies the effect of transit access on neighborhood incomes by exploiting a quasi-experimental setting of an extensively planned, but only partially built urban rail system in Dallas. The author shows that neighborhood income in census tracts that received rail access increases compared to neighborhoods that were promised to receive access, but did not due to funding cuts. The treatment effect is positively correlated with initial neighborhood income and negative for the poorest tracts. This reconciles gentrification and “poverty magnet” effects of rail infrastructure found in the earlier literature and highlights the role of transit as a potential incubator for income segregation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2018 10:11:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1567564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated Corridor Management Initiative: Traveler Response Panel Survey Dallas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents findings from the Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) traveler behavior surveys, a set of panel surveys of US-75 corridor users, conducted before and after the deployment of ICM. The purpose of the surveys was to measure the impacts of the ICM initiative on travelers’ use of real-time information, their travel behavior in the corridor, and their satisfaction with their corridor trips. In addition to surveying drivers about their general behavior in a baseline and endline survey, pulse surveys were administered immediately following incidents in the corridor to obtain a measure travelers’ use of traveler information during incident conditions and its impact on their behavior. A survey of transit riders (light rail) was also conducted. Across the survey waves, the surveys found a significant increase in the use of smartphones to acquire real-time traffic information. Overall there was increased awareness of traveler information sources, but the use of sources remained relatively constant, with the exception of increased use of Google Maps. With respect to travel behavior, the baseline and endline surveys indicate that there were no significant changes in travel behavior in response traveler information; however the pulse surveys demonstrated an increase in minor route changes for afternoon peak trips. The baseline and endline surveys also found that travelers were more satisfied with the predictability of their trip time, with modest positive shifts in the ratings of congestion and driving time in the corridor. The transit survey found that transit riders tend to rely on their smartphones for information, and for peak hours corridor trips, they utilize Dallas Area Rapid Transit apps and Google Maps most often. Overall, a large majority of transit riders are satisfied with the service, though satisfaction levels were somewhat lower for seat availability, particularly during afternoon peak hour trips.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Sep 2017 18:14:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481377</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Test Report, Dallas Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) Demonstration Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1373249</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) is leading the US 75 Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) Demonstration Project for the Dallas region. Coordinated corridor operations and management is predicated on being able to share transportation information on highways, arterials, transit, weather, and incidents. The ICM system will utilize the existing Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Center-to-Center standards based communication infrastructure, and will provide direct connections to agencies not on the Center-to-Center network, via a web-based interface known as SmartNET. The ICM system uses SmartNET as the main graphical user interfaces for the ICM Stakeholders to create, edit, and view events in the corridor and region, view current conditions of field devices and congestion on the roadway network, and coordinate responses to incidents within the corridor. This Test Report covers the test process and results for the various phases of testing for the ICM system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2015 17:12:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1373249</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Taking Light-Rail to New Heights</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1372216</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) has completed its Orange Line, using the design/build project delivery method - combined with oversight by engineering consultants. With the completion of the Orang Line, DART now operates a 90 mile light-rail system, which is the longest in the country and connects its extensive mass transit infrastructure to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Millions of dollars and months of time were shaved from the project through innovations and redesigns that resulted from intensive team collaboration. With this project completion, DART has joined an elite list of mass transit agencies in the United States with a direct light-rail connection to an airport. Details of the project are presented here.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2015 09:26:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1372216</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ICM Transit Vehicle Real-Time Data Demonstration - Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1366347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) Initiative, Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) purchased new automatic passenger counter (APC) technology for their Red and Orange line light rail vehicles to provide real-time passenger counts to their train control center and to provide data to the ICM decision support system. By gaining access to real-time passenger counts, DART hopes to respond more effectively to unplanned incidents on the rail network by enabling more responsive service adjustments. This project will assess how DART responds to incidents before ICM, address what has changed after ICM deployment, and identify constraints to optimum responses.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2015 12:46:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1366347</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Promoting Employment In Transit Construction Projects by Members of Minority and Low-Income Communities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project had a dual aim: understanding the extent to which local low-income and minorities participate in employment generated by transit projects and identifying practices to increase their participation. The authors developed four in-depth case studies of recent light rail projects: Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority’s Vasona Project, Dallas Area Rapid Transit’s Green Line, St. Louis Metro’s St. Clair Extension, and Los Angeles Metro’s Gold Line Eastside Extension. They determined that in three out of the four cases, local minority and low-income workers obtained a fair proportion of construction jobs generated. They conclude that a complex interplay of a transit agency’s size and construction activity, demographic profiles and trends within metropolitan areas, contracting methods and the relative integration of regional construction markets, and/or unions influences who gets the jobs in transit construction. The authors identified areas of concern and opportunity for best practices in minority and local hiring in transit projects: contracting  mechanisms, outreach to ensure isadvantaged business enterprises (DBE) participation in transit projects, financial assistance for DBE firms, ensuring contractor compliance with DBE programs, and agency leadership. Under these categories, they identified 14 best management practices (BMPs) and prepared a manual for transit agencies. For each of the BMPs, the authors discuss the background for the practice, followed by the rationale for the practice and examples. They also document the research support for the practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2015 11:02:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance Based Track Geometry Phase 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1353139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document explores a track inspection method known as performance based track geometry (PBTG), and explores the potential for this method to be applied in transit to optimize maintenance and ride quality. The following tasks were completed during Phase 2 of the study: vehicle characterization and on-track testing with Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) System; NUCARS® modeling of PATH PA5 Car; comparison of NUCARS® simulations to on-track test results; PBTG Neural Network development for Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) and PATH Systems; and evaluation of the potential use of PBTG on transit systems (Proof of concept). This report, as well as others in this Transit Cooperative Research Project series, explores the extent to which research performed for the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration and freight railroads can be applied to benefit the transit industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2015 14:43:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1353139</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated Corridor Management Transit Vehicle Real-Time Data Demonstration:
Dallas Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) Initiative, Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) purchased new automatic passenger counter (APC) technology for its Red and Orange line light rail vehicles to provide real-time passenger counts to its train control center and to provide data to the ICM decision support system. By gaining access to real-time passenger counts, DART hopes to respond more effectively to unplanned incidents on the rail network by enabling more responsive service adjustments. This report summarizes how DART responded to incidents before ICM, addresses what has changed after ICM deployment, and identifies constraints to optimum responses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2015 09:27:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1352130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Through Recession and Recovery: Economic and Fiscal Impacts of Capital and Operating Spending by Dallas Area Rapid Transit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1290988</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area enjoys a diversified economy with several key industries, important institutions, and the presence of economy-boosting infrastructure. These factors help to explain why the North Texas economy proved to be more resilient to the vicissitudes of the recession of 2008-2009 than many other U.S. major metropolitan areas. One of the most visible and important of these factors is Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART), which serves as both a service-providing institution and builder of  key transportation infrastructure. In previous studies, the Center for Economic Development and Research has documented the substantial economic, fiscal, and developmental impacts of capital spending and operations of DART. In the following, the authors update the previous analyses and call attention to the economic and fiscal impacts of DART spending during the period of time leading up to the recession and subsequent extended recovery.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2014 11:27:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1290988</guid>
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